Furan-PNA: A mildly inducible irreversible interstrand crosslinking system targeting single and double stranded DNA

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c6cc02062c

We here report on the design and synthesis of tailor-made furan-modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes for covalent targeting of single stranded DNA through a crosslinking strategy. After introducing furan-containing building blocks into a PNA sequence, hybridization and furan-oxidation based crosslinking to DNA is investigated. The structure of the crosslinked products is characterized and preliminary investigations concerning the application of these systems to double stranded DNA are shown.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/c6cc02062c

View Article Online
View Journal
ChemComm
Accepted Manuscript
This article can be cited before page numbers have been issued, to do this please use: A. Manicardi, E.
Gyssels, R. Corradini and A. Madder, Chem. Commun., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02062C.
This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the
Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been
accepted for publication.
Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after
acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading.
Using this free service, authors can make their results available
to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited
article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited
and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available.
You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the
Information for Authors.
Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes
to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s
standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still
apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held
responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript
or any consequences arising from the use of any information it
contains.
www.rsc.org/chemcomm

toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•
ChemComm
Page 1 of 4
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02062C
W}µŒvꢀo bꢀuꢁ
/haaÜbL/!ÇLhb
CµŒꢀvrtb!W ꢀ u]oꢃoÇ ]vꢃµꢂ]ꢄoꢁ ]ŒŒꢁÀꢁŒ•]ꢄoꢁ ]všꢁŒ•šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP
•Ç•šꢁu šꢀŒPꢁš]vP •]vPoꢁ ꢀvꢃ ꢃ}µꢄoꢁ •šŒꢀvꢃꢁꢃ 5b!•
wꢁꢂꢁ]Àꢁꢃ ììšZ WꢀvµꢀŒÇ îìÆÆU
!ꢂꢂꢁ‰šꢁꢃ ììšZ WꢀvµꢀŒÇ îìÆÆ
!X aꢀv]ꢂꢀŒꢃ]UŽꢀUꢄ 9X DÇ•ꢁo•Uꢄ wX /}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]ꢀ ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒŽꢄ
5hLW íìXíìïõlÆìÆÆìììììÆ
ÁÁÁXŒ•ꢂX}ŒPl
íꢁ ZꢁŒꢁ Œꢁ‰}Œš }v šZꢁ ꢃꢁ•]Pv ꢀvꢃ •ÇvšZꢁ•]• }( šꢀ]o}Œruꢀꢃꢁ (µŒꢀvr Œꢁo]ꢁ• }voÇ }v šZꢁ (}Œuꢀš]}v }( ŒꢁÀꢁŒ•]ꢄoꢁ tb!W5b! }Œ
u}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ ‰ꢁ‰š]ꢃꢁ vµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ ~tb!• ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• (}Œ ꢂ}Àꢀoꢁvš šꢀŒPꢁš]vP tb!Wwb! ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆꢁ•U ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢀošZ}µPZ ÀꢁŒÇ •šꢀꢄoꢁ ]v À]šŒ}U ꢂꢀv
}( •]vPoꢁ •šŒꢀvꢃꢁꢃ 5b! šZŒ}µPZ ꢀ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP •šŒꢀšꢁPÇX !(šꢁŒ ꢄꢁ ꢂZꢀooꢁvPꢁꢃ ]v ꢂꢁooµoꢀŒ ꢀvꢃ ]v À]À} •Ç•šꢁu• ꢄÇ šZꢁ ꢂ}u‰ꢁš]r
]všŒ}ꢃµꢂ]vP (µŒꢀvrꢂ}všꢀ]v]vP ꢄµ]oꢃ]vP ꢄo}ꢂl• ]vš} ꢀ tb! •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁU š]}v }( }šZꢁŒ ꢄ]}o}P]ꢂꢀo ꢂ}u‰}vꢁvš•U •µꢂZ ꢀ• ‰Œ}šꢁ]v•X {]u]oꢀŒr
ZÇꢄŒ]ꢃ]Ìꢀš]}v ꢀvꢃ (µŒꢀvr}Æ]ꢃꢀš]}v ꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP š} 5b! ]• oÇU šZꢁ ‰}••]ꢄ]o]šÇ š} (}Œu }voÇ ŒꢁÀꢁŒ•]ꢄoꢁ ]všꢁŒꢀꢂš]}v• ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ
]vÀꢁ•š]PꢀšꢁꢃX ÇZꢁ •šŒµꢂšµŒꢁ }( šZꢁ ꢂŒ}••o]vlꢁꢃ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš• ]• µ•ꢁ(µo ]v šZꢁ Œꢁꢀo]Ìꢀš]}v }( ꢃ]ꢀPv}•š]ꢂ š}}o• Á]šZ PŒꢁꢀš ‰ꢁŒ(}Œr
ꢂZꢀŒꢀꢂšꢁŒ]Ìꢁꢃ ꢀvꢃ ‰Œꢁo]u]vꢀŒÇ ]vÀꢁ•š]Pꢀš]}v• ꢂ}vꢂꢁŒv]vP šZꢁ uꢀvꢂꢁ• ]v šꢁŒu• }( šꢀŒPꢁš •ꢁoꢁꢂš]À]šÇU ꢄµšU }v šZꢁ }šZꢁŒ ZꢀvꢃU
ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ•ꢁ •Ç•šꢁu• š} ꢃ}µꢄoꢁ •šŒꢀvꢃꢁꢃ 5b! ꢀŒꢁ •Z}ÁvX
šZꢁ •ꢁv•]š]À]šÇ }( šZꢁ ꢃꢁÀ]ꢂꢁ• ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ]v(oµꢁvꢂꢁꢃ ꢄÇ •šŒꢀvꢃ ꢃ]•r
•}ꢂ]ꢀš]}vU ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢂꢀv }ꢂꢂµŒ ꢃµŒ]vP šZꢁ Áꢀ•Z]vP •šꢁ‰• šZꢀš ꢀŒꢁ
Œꢁ‹µ]Œꢁꢃ ]v }ŒꢃꢁŒ š} Œꢁu}Àꢁ ꢀ•‰ꢁꢂ](]ꢂ ]všꢁŒꢀꢂš]}v•X
tꢁ‰š]ꢃꢁ vµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ• ~tb!•• ꢂ}uꢄ]vꢁ ꢂZꢁu]ꢂꢀo (oꢁÆ]ꢄ]o]šÇ Á]šZ
šZꢁ •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ •ꢁoꢁꢂš]Àꢁ Œꢁꢂ}Pv]š]}v }( vµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ šꢀŒPꢁš• ꢀvꢃ
ꢀ µv]‹µꢁ •šꢀꢄ]o]šÇ š}ÁꢀŒꢃ• vµꢂoꢁꢀ•ꢁ• ꢀvꢃ ‰Œ}šꢁꢀ•ꢁ•Xí D]Àꢁv
šZꢁ]Œ •šŒꢀ]PZš(}ŒÁꢀŒꢃ ꢂ}viµPꢀš]}v Á]šZ ꢂꢁoo ‰ꢁvꢁšŒꢀš]vP ‰ꢁ‰š]ꢃꢁ
•ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ•îUï }Œ vµꢂoꢁꢀŒ o}ꢂꢀo]Ìꢀš]}v •]Pvꢀo•Uð tb!• ZꢀÀꢁ (}µvꢃ
vµuꢁŒ}µ• ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v• ]v vµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ šꢀŒPꢁš]vP •šŒꢀšꢁP]ꢁ• ꢀvꢃ
ZꢀÀꢁ ꢄꢁꢁv ‰Œ}‰}•ꢁꢃ ꢀ• ꢄ]}u}oꢁꢂµoꢁrꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ ꢃŒµP• ꢀvꢃ ꢀ•
‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• (}Œ ꢃ]ꢀPv}•š]ꢂ š}}o•Xñ
.ꢁ•]ꢃꢁ• •šŒµꢂšµŒꢀo u}ꢃ](]ꢂꢀš]}v• ꢀ]uꢁꢃ ꢀš ]vꢂŒꢁꢀ•]vP šZꢁ •šꢀꢄ]or
]šÇ }( ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆꢀš]}vU }vꢁ ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZ š} }ÀꢁŒꢂ}uꢁ šZ]•
Áꢁꢀlvꢁ•• ]• š} ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂꢁ PŒ}µ‰• ]v tb! ꢀꢄoꢁ š} ‰ꢁŒ(}Œu ]všꢁŒr
•šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP ~L/[•X ÇZꢁ ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v }( tb!• ]v L/[ •šŒꢀšꢁr
P]ꢁ• Zꢀ• ‰ŒꢁÀ]}µ•oÇ ꢄꢁꢁv ꢃꢁu}v•šŒꢀšꢁꢃ ꢄÇ µ•]vP ꢀ Á]ꢃꢁ ŒꢀvPꢁ
}( ‰Œ}rŒꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ u}]ꢁš]ꢁ• ]v•ꢁŒšꢁꢃ ]v šZꢁ tb! •šŒꢀvꢃXíñtíõ Üv(}Œr
šµvꢀšꢁoÇU ]v ꢀoo šZꢁ•ꢁ ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZꢁ• šZꢁ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}v •šꢁ‰• vꢁꢁꢃꢁꢃ
(}Œ šZꢁ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( šZꢁ Œꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ •‰ꢁꢂ]ꢁ• ÁꢁŒꢁ v}š ꢂ}u‰ꢀš]ꢄoꢁ
Á]šZ ꢄ]}o}P]ꢂꢀo ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• ~š}Æ]ꢂ •ꢀošU o}Á ÁꢀÀꢁoꢁvPšZ l Z]PZ
ꢁvꢁŒPÇ Üë ]ŒŒꢀꢃ]ꢀš]}vU ꢁšꢂX•UíñUíòUíôUíõ ꢀvꢃU ]v •}uꢁ ꢂꢀ•ꢁ•U L/[
(}Œuꢀš]}v Áꢀ• ŒꢁÀꢁŒ•]ꢄoꢁXíñ /Œ}••o]vl]vP }( tb! Á]šZ}µš ꢀꢃꢃ]r
š]}vꢀo Œꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ µv]š• Áꢀ• ꢀo•} ]vÀꢁ•š]PꢀšꢁꢃU ꢄµš }voÇ µvꢃꢁŒ Œꢀr
šZꢁŒ ZꢀŒ•Z ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• •µꢂZ ꢀ• vr]ŒŒꢀꢃ]ꢀš]}vXîì
tb!• ꢀŒꢁ lv}Áv š} ꢀꢂš }v vµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ šꢀŒPꢁš• ꢀ• •šꢁŒ]ꢂ ꢄo}ꢂlr
ꢁŒ• ꢀvꢃ ZꢀÀꢁ ꢄꢁꢁv •µꢂꢂꢁ••(µooÇ µ•ꢁꢃ ]v ꢀvš]•ꢁv•ꢁ •šŒꢀšꢁP]ꢁ•U
u}•š v}šꢀꢄoÇ ]v šZꢁ (]ꢁoꢃ }( ꢂ}ŒŒꢁꢂš]}v }( ꢀꢄꢁŒŒꢀvš •‰o]ꢂ]vPUò ꢀ•
Áꢁoo ꢀ• ꢀvš]rPꢁvꢁ •šŒꢀšꢁP]ꢁ•Xó ÇZꢁ ꢀꢃÀꢀvšꢀPꢁ• }( µ•]vP tb! ]vr
•šꢁꢀꢃ }( 5b! }Œ }šZꢁŒ }o]P}vµꢂoꢁ}š]ꢃꢁ u]u]ꢂ• ꢀŒꢁ o]vlꢁꢃ š} ]š•
Z]PZ 5b! ꢀ((]v]šÇU ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢀoo}Á• ‰Œ}‰ꢁŒoÇ ꢃꢁ•]Pvꢁꢃ tb! u}oꢁr
ꢂµoꢁ• š} ‰ꢁŒ(}Œu •šŒꢀvꢃ ]vÀꢀ•]}v }( šZꢁ ꢃ•5b!Uô ꢀvꢃ •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁr
•‰ꢁꢂ](]ꢂ]šÇU ]v ‰ꢀŒš]ꢂµoꢀŒ šZꢁ]Œ ꢀꢄ]o]šÇ š} ꢃ]•ꢂŒ]u]vꢀšꢁ ꢁÀꢁv ꢀ •]vr
Poꢁ ꢄꢀ•ꢁ u]•uꢀšꢂZX tb!• ZꢀÀꢁ ŒꢁꢂꢁvšoÇ ꢄꢁꢁv •Z}Áv š} ‰ꢁŒr
(}Œu ꢁÆꢂꢁooꢁvšoÇ ꢀ• ꢀvš]ru]w ꢀPꢁvš•Uõ ꢀ• ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ]v ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v•
•µꢂZ ꢀ• ]v À]À} wb! šꢀŒPꢁš ]ꢃꢁvš](]ꢂꢀš]}vUíìtíî ꢀ• ꢀŒš](]ꢂ]ꢀo Œꢁr
•šŒ]ꢂš]}v ꢁvÌÇuꢁ•Uíï }Œ ]v šꢁu‰oꢀšꢁꢃ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v•Xíð hvꢁ o]u]šꢀš]}v
}( tb!• ]• šZꢀš šZꢁÇ ꢀŒꢁ v}š ‰Œ}ꢂꢁ••ꢁꢃ ꢄÇ vꢀšµŒꢀo ꢁvÌÇuꢀš]ꢂ
uꢀꢂZ]vꢁŒ]ꢁ•U •µꢂZ ꢀ• wbꢀ•ꢁrI }Œ wL{/U ꢀvꢃ šZµ• šZꢁ]Œ ꢀꢂš]}v
hµŒ ŒꢁꢂꢁvšoÇ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ (µŒꢀvrꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ 5b! ]všꢁŒ•šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl
•šŒꢀšꢁPÇU ÁZꢁŒꢁ (µŒꢀv ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀšꢁꢃ šZŒ}µPZ ]v •]šµ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂr
š]}v }( •]vPoꢁš }ÆÇPꢁv À]ꢀ À]•]ꢄoꢁ o]PZš ]ŒŒꢀꢃ]ꢀš]}v }( ꢀ ‰Z}š}•ꢁvr
•]š]ÌꢁŒîí •ꢁꢁu• ÀꢁŒÇ Áꢁoo •µ]šꢁꢃ ]v ꢀoo ꢂꢀ•ꢁ• ÁZꢁŒꢁ u]oꢃ ꢀvꢃ ꢄ]}r
ꢂ}u‰ꢀš]ꢄoꢁ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}v ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• ꢀŒꢁ Œꢁ‹µ]ŒꢁꢃX !ꢃꢃ]š]}vꢀooÇU ]v
À]ꢁÁ }( šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvꢂꢁ }( Œꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ }ÆÇPꢁv •‰ꢁꢂ]ꢁ• ~wh{• ]v•]ꢃꢁ
ꢂꢀvꢂꢁŒ ꢂꢁoo•Uîî ]š ]• ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ š} ꢁvÀ]•ꢀPꢁ šZꢁ •ꢁo(rꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}v }(
(µŒꢀvrꢂ}všꢀ]v]vP ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ]v šZꢁ•ꢁ ]u‰}Œšꢀvš šꢀŒPꢁš•X Lv šZ]• ‰ꢀr
‰ꢁŒ Áꢁ Œꢁ‰}Œš šZꢁ ]vꢂ}Œ‰}Œꢀš]}v }( (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁš]ꢁ• ]vš} tb!U
ꢀvꢃ šZꢁ (]Œ•š ꢁÀ]ꢃꢁvꢂꢁ• }( tb!r5b! ]všꢁŒ•šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vPX
!• ꢀ u}ꢃꢁo •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ Áꢁ ꢂZ}•ꢁ ꢀ •ꢁPuꢁvš }( ꢀ tb! ‰ŒꢁÀ]}µ•oÇ
µ•ꢁꢃ š} ꢄo}ꢂl šZꢁ ꢁƉŒꢁ••]}v }( šZꢁ aò/b Pꢁvꢁîï ~C]PX í•X ÇZꢁ
•ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ oꢁvPšZ Áꢀ• ꢂZ}•ꢁv š} ꢁꢀ•]oÇ ꢁÀꢀoµꢀšꢁ šZꢁ šZꢁŒu}ꢃÇr
vꢀu]ꢂ ꢁ((ꢁꢂš }( šZꢁ ]v•ꢁŒš]}v }( ꢀ (µŒꢀvru}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ ꢄµ]oꢃ]vP ꢄo}ꢂl
ꢄÇ uꢁoš]vP šꢁu‰ꢁŒꢀšµŒꢁ uꢁꢀ•µŒꢁuꢁvš• ~šZµ• Á]šZ Çu v}š ꢁÆr
ꢂꢁꢁꢃ]vP õì£/•X íꢁ ꢃꢁꢂ]ꢃꢁꢃ š} ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂꢁ šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}ꢃ](]ꢂꢀš]}v
ꢀX5ꢁ‰ꢀŒšuꢁvš }( /Zꢁu]•šŒÇU Üv]ÀꢁŒ•]šÇ }( tꢀŒuꢀU tꢀŒꢂ} !Œꢁꢀ ꢃꢁooꢁ {ꢂ]ꢁvÌꢁ íól!U
tꢀŒuꢀ ðïíîðU LšꢀoÇX 9uꢀ]oW ꢀoꢁÆXuꢀv]ꢂꢀŒꢃ]›µv]‰ŒX]š
ꢄXhŒPꢀv]ꢂ ꢀvꢃ .]}u]uꢁš]ꢂ /Zꢁu]•šŒÇ wꢁ•ꢁꢀŒꢂZ DŒ}µ‰U 5ꢁ‰ꢀŒšuꢁvš }( hŒPꢀv]ꢂ ꢀvꢃ
aꢀꢂŒ}u}oꢁꢂµoꢀŒ /Zꢁu]•šŒÇU DZꢁvš Üv]ÀꢁŒ•]šÇU YŒ]iP•oꢀꢀv îôír{ðU Dꢁvš õìììU .ꢁor
P]µuX 9uꢀ]oW !vvꢁu]ꢁlꢁXaꢀꢃꢃꢁŒ›ÜDꢁvšXꢄꢁ
•9oꢁꢂšŒ}v]ꢂ {µ‰‰oꢁuꢁvšꢀŒÇ Lv(}Œuꢀš]}v ~9{L• ꢀÀꢀ]oꢀꢄoꢁW tŒ}ꢄꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]•U aꢁꢀ•µŒꢁr
uꢁvš• }( Çu Àꢀoµꢁ•U PꢁvꢁŒꢀo ‰Œ}š}ꢂ}o• (}Œ ꢂo]ꢂl ꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v•U t!D9 ꢁÆr
‰ꢁŒ]uꢁvš•U L/[ ꢃꢁv•]š}uꢁšŒ]ꢂ ꢀvꢀoÇ•ꢁ•U Lꢃꢁvš](]ꢂꢀš]}v }( L/[ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš•U baw •‰ꢁꢂšŒꢀ
ꢀvꢃ Üt[/ra{ ꢂZŒ}uꢀš}PŒꢀu•X {ꢁꢁ 5hLW íìXíìïõlÆìÆÆìììììÆ
ÇZ]• i}µŒvꢀo ]• ž ÇZꢁ w}Çꢀo {}ꢂ]ꢁšÇ }( /Zꢁu]•šŒÇ îìÆÆ
WX bꢀuꢁXU îìíïU ììU írï n í
toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•

toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•
ChemComm
Page 2 of 4
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02062C
/haaÜbL/!ÇLhb
W}µŒvꢀo bꢀuꢁ
(}Œ šZꢁ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( ꢀ tb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ •]u]oꢀŒ š} tb! CU ꢄµš µ•]vP
ꢀv ꢀÌ]ꢃꢁrꢂ}všꢀ]v]vP u}v}uꢁŒU ÁZ]ꢂZ Áꢀ• ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ ꢁƉo}]šꢁꢃ ]v
šZꢁ •}o]ꢃ ‰Zꢀ•ꢁ ]v•ꢁŒš]}v }( vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ •µŒŒ}Pꢀšꢁ•îõ }Œ šZꢁ
‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( u}oꢁꢂµoꢀŒ ꢄꢁꢀꢂ}v•Uïì ꢀvꢃ ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢀoo}Áꢁꢃ •µꢄ•ꢁr
‹µꢁvš u}ꢃ](]ꢂꢀš]}v ]v •}oµš]}v š} P]Àꢁ tb! ( ~C]PX í•X
ÇZꢁ ꢁ((ꢁꢂš }( šZꢁ ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( ꢀ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ ]v•]ꢃꢁ šZꢁ tb!
•šŒꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• ꢁÀꢀoµꢀšꢁꢃ šZŒ}µPZ uꢁꢀ•µŒꢁuꢁvš }( šZꢁ uꢁoš]vP
šꢁu‰ꢁŒꢀšµŒꢁ• ~Çu• }( šZꢁ ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆꢁ• (}Œuꢁꢃ Á]šZ (µooÇ ꢂ}ur
‰oꢁuꢁvšꢀŒÇ ꢀ• Áꢁoo ꢀ• u]•uꢀšꢂZꢁꢃ 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃ•X íꢁ •šµꢃ]ꢁꢃ
šZꢁ ꢁ((ꢁꢂš }( ꢀoo (}µŒ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ‰ꢁŒuµšꢀš]}v• (ꢀꢂ]vP šZꢁ u}ꢃ]r
(]ꢁꢃ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ~5b! !U 5b! /U 5b! D ꢀvꢃ 5b! Ç• ]v šZꢁ 5b!
•šŒꢀvꢃX CŒ}u šZꢁ Çu ꢃꢀšꢀ }ꢄšꢀ]vꢁꢃ ~Çꢀꢄoꢁ {í• (}Œ šZꢁ (µooruꢀšꢂZ
5b!U ꢂ}u‰ꢀŒꢁꢃ Á]šZ šZꢁ Œꢁ•µoš• }ꢄšꢀ]vꢁꢃ µ•]vP šZꢁ µvu}ꢃ]r
(]ꢁꢃ tb! Ç ~Á]šZ óA Ç•U ]š ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢂ}vꢂoµꢃꢁꢃ šZꢀš u}ꢃ](]ꢂꢀš]}v }(
šZꢁ /ñ ‰}•]š]}v }( šZꢁ µŒꢀꢂ]o vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ~tb! Ç~(•• ꢃ}ꢁ• v}š
ꢀ((ꢁꢂš šZꢁ •šꢀꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ ꢃµ‰oꢁÆX ÇZ]• ]vꢃ]ꢂꢀšꢁ• šZꢀš šZ]• •µꢄ•š]r
šµš]}v ꢀoo}Á• šZꢁ (µŒꢀv Œꢁ•]ꢃµꢁ š} ꢄꢁ ꢀꢂꢂ}uu}ꢃꢀšꢁꢃ ]vš} šZꢁ
uꢀi}Œ PŒ}}Àꢁ }( šZꢁ tb!W5b! ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆU Á]šZ}µš PꢁvꢁŒꢀš]vP
•]Pv](]ꢂꢀvš •šꢁŒ]ꢂ Z]vꢃŒꢀvꢂꢁX Lv ꢂ}všŒꢀ•šU šZꢁ ]v•ꢁŒš]}v }( (µŒꢀv
]v tb! C ꢀvꢃ tb! (U ÁZ]ꢂZ oꢁꢀꢃ• š} šZꢁ ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( ꢀv
ꢀꢄꢀ•]ꢂ •]šꢁU ꢀ• ꢁƉꢁꢂšꢁꢃ •šŒ}vPoÇ ꢃꢁꢂŒꢁꢀ•ꢁ• šZꢁ •šꢀꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ
ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆ ŒꢁPꢀŒꢃoꢁ•• }( šZꢁ ]ꢃꢁvš]šÇ }( šZꢁ }‰‰}•]šꢁ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁX
ÇZ]• ꢃꢁ•šꢀꢄ]o]Ìꢀš]}v ꢁ((ꢁꢂš ]• •šŒ}vPꢁŒ (}Œ tb! C šZꢀv (}Œ tb! (U
•µPPꢁ•š]vP šZꢀš šZꢁ o}vPꢁŒ •‰ꢀꢂꢁŒ ꢄꢁšÁꢁꢁv šZꢁ tb! ꢄꢀꢂlꢄ}vꢁ
ꢀvꢃ šZꢁ ꢀŒ}uꢀš]ꢂ Œ]vP ]v šZꢁ oꢀššꢁŒ ꢀoo}Á• šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ š}
]všꢁŒꢀꢂš Á]šZ }šZꢁŒ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ• šZŒ}µPZ ‹r‹ •šꢀꢂl]vPX ÇZ]• ]•
ꢀo•} ꢂ}ŒŒ}ꢄ}Œꢀšꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ •µŒ‰Œ]•]vPoÇ Z]PZ uꢁoš]vP šꢁu‰ꢁŒꢀšµŒꢁ
}( tb! ( ÁZꢁv Pµꢀv]vꢁ ]• šZꢁ }‰‰}•]šꢁ ꢄꢀ•ꢁX
C]PX í a}v}uꢁŒ• ꢀvꢃ ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZꢁ• µ•ꢁꢃ (}Œ }ꢄšꢀ]v]vP (µŒꢀvru}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ tb!
‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ~š}‰• ꢀvꢃ •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ• }( tb! ꢀvꢃ ꢂ}uuꢁŒꢂ]ꢀo 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃ• ~ÁꢁŒꢁ òA
!U /U D }Œ Ç• µ•ꢁꢃ ]v šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš •šµꢃÇ ~ꢄ}šš}u•X {t{W {}o]ꢃ tZꢀ•ꢁ {ÇvšZꢁ•]•X
]v šZꢁ u]ꢃꢃoꢁ }( šZꢁ tb! •šŒꢀvꢃ ]v }ŒꢃꢁŒ š} •šµꢃÇ šZꢁ (}Œr
uꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ L/[ ꢄÇ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v Á]šZ šZꢁ (ꢀꢂ]vP vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ Á]šZr
]v šZꢁ tb!W5b! ꢃ}µꢄoꢁrZꢁo]ÆU šZµ• ꢀÀ}]ꢃ]vP ‰}šꢁvš]ꢀo Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v•
Á]šZ šꢁŒu]vꢀo vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ• ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ µv‰ꢀ]Œꢁꢃ ꢃµꢁ š}
ꢄŒꢁꢀšZ]vP }( šZꢁ tb!W5b! ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆX
Lv•ꢁŒš]}v }( šZꢁ ‰Œ}rŒꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ ꢃµŒ]vP }o]P}vµꢂoꢁ}r
š]ꢃꢁ •}o]ꢃr‰Zꢀ•ꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]• Áꢀ• ꢀꢂZ]ꢁÀꢁꢃ ]v ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ •šµꢃ]ꢁ•Xîðtîò
I}ÁꢁÀꢁŒU ÁZꢁv u}À]vP š} ‰ꢁ‰š]ꢃꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]•U ꢀ •ꢁŒ]ꢁ• }( •]ꢃꢁ
Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v• Áꢀ• (}µvꢃ š} }ꢂꢂµŒ ꢃµŒ]vP šZꢁ ꢂoꢁꢀÀꢀPꢁ }( šZꢁ (]vꢀo
‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš (Œ}u šZꢁ •}o]ꢃ •µ‰‰}ŒšX ! •šŒꢀšꢁPÇ Áꢀ• šZꢁŒꢁ(}Œꢁ ꢃꢁr
Àꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ ]v ÁZ]ꢂZ šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ Áꢀ• ‰Œ}šꢁꢂšꢁꢃ ꢀPꢀ]v•š ꢀꢂ]ꢃr
]vꢃµꢂꢁꢃ ꢃꢀuꢀPꢁ ꢄÇ šZꢁ ]všꢁŒꢀꢂš]}v Á]šZ ‰Œ}Æ]uꢀšꢁ ꢀŒ}uꢀš]ꢂ
PŒ}µ‰Xîó 5]Œꢁꢂš ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v }( šZꢀš •šŒꢀšꢁPÇ š} šZꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]• }( ꢀ
tb!r(µŒꢀv ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ Áꢀ• (]Œ•š ꢀššꢁu‰šꢁꢃ ꢄÇ ]vꢂ}Œ‰}Œꢀš]}v }( ꢀ (µr
Œꢀv ꢄµ]oꢃ]vP ꢄo}ꢂl vꢁÆš š} ꢀ vꢁꢀŒꢄÇ vꢀ‰ZšZÇo u}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ tb!
ꢄµ]oꢃ]vP ꢄo}ꢂl ꢄµš šZ]• ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZ Zꢀꢃ š} ꢄꢁ ꢀꢄꢀvꢃ}vꢁꢃ ꢃµꢁ š}
šZꢁ ꢁÆšŒꢁuꢁ ]v•}oµꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ (]vꢀo •Ç•šꢁu ~ꢃꢀšꢀ v}š •Z}Áv•X
I}ÁꢁÀꢁŒU ꢄÇ ꢂꢀŒꢁ(µooÇ ꢂZ}}•]vP šZꢁ ꢂoꢁꢀÀꢀPꢁ ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• ꢀ(šꢁŒ
Cu}ꢂrꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ •}o]ꢃr‰Zꢀ•ꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]• ~•ꢁꢁ 9{L• Áꢁ ÁꢁŒꢁ ꢀꢄoꢁ š}
ÇZꢁ ꢀꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ u}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ tb!• š} µvꢃꢁŒP} L/[ Á]šZ ꢂ}u‰oꢁr
uꢁvšꢀŒÇ 5b! Áꢀ• šꢁ•šꢁꢃ µ•]vP ꢀoo (}µŒ ‰ꢁŒuµšꢀš]}v• }( šZꢁ
(ꢀꢂ]vP vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁU ꢀš íì Ra ꢂ}vꢂꢁvšŒꢀš]}v }( ꢁꢀꢂZ •šŒꢀvꢃX !ošr
Z}µPZU ꢀ• uꢁvš]}vꢁꢃ ꢀꢄ}ÀꢁU •]vPoꢁš }ÆÇPꢁv Zꢀ• ꢄꢁꢁv •Z}Áv š}
ꢀoo}Á ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇUíõ (}Œ šZ]• ‰Œ}}(r}(r
‰Œ]vꢂ]‰oꢁ Á}Œl brꢄŒ}u}•µꢂꢂ]v]u]ꢃꢁ ~b.{• Áꢀ• µ•ꢁꢃ š} šŒ]PPꢁŒ
šZꢁ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}vU ꢀ• ꢃꢁ•ꢂŒ]ꢄꢁꢃ ]v •}uꢁ }( šZꢁ ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ 5b! ]všꢁŒr
}ꢄšꢀ]v ꢀ (]Œ•š (µŒꢀvrtb! ~tb!
CU C]PX í•U ]v ÁZ]ꢂZ îr
(µŒÇo‰Œ}‰]}v]ꢂ ꢀꢂ]ꢃ Áꢀ• o]vlꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ tb! ꢄꢀꢂlꢄ}vꢁU šZµ• •µꢄr
•š]šµš]vP šZꢁ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁX Üv(}ŒšµvꢀšꢁoÇU ꢀolÇoꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ (µr
Œꢀvr/ð ‰}•]š]}v ꢄÇ šZꢁ ꢄꢁvÌZÇꢃŒÇo]ꢂ ꢂꢀŒꢄ}ꢂꢀš]}v ~PꢁvꢁŒꢀšꢁꢃ
(Œ}u šZꢁ .Z}ꢂ ‰Œ}šꢁꢂš]Àꢁ PŒ}µ‰•• ꢂ}µoꢃ v}š ꢄꢁ ꢂ}u‰oꢁšꢁoÇ
ꢀÀ}]ꢃꢁꢃX Lv }ŒꢃꢁŒ š} uꢀÆ]u]Ìꢁ šZꢁ Ç]ꢁoꢃ• ꢀvꢃ ‰µŒ]šÇ }( šZꢁ ꢃꢁr
•]Œꢁꢃ ꢂ}u‰}µvꢃ•U Áꢁ ꢀo•} ꢁƉo}Œꢁꢃ ‰}•šr•ÇvšZꢁš]ꢂ ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZꢁ•
(}Œ šZꢁ ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ }v tb!X Ü•]vP ꢀ u}vr
}uꢁŒ ꢂ}všꢀ]v]vP ñrꢀÌ]ꢃ}uꢁšZÇoµŒꢀꢂ]o ꢀ• vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁUîô Áꢁ ]v]r
š]ꢀooÇ •ÇvšZꢁ•]Ìꢁꢃ ꢀ tb! ꢂ}všꢀ]v]vP šZ]• u}v}uꢁŒ ]v šZꢁ ꢂꢁvr
šŒꢀo ‰}•]š]}v ~tb! Ç~bï•U ꢃꢁ‰]ꢂšꢁꢃ ]v C]PX î• šZꢁv ꢂoꢁꢀÀꢁꢃ ]š
(Œ}u šZꢁ •}o]ꢃr•µ‰‰}Œš ꢀvꢃ o]vlꢁꢃ ]š• ꢀÌ]ꢃꢁ (µvꢂš]}v š} ïr
~(µŒꢀvrîrÇo•rbr~‰Œ}‰rîrÇvrírÇo•‰Œ}‰ꢀvꢀu]ꢃꢁ ~î• ꢄÇ ꢀ ꢂ}‰‰ꢁŒ
ꢂꢀšꢀoÇÌꢁꢃ íUïrꢃ]‰}oꢀŒ ꢂÇꢂo}ꢀꢃꢃ]š]}v ~/µ!!/•X ÇZ]• ꢂo]ꢂl Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v
‰Œ}ꢂꢁꢁꢃꢁꢃ •u}}šZoÇ ]v •}oµš]}v ]v íñ u]vµšꢁ•U ꢀoo}Á]vP š} }ꢄr
šꢀ]v tb! Ç~(• ~C]PX í ꢀvꢃ î•X ÇZꢁ •ꢀuꢁ ꢀ‰‰Œ}ꢀꢂZ Áꢀ• šZꢁv µ•ꢁꢃ
C]PX î It[/ ‰Œ}(]oꢁ• }( ꢂo]ꢂl Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v ꢄꢁšÁꢁꢁv tb! Ç~bï• ꢀvꢃ î ꢀš šì ~ꢃ}ššꢁꢃ o]vꢁ•U
íñ u]vµšꢁ• ~(µoo o]vꢁ•U ꢀvꢃ íZ ~ꢃꢀ•Zꢁꢃ o]vꢁ•X Lv šZꢁ ]v•ꢁŒš ꢀ Ì}}u }( šZꢁ šw A íórîï
u]vµšꢁ• ŒꢁP]}vX
î n WX bꢀuꢁXU îìíîU ììU írï
ÇZ]• i}µŒvꢀo ]• ž ÇZꢁ w}Çꢀo {}ꢂ]ꢁšÇ }( /Zꢁu]•šŒÇ îìÆÆ
toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•

toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•
ChemComm
Page 3 of 4
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02062C
W}µŒvꢀo bꢀuꢁ
/haaÜbL/!ÇLhb
•šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP •šµꢃ]ꢁ•XîïUîð ÇZµ•U šZꢁ tb!• ÁꢁŒꢁ ꢀoo}Áꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ ꢂ}u‰oꢁÆU ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢃꢁŒ]Àꢁꢃ (Œ}u šZꢁ •o]PZš •šꢀꢄ]o]Ìꢀš]}v }ꢄr
ꢀvvꢁꢀo Á]šZ 5b! ~(Œ}u õì£/ š} ŒXšX ]v îZ ]v }ŒꢃꢁŒ š} ꢀÀ}]ꢃ ꢃ](r šꢀ]vꢁꢃ Á]šZ tb! Ç~(• ÁZꢁv šꢀŒPꢁš]vP u]•uꢀšꢂZꢁꢃ 5b!U ]( ꢂ}ur
(ꢁŒꢁvꢂꢁ• ꢃꢁŒ]Àꢁꢃ (Œ}u l]vꢁš]ꢂ•• ꢀvꢃ šZꢁv šZꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ Áꢀ• ‰ꢀŒꢁꢃ š} tb! Ç ~4Çu =ìXïñ£/ Á]šZ 5b! D ꢀvꢃ =í£/ ]v Á]šZ 5b!
ꢀꢂš]Àꢀšꢁꢃ Á]šZ b.{ ~ðꢁ‹U íꢁ‹ ꢁÀꢁŒÇ íñ u]vµšꢁ••X ÇZꢁ ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ / ꢀvꢃ 5b! ÇU •ꢁꢁ Çꢀꢄoꢁ {í•X {]u]oꢀŒ Œꢁ•µoš• ÁꢁŒꢁ }ꢄ•ꢁŒÀꢁꢃ
ꢂ}vꢂꢁvšŒꢀš]}v ꢀvꢃ uꢁꢃ]µu ꢂ}u‰}•]š]}v (}Œ šZꢁ ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš• ÁZꢁv šꢀŒPꢁš]vP o}vPꢁŒ 5b! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ~•ꢁꢁ 9{LU C]PX {ï•X
ÁꢁŒꢁ ]v]š]ꢀooÇ •ꢂŒꢁꢁvꢁꢃ ]v }ŒꢃꢁŒ š} ꢀÀ}]ꢃ ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ ꢀŒšꢁ(ꢀꢂš• ꢃµꢁ It[/ ‰µŒ](]ꢂꢀš]}v ꢀoo}Áꢁꢃ ]•}oꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ ‰µŒꢁ L/[ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš•U
š} šZꢁ ‰}}Œ •}oµꢄ]o]šÇ }( (µŒꢀvrtb! ]v ꢄµ((ꢁŒꢁꢃ •}oµš]}v ~ꢃꢀšꢀ ÁZ]ꢂZ ÁꢁŒꢁ uꢀšꢂZꢁꢃ Á]šZ šZꢁ t!D9 Pꢁo ꢄꢀvꢃ• ꢄÇ ꢂ}u‰ꢀŒ]•}v
v}š •Z}Áv•X C}Œ (µŒꢀvru}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ 5b! ]š Áꢀ• ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ ꢃꢁ•ꢂŒ]ꢄꢁꢃ }( šZꢁ]Œ ꢁoꢁꢂšŒ}‰Z}Œꢁš]ꢂ u}ꢄ]o]šÇ ~C]PX {õ ꢀvꢃ {íì•X a![5L ꢀvꢀor
šZꢀš ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP š}ÁꢀŒꢃ Pµꢀv]vꢁ ꢀvꢃ šZÇu]vꢁ ꢃ]ꢃ v}š }ꢂꢂµŒU Ç•]• }( šZꢁ ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš• Áꢀ• ꢃ]((]ꢂµošU ꢃµꢁ š} šZꢁ o}Á ꢀu}µvš }(
ÁZ]oꢁ šZꢁŒꢁ Áꢀ• ꢀ ‰Œꢁ(ꢁŒꢁvꢂꢁ ]v šZꢁ (}Œuꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ ꢂŒ}••o]vl ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš ꢀvꢃ š} šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvꢂꢁ }( šZꢁ Ç99! ꢄµ((ꢁŒX a![5L uꢀšŒ]r
Á]šZ ꢂÇš}•]vꢁ ꢀvꢃ ꢀꢃꢁv]vꢁXîñUîò !• •Z}Áv ]v C]PX ï ]v šZꢁ ꢂꢀ•ꢁ }( ꢂꢁ• }‰š]u]Ìꢁꢃ (}Œ ꢄ}šZ 5b! ꢀvꢃ tb! ÁꢁŒꢁ šꢁ•šꢁꢃU ꢄµš }voÇ ]v
(µŒꢀvrtb! šZꢁ ꢀꢄ•ꢁvꢂꢁ }( ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP š}ÁꢀŒꢃ Pµꢀv]vꢁ ꢀvꢃ šZꢁ oꢀššꢁŒ ꢂꢀ•ꢁ ]š Áꢀ• ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ š} }ꢄšꢀ]v ꢀ ꢂoꢁꢀŒ •]Pvꢀo ꢀꢄ}Àꢁ šZꢁ
šZÇu]vꢁ Áꢀ• ꢂ}v(]Œuꢁꢃ ÁZ]oꢁ (}Œ ꢀꢃꢁv]vꢁ ꢀvꢃ ꢂÇš}•]vꢁ Áꢁ }ꢄr v}]•ꢁX !• •Z}Áv ]v C]PX ð! (}Œ tb! C š} 5b! ! L/[ ~ꢀvꢃ C]PX {íí
•ꢁŒÀꢁꢃ ꢀv µvꢁƉꢁꢂšꢁꢃ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v •ꢁoꢁꢂš]À]šÇX tb! (U Á]šZ šZꢁ (}Œ u}Œꢁ ꢁÆꢀu‰oꢁ••U v} ‰ꢁꢀl• ]v šZꢁ ꢀꢃꢃµꢂš ŒꢁP]}v ~òXñl5ꢀ•
o}vPꢁŒ o]vlꢁŒU •Z}Áꢁꢃ ꢄꢁššꢁŒ Œꢁꢀꢂš]À]šÇ š}ÁꢀŒꢃ• ꢂÇš}•]vꢁU ÁZ]oꢁ ÁꢁŒꢁ }ꢄ•ꢁŒÀꢁꢃ ꢄµš ꢀ ‰ꢁꢀl Á]šZ íïí 5ꢀ uꢀ•• ꢃ]((ꢁŒꢁvꢂꢁ (Œ}u
tb! C (ꢀÀ}µŒꢁꢃ ꢀꢃꢁv]vꢁ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vPX C}Œ tb! Ç~(• šZꢁ À]•]ꢄ]o]šÇ šZꢁ •šꢀŒš]vP tb! Áꢀ• }ꢄ•ꢁŒÀꢁꢃX !• ]ooµ•šŒꢀšꢁꢃ ]v C]PX ð. šZ]•
}( šZꢁ •Z](šꢁꢃ ꢄꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• •µŒ‰Œ]•]vPoÇ (}µvꢃ š} ꢄꢁ ꢃꢁ‰ꢁvꢃꢁvš }v •]Pvꢀo ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢁƉoꢀ]vꢁꢃ ꢄÇ ꢀv ]vr•}µŒꢂꢁ 9í brPoÇꢂ}•]ꢃ]ꢂ (ŒꢀPr
šZꢁ •šꢀ]v µ•ꢁꢃ š} ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ šZꢁ t!D9X Lv ‰ꢀŒš]ꢂµoꢀŒ ÁZꢁv µ•]vP uꢁvšꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃ ]vꢃµꢂꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ a![5L oꢀ•ꢁŒ ꢀvꢃ
{ÇꢄŒD}oꢃ ~PꢁvꢁŒꢀooÇ ꢀ ꢄꢁššꢁŒ •šꢀ]v (}Œ L/[ ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš•• ꢀ •Z](šr uꢀšŒ]ÆUïíUïî ꢀ ‰Œ}ꢂꢁ•• šZꢀš ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ (ꢀÀ}µŒꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ ꢁÆšꢁvꢃꢁꢃ ꢀŒr
ꢁꢃ ꢄꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• ꢃꢁšꢁꢂšꢁꢃ Á]šZ ꢂÇš}•]vꢁ ÁZ]oꢁU ÁZꢁv µ•]vP DꢁowꢁꢃU }uꢀš]ꢂ]šÇ }( šZꢁ •Ç•šꢁuX {]vꢂꢁ šZꢁ tb!r5b! L/[ ꢀꢃꢃµꢂš Z}oꢃ•
ꢀ •Z](šꢁꢃ ꢄꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš }voÇ (}Œ ꢀꢃꢁv]vꢁV ]v ꢄ}šZ ꢂꢀ•ꢁ• šZꢁ ‰Œ}‰ꢁŒš]ꢁ• ꢀvꢃ ꢄꢁZꢀÀ]}µŒ }( ꢄ}šZ •‰ꢁꢂ]ꢁ•U ꢁÀꢀoµꢀš]}v }(
ꢂ}v•]ꢃꢁŒꢀꢄoꢁ •uꢁꢀŒ]vP }( šZꢁ ••5b! ꢄꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• À]•]ꢄoꢁX I}ÁꢁÀr šZꢁ Ç]ꢁoꢃ }( šZꢁ ꢂŒ}••o]vl Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v ꢄÇ wtrIt[/ Áꢀ• v}š ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ
ꢁŒU šZꢁ•ꢁ ꢄꢀvꢃ• ÁꢁŒꢁ (}µvꢃ š} ꢄꢁ o]vlꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvꢂꢁ }( ꢄꢁꢂꢀµ•ꢁ šZꢁ ꢄꢁ•š ꢂZŒ}uꢀš}PŒꢀ‰Z]ꢂ ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• (}Œ tb! ꢄŒ}ꢀꢃꢁv
Œꢁuꢀ]v]vP v}vrꢂŒ}••o]vlꢁꢃ tb! Ç~(•W5b! ! ꢃµ‰oꢁÆ •‰ꢁꢂ]ꢁ•U 5b! ‰ꢁꢀl• ꢀvꢃ À]ꢂꢁ ÀꢁŒ•ꢀX
ÁZ]ꢂZ ÁꢁŒꢁ ‰ꢁŒ•]•šꢁvš ꢁÀꢁv µvꢃꢁŒ ꢃꢁvꢀšµŒ]vP ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• ~ꢀ• Lv ꢂ}všŒꢀ•š š} šZꢁ ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ 5b! ꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ•Uïï Áꢁ
ꢃꢁu}v•šŒꢀšꢁꢃ ꢄÇ ꢀv ꢀꢃꢃ]š]}vꢀo ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš ÁZꢁŒꢁ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v ꢁƉꢁꢂšꢁꢃ šZꢁ ZꢁŒꢁ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ tb!r(µŒꢀv ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• š} }((ꢁŒ šZꢁ
u]ÆšµŒꢁ• Á]šZ ꢀvꢃ Á]šZ}µš b.{ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}v ÁꢁŒꢁ ꢂ}u‰ꢀŒꢁꢃU •ꢁꢁ ‰}••]ꢄ]o]šÇ š} šꢀŒPꢁš ꢃ}µꢄoꢁ •šŒꢀvꢃꢁꢃ 5b!X íꢁ šZµ• šꢁ•šꢁꢃ šZꢁ]Œ
9{LU C]PX {ð•X b} ꢂ}vꢂoµ•]Àꢁ ꢁÀ]ꢃꢁvꢂꢁ }( ꢂŒ}••ro]vl]vP ꢂ}µoꢃ šZµ• ꢀꢄ]o]šÇ š} (}Œu L/[• ]v ꢀ •šŒꢀvꢃ ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš šꢁ•šX íꢁ (]Œ•š ꢀor
ꢄꢁ (}µvꢃ (}Œ šZꢁ tb! Ç~(•W5b! ! ꢂ}uꢄ]vꢀš]}vX ÇZ]• Áꢁꢀl š} o}Áꢁꢃ ꢀvvꢁꢀo]vP }( šZꢁ šꢀŒPꢁš ꢃ•5b! ꢀš îì Ra •šŒꢀvꢃ ꢂ}vꢂꢁvr
]vꢁÆ]•šꢁvš L/[ Œꢁꢀꢂš]À]šÇ }( šZꢁ tb! Ç~(• ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ š}ÁꢀŒꢃ• ꢀꢃꢁv]vꢁ šŒꢀš]}vX {µꢄ•ꢁ‹µꢁvšoÇ šZꢁ tb! Áꢀ• ꢀꢃꢃꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ •}oµš]}v ꢀš ꢀ
ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢁƉoꢀ]vꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ ꢁ((ꢁꢂš }( šZꢁ µvꢀÀꢀ]oꢀꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ ꢁÆ}r (]vꢀo íì Ra ꢂ}vꢂꢁvšŒꢀš]}v ꢀvꢃ 5b! ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš Áꢀ• ꢀoo}Áꢁꢃ
ꢂÇꢂo]ꢂ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ꢀu]v} PŒ}µ‰U ÁZ]ꢂZ ]• ]vÀ}oÀꢁꢃ ]v íꢀš•}vr ‰Œ]}Œ š} •šꢀŒš]vP šZꢁ b.{ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}vU µ•]vP ꢀ ‰Œ}š}ꢂ}o ]ꢃꢁvš]ꢂꢀo
/Œ]ꢂl Œꢁꢂ}Pv]š]}vU ꢀ• Áꢁoo ꢀ• ꢀ (}Œꢂꢁꢃ ꢃ]•‰}•]š]}v }( šZꢁ (µŒꢀv š} šZꢁ }vꢁ ꢀꢃ}‰šꢁꢃ ÁZꢁv šꢀŒPꢁš]vP ••5b!X t!D9 ꢀvꢀoÇ•]• }(
Œ]vP ]v šZꢁ uꢀi}Œ PŒ}}ÀꢁU (ꢀŒ (Œ}u ꢀvÇ vµꢂoꢁ}‰Z]oꢁ }( šZꢁ ꢂ}ur šZꢁ ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš• ]• •Z}Áv ]v C]PX ñX !• ꢁƉꢁꢂšꢁꢃU šZꢁ Ç]ꢁoꢃ }( L/[
‰oꢁuꢁvšꢀŒÇ 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃX ÇZꢁ •uꢀoo ꢄꢀvꢃ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš ]v šZꢁ tb! •ꢁꢁu• š} ꢄꢁ o}ÁꢁŒ ÁZꢁv ꢂ}u‰ꢀŒꢁꢃ š} ••5b! ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš•U
Ç~(•W5b! / ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvšU ÁZ]ꢂZ Œꢁ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš• ꢀ Pꢁvµ]vꢁ ꢂŒ}••r ÁZ]ꢂZ ]• Œꢁꢀ•}vꢀꢄoÇ Œꢁoꢀšꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ ꢂ}u‰ꢁš]š]}v }( šZꢁ Z}u}o}r
o]vlꢁꢃ •‰ꢁꢂ]ꢁ•U ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢁƉoꢀ]vꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ oꢀꢂl }( íꢀš•}vr/Œ]ꢂl P}µ• 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃ (}Œ ꢄ]vꢃ]vP š} šZꢁ šꢀŒPꢁš 5b!X /Œ}••o]vl]vP
ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ‰ꢀ]Œ]vPU ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢃ]•ꢁvPꢀPꢁ• šZꢁ vꢁꢂꢁ••ꢀŒÇ vµꢂoꢁ}‰Z]oꢁ•U
ÁZ]oꢁ ꢂ}v(ꢁŒŒ]vP ꢀš šZꢁ •ꢀuꢁ š]uꢁ ꢀv ]vꢂŒꢁꢀ•ꢁꢃ ꢂ}v(}Œuꢀš]}vꢀo
(oꢁÆ]ꢄ]o]šÇ ~ꢂ}u‰ꢀŒꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ 5b! ! ꢂꢀ•ꢁ• ꢀoo}Á]vP šZꢁ (µŒꢀv •Ç•r
šꢁu š} ŒꢁꢀꢂZ šZꢁ Œꢁꢀꢂš]Àꢁ ꢂꢁvšꢁŒX !v ]vꢃ]ꢂꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ ‰}••]ꢄoꢁ
(ꢀÀ}µŒꢀꢄoꢁ }Œ]ꢁvšꢀš]}v }( šZꢁ (µŒꢀv Œ]vP š}ÁꢀŒꢃ• šZꢁ ]všꢁŒ]}Œ }(
C]PX ï 5ꢁvꢀšµŒ]vP t!D9 ꢀvꢀoÇ•]• }( šZꢁ tb!W5b! ꢂŒ}••o]vl ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš•X tŒ}ꢄꢁ
ꢂ}vꢂꢁvšŒꢀš]}v Áꢀ• íì RaU ð ꢁ‹µ]Àꢀoꢁvš• b.{ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀš]}vX tb!W !ꢂrDDD/!óD!Ç/Çr
C]PX ð ! r a![5L •]Pvꢀo }( ‰µŒ](]ꢁꢃ tb! C = 5b! ! L/[ •ꢀu‰oꢁ• ~•šꢀŒš]vP tb!
DoÇrbIîU 5b!W ñ[r!D!Ç/òÇD///rï[V •šꢀ]v]vP }( šZꢁ 5b! ꢄꢀvꢃ Áꢀ• ‰ꢁŒ(}Œuꢁꢃ
aíWïìôõXì•V . r ‰Œ}‰}•ꢁꢃ ]vr•}µŒꢂꢁ (ŒꢀPuꢁvšꢀš]}v ‰Œ}ꢃµꢂš•X
Á]šZ {ÇꢄŒD}oꢃ ~!• }Œ Dꢁowꢁꢃ ~.•X
ÇZ]• i}µŒvꢀo ]• ž ÇZꢁ w}Çꢀo {}ꢂ]ꢁšÇ }( /Zꢁu]•šŒÇ îìÆÆ
WX bꢀuꢁXU îìíïU ììU írï n ï
toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•

toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•
ChemComm
Page 4 of 4
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02062C
/haaÜbL/!ÇLhb
W}µŒvꢀo bꢀuꢁ
ꢀo•} •Z}Áv ]v C]PX ð.•U •Z}µoꢃ ꢀoo}Á š} ꢀÀ}]ꢃ šZꢁ oꢁ•]}v ꢄÇr‰ꢀ••
ꢀvꢃ Œꢁ‰ꢀ]Œ •šꢁ‰•U ÁZꢁŒꢁ íꢀš•}vr/Œ]ꢂl ꢄꢀ•ꢁ ‰ꢀ]Œ]vP ]• Œꢁ‹µ]ŒꢁꢃX
.ꢀ•ꢁꢃ }v šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš ꢁvꢂ}µŒꢀP]vP (]vꢃ]vP•U (µŒšZꢁŒ Á}Œl (}Œ
}‰š]u]Ìꢀš]}v }( •ÇvšZꢁ•]•U •šŒµꢂšµŒꢁU ꢀvꢃ ‰ꢁŒ(}Œuꢀvꢂꢁ• ]v ꢂꢁor
oµoꢀŒ •Ç•šꢁu• }( (µŒꢀvrtb! ]• }vP}]vPX
b}šꢁ• ꢀvꢃ Œꢁ(ꢁŒꢁvꢂꢁ•
í
î
tX 9X b]ꢁo•ꢁvU a}oX .]}šꢁꢂZv}oXU îììðU îòU îïïtîðôX
9X CꢀꢄꢄŒ]U !X aꢀv]ꢂꢀŒꢃ]U ÇX Çꢁꢃꢁ•ꢂZ]U {X {(}ŒÌꢀU bX .]ꢀvꢂZ]U 9X .Œ}PvꢀŒꢀU !X C]v}šš]U DX
.ŒꢁÀꢁPo]ꢁŒ]U aX .}ŒPꢀšš]U wX /}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]U wX aꢀŒꢂZꢁoo] ꢀvꢃ wX DꢀuꢄꢀŒ]U
/Zꢁuaꢁꢃ/ZꢁuU îìííU òU îíõîtîîìîX
C]PX ñ 5ꢁvꢀšµŒ]vP t!D9 ꢀvꢀoÇ•]• }( šZꢁ •šŒꢀvꢃ ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš ꢂŒ}••o]vl ꢁƉꢁŒr
]uꢁvš•X !• ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš ꢀš îñ£/V .• ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš ꢀš ïó£/X
ï
9X .Œ}PvꢀŒꢀU 9X CꢀꢄꢄŒ]U CX !]u]U !X aꢀv]ꢂꢀŒꢃ]U bX .]ꢀvꢂZ]U !X C]v}šš]U DX .ŒꢁÀꢁPo]ꢁŒ]U
aX .}ŒPꢀšš]U wX /}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]U wX aꢀŒꢂZꢁoo] ꢀvꢃ wX DꢀuꢄꢀŒ]U LvšX WX hvꢂ}oXU îìíîU ðíU
îííõtîíîóX
‰Œ}‰ꢁv•]šÇ ]vꢂŒꢁꢀ•ꢁ• ÁZꢁv ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁuꢁvš Áꢀ• ꢂꢀŒŒ]ꢁꢃ }µš ꢀš
ïó£/ ŒꢀšZꢁŒ šZꢀv îñ£/ ~Œꢁ•‰ꢁꢂš]ÀꢁoÇ C]PX ñ. ÀꢁŒ•µ• ñ!• ꢀvꢃ šZꢁ
‰Œꢁ(ꢁŒꢁvꢂꢁ (}Œ šꢀŒPꢁš]vP ꢃ•5b! / ŒꢀšZꢁŒ šZꢀv ꢃ•5b! ! ~ꢀ (}µŒr
(}oꢃ ]vꢂŒꢁꢀ•ꢁ }( •‰}š ]všꢁv•]š]ꢁ• ꢀ• ꢁÀꢀoµꢀšꢁꢃ ꢄÇ ꢃꢁv•]š}uꢁšŒ]ꢂ
ꢀvꢀoÇ•]•• ]• ]v o]vꢁ Á]šZ šZꢁ Çu Àꢀoµꢁ• (}Œ šZꢁ šÁ} ꢃ•5b! ꢃµr
‰oꢁÆꢁ•U ꢄꢁ]vP ïïXõ£/ ꢀvꢃ ñìXñ£/U Œꢁ•‰ꢁꢂš]ÀꢁoÇX Lv ꢀꢃꢃ]š]}vU šZꢁ
oꢀꢂl }( Œꢁꢀꢂš]À]šÇ •Z}Áv ꢄÇ tb! C ÁZꢁv šꢀŒPꢁš]vP ꢃ•5b! ! Œꢀr
šZꢁŒ šZꢀv ••5b! !U ꢂꢀv ꢄꢁ ꢁꢀ•]oÇ ꢁƉoꢀ]vꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ ꢃ]((]ꢂµošÇ (}Œ
šZ]• ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ š} ꢁ((]ꢂ]ꢁvšoÇ ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁ šZꢁ ꢀvš]r•ꢁv•ꢁ 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃ
(Œ}u šZꢁ ꢃ•5b! ~Çu (}Œ tb! CW5b! ! ]• ðóXð£/•X {} ]v šZꢁ•ꢁ
ꢁƉꢁŒ]uꢁvš• šZꢁ ꢀꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ tb!• š} ‰ꢁŒ(}Œu ꢁ((]ꢂ]ꢁvš ꢂŒ}••r
o]vl]vP ]• uꢀ]voÇ Œꢁoꢀšꢁꢃ š} šZꢁ]Œ ꢀꢄ]o]šÇ š} ꢁ((]ꢂ]ꢁvšoÇ ꢂ}u‰ꢁšꢁ
ꢀvꢃ ꢃ]•‰oꢀꢂꢁ šZꢁ Z}u}o}P}µ• 5b! •šŒꢀvꢃU ŒꢀšZꢁŒ šZꢀv š} ꢀv
]všŒ]v•]ꢂ Z]PZꢁŒ Œꢁꢀꢂš]À]šÇ š}ÁꢀŒꢃ• šZꢁ •‰ꢁꢂ](]ꢂ ꢄꢀ•ꢁU }Œ š} ꢀ ꢃ]•r
š}Œš]}v }( šZꢁ }ÀꢁŒꢀoo •šŒµꢂšµŒꢁ ]vꢃµꢂꢁꢃ ꢄÇ šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvꢂꢁ }( ꢀ
u]•uꢀšꢂZꢁꢃ ꢄꢀ•ꢁX
ð
ñ
ò
[X WX .Œꢀvꢃ vU !X WX a}Zꢀuꢁꢃ ꢀvꢃ /X LX {u]šZU bꢀšX .]}šꢁꢂZv}oXU íõõõU íóU óôðtóX
wX DꢀuꢄꢀŒ]U 9ƉꢁŒš h‰]vX ÇZꢁŒX tꢀšXU îìíðU îðU îòótîõðX
DX 5X LÀꢀv}ÀꢀU !X !ŒÌµuꢀv}ÀU wX !ꢄꢁ•U IX ò]vU aX WX ꢀ í}}ꢃU .X [ꢁꢄoꢁµ ꢀvꢃ aX WX
Dꢀ]šU bµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ !ꢂ]ꢃ• wꢁ•XU îììôU ïòU òðíôtòðîôX
tX 9X b]ꢁo•ꢁvU /µŒŒX tZꢀŒuX 5ꢁ•XU îìíìU íòU ïííôtïíîïX
DX IꢁU {X wꢀ‰]ŒꢁꢃꢃÇU wX .ꢀZꢀoU .X {ꢀZµ ꢀvꢃ 5X IX [ÇU WX !uX /ZꢁuX {}ꢂXU îììõU íïíU
íîìôôtíîìõìX
/X WX /ZꢁvPU wX .ꢀZꢀoU LX !X .ꢀꢄꢀŒU ùX t]vꢂµ•U CX .ꢀŒŒꢁŒꢀU /X []µU !X {À}Œ}v}•U 5X ÇX
.Œꢀꢃꢃ}ꢂlU tX aX DoꢀÌꢁŒU 5X aX 9vPꢁouꢀvU íX aX {ꢀošÌuꢀv ꢀvꢃ CX WX {oꢀꢂlU bꢀšµŒꢁU
îìíðU ñíôU íìótííìX
ó
ô
õ
íì ÇX 5X /ꢀvꢀꢃÇU /X ꢀX ÇꢁouꢁŒU {X bX hÇꢀPZ]ŒꢁU .X ꢀX !Œu]šꢀPꢁ ꢀvꢃ aX tX .ŒµꢂZꢁÌU WX !uX
/ZꢁuX {}ꢂXU îìíñU íïóU íìîòôtíìîóñX
íí aX ëX {}vꢀŒU aX 9X íꢀu‰}oꢁU òXròX W]vU /XrtX /ZꢁvU aX [X ÇZꢀlµŒ ꢀvꢃ 9X í]ꢂl•šŒ}uU
.]}ꢂ}viµPX /ZꢁuXU îìíðU îñU íòõótíóìôX
íî YX YX {ꢀꢃZµ ꢀvꢃ bX í]v••]vPꢁŒU /ZꢁuX r ! 9µŒX WXU îìíïU íõU ôíôîtôíôõX
íï òX !]ꢄꢀU òX Iꢀuꢀv}U íX Yꢀuꢁ•Z]uꢀU òX !Œꢀl]U ÇX íꢀꢃꢀU !X !ꢂꢂꢁššꢀU {X {(}ŒÌꢀU wX
/}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]U wX aꢀŒꢂZꢁoo] ꢀvꢃ aX Y}u]ÇꢀuꢀU hŒPX .]}u}oX /ZꢁuXU îìíïU ííU ñîïït
ñîïôX
íð YX D}Œ•lꢀ ꢀvꢃ bX í]v••]vPꢁŒU !vPꢁÁX /ZꢁuX LvšX 9ꢃX 9vPoXU îìíïU ñîU òôîìtòôðïX
íñ òX []µ ꢀvꢃ {X 9X w}l]šꢀU .]}ꢂZꢁu]•šŒÇU îìíîU ñíU íìîìtíìîóX
íò hX Y}Œvǵ•ZÇvꢀU !X WX {šꢁuuoꢁŒU 5X aX DŒꢀÇꢄ}•ꢂZU LX .ꢁŒPꢁvšZꢀo ꢀvꢃ /X WX .µŒŒ}Á•U
.]}ꢂ}viµPX /ZꢁuXU îììñU íòU íóôtíôïX
Lv ꢂ}vꢂoµ•]}vU ]v šZ]• Á}Œl Áꢁ •Z}Á (}Œ šZꢁ (]Œ•š š]uꢁ šZꢁ •Çvr
šZꢁ•]• ꢀvꢃ ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v }( tb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• š} (µŒꢀvrL/[ •šŒꢀšꢁP]ꢁ• (}Œ
šꢀŒPꢁš]vP ••r ꢀ• Áꢁoo ꢀ• ꢃ•5b!X íꢁ ZꢁŒꢁ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ ‰Œ}š}ꢂ}o•
(}Œ }ꢄšꢀ]v]vP (µŒꢀvru}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ tb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ]v ÁZ]ꢂZ šZꢁ (µŒꢀv
u}]ꢁšÇ Áꢀ• ]v•ꢁŒšꢁꢃ ꢁ]šZꢁŒ ꢃµŒ]vP •}o]ꢃ ‰Zꢀ•ꢁ •ÇvšZꢁ•]• }Œ ꢄÇ ꢀ
‰}•šrꢂoꢁꢀÀꢀPꢁ (µvꢂš]}vꢀo]Ìꢀš]}v šZŒ}µPZ ꢀ /µ!!/ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}vX ÇZꢁ
ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ •ÇvšZꢁš]ꢂ •šŒꢀšꢁP]ꢁ• µ•ꢁꢃ (}Œ šZꢁ ]všŒ}ꢃµꢂš]}v }( šZꢁ
•ꢁv•]š]Àꢁ (µŒꢀv u}]ꢁšÇ ꢂꢀv ‰Œ}À]ꢃꢁ PꢁvꢁŒꢀo ꢀꢂꢂꢁ•• š} šZꢁ ]vꢂ}Œr
‰}Œꢀš]}v }( }šZꢁŒ ꢀꢂ]ꢃrꢀvꢃ ꢀolÇoꢀš]}v •ꢁv•]š]Àꢁ u}]ꢁš]ꢁ• ]vš}
tb!X CµŒšZꢁŒu}ŒꢁU ]v ꢂ}všŒꢀ•š š} ꢁꢀŒo]ꢁŒ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ šŒ]‰oꢁÆ
(}Œu]vP 5b! ꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ }o]P}vµꢂoꢁ}š]ꢃꢁ•U šZꢁ ZꢁŒꢁ ꢃꢁÀꢁo}‰ꢁꢃ (µr
íó YX {X {ꢂZu]ꢃšU aX .}µꢃÀ]ooꢀ]vU !X {ꢂZÁꢀŒšÌ ꢀvꢃ DX !X ëꢀv 5ꢁŒ aꢀŒꢁoU /ZꢁuX r ! 9µŒX
WXU îììîU ôU ññòòtññóìX
íô ÇX !l]•ꢀÁꢀU òX L•Z]ÌꢀÁꢀ ꢀvꢃ CX bꢀPꢀš•µP]U a}oꢁꢂµoꢁ•U îìíñU îìU ðóìôtðóíõX
íõ òX Y]u ꢀvꢃ LX {X I}vPU .]}}ŒPX aꢁꢃX /ZꢁuX [ꢁššXU îììôU íôU ñìñðtñìñóX
îì ÇX DX DꢀvšꢂZꢁÀU {X D]Œ}µꢀŒꢃU 5X íX 5}ꢃꢃU CX í}iꢂ]ꢁꢂZ}Á•l]U wX IX 9X Iµꢃ•}v ꢀvꢃ 5X
WX Iµvš]vPU .]}ꢂZꢁu]•šŒÇU îììõU ðôU óìïîtóìððX
îí aX h‰ ꢃꢁ .ꢁꢁꢂl ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU WX !uX /ZꢁuX {}ꢂXU îìíîU íïðU íìóïótíìóðìX
îî 5X ÇŒꢀꢂZ}}šZꢀuU WX !oꢁÆꢀvꢃŒꢁ ꢀvꢃ tX IµꢀvPU bꢀšX wꢁÀX 5ŒµP 5]•ꢂ}ÀXU îììõU ôU ñóõt
ñõíX
îï wX Ç}vꢁoo]U !X aꢂLvšÇŒꢁU /X /ꢀuꢁŒ]vU ùX {X íꢀošꢁŒ•U YX 5] [ꢁ}U WX {ꢁo(ꢁU {X tµŒPꢀš}U 9X
a]••]ꢀPo]ꢀU !X Ç}Œš}Œ]U WX wꢁv•ZꢀÁU !X !•š}o(]U YX wX ÇꢀÇo}ŒU {X {ꢁŒŒꢀÀꢀooꢁU wX .]•Z}‰U /X
bꢀvv]U [X WX ëꢀoꢁvš]ivU !X Cꢀꢂꢂ]v]U LX [ꢁµ•ꢂZvꢁŒU {X C}Œu]ꢂꢀU WX {X wꢁ]•rC]oZ}U ëX
!uꢄŒ}•]v]U YX ÇZÁꢀÇU aX CŒꢀvÌ}v]U .X {µuuꢁŒ•P]ooU wX aꢀŒꢂZꢁoo]U tX IŒꢁo]ꢀU DX
/ꢀvšꢁoo]rC}Œš]U {X Cꢀvš]U wX /}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]U !X tꢁ••]}v ꢀvꢃ WX {Z]‰oꢁÇU /o]vX /ꢀvꢂꢁŒ wꢁ•XU
îìíîU íôU óõòtôìóX
Œꢀvrtb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• ꢀoo}Á šꢀŒPꢁš]vP }( ꢀvꢃ •µꢄ•ꢁ‹µꢁvš ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP îð [X [X DX /ꢀŒŒꢁššꢁU 9X DÇ••ꢁo•U WX [}vꢂlꢁ ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU hŒPX .]}u}oX /ZꢁuXU îìíðU
íîU õïítõïñX
îñ aX hX 5ꢁ .ꢁꢁꢂl ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU WX !uX /ZꢁuX {}ꢂXU îìííU íïïU óõòtôìóX
îò YX {šꢁÀꢁv• ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU bµꢂoꢁ]ꢂ !ꢂ]ꢃ• wꢁ•XU îììõU ïóU íñññtíñòñX
îó YX I}}PꢁÁ]i•U !X 5ꢁꢂꢁµv]vꢂl ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU hŒPX .]}u}oX /ZꢁuXU îìíîU íìU ïõõõt
ðììîX
îô !X aꢀv]ꢂꢀŒꢃ]U !X !ꢂꢂꢁššꢀU ÇX Çꢁꢃꢁ•ꢂZ]U {X {(}ŒÌꢀU wX aꢀŒꢂZꢁoo] ꢀvꢃ wX /}ŒŒꢀꢃ]v]U !Œš](X
5b!X tb! ób!U îìíîU ïU ñïtòîX
îõ !X IX {š !uꢀvšU /X 9vPꢄꢁŒ• ꢀvꢃ wX IX 9X Iµꢃ•}vU !Œš](X 5b!X tb! ób!U îìíïU ðU ðt
íìX
ïì óX íꢀvP ꢀvꢃ wX IX 9X Iµꢃ•}vU /Zꢁu.]}/ZꢁuU îìíñU íòU îíñòtîíòíX
ïí 9X b}ŒꢃZ}((U CX Y]Œ‰ꢁlꢀŒ ꢀvꢃ tX w}ꢁ‰•š}Œ((U aꢀ•• {‰ꢁꢂšŒ}uX wꢁÀXU íõõòU íñU òótíïôX
ïî bX tX /ZŒ]•š]ꢀvU WX tX wꢁ]ooÇU ëX wX a}loꢁŒU CX 9X í]vꢂ}šš ꢀvꢃ ꢀ 5X 9oo]vPš}vU WX !uX {}ꢂX
aꢀ•• {‰ꢁꢂšŒ}uXU îììíU íîU óððtóñïX
ïï 9X DÇ••ꢁo•U [X [X DX /ꢀŒŒꢁššꢁU 9X ëꢁŒꢂŒµÇ••ꢁU YX {šꢁÀꢁv• ꢀvꢃ !X aꢀꢃꢃꢁŒU
/Zꢁu.]}/ZꢁuU îìíñU íòU òñítòñôX
ïð WX ùZꢀvP ꢀvꢃ WX /X íꢀošꢁŒU 5b! wꢁ‰ꢀ]ŒU îìíðU íõU íïñtíðîX
š} ••5b! ꢀ• Áꢁoo ꢀ• ꢃ•5b! •ꢁ‹µꢁvꢂꢁ•X
.ꢀ•ꢁꢃ }v šZꢁ ‰Œꢁ•ꢁvš ‰Œ}}(r}(r‰Œ]vꢂ]‰oꢁ Œꢁ•µoš•U šZ]• šÇ‰ꢁ }(
(µŒꢀvru}ꢃ](]ꢁꢃ tb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• šZµ• •ꢁꢁu• ]ꢃꢁꢀooÇ •µ]šꢁꢃ (}Œ ꢃ]Œꢁꢂš
ꢀ‰‰o]ꢂꢀš]}v ]v ꢃ]ꢀPv}•š]ꢂ •ꢁšš]vP• (}Œ 5b! Œꢁꢂ}Pv]š]}vU •]vꢂꢁ
ꢂ}Àꢀoꢁvš ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP Á]šZ šZꢁ šꢀŒPꢁš ꢀoo}Á• u}Œꢁ •šŒ]vPꢁvš
Áꢀ•Z]vP ꢂ}vꢃ]š]}v• ꢀ(šꢁŒ ZÇꢄŒ]ꢃ]Ìꢀš]}v ]v ꢄ}šZ •µŒ(ꢀꢂꢁr ꢀvꢃ •}r
oµš]}vrꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ •ꢁv•]vP •ꢂZꢁuꢁ•U šZµ• Œꢁꢃµꢂ]vP (ꢀo•ꢁ ‰}•]š]Àꢁ•
ꢀvꢃ µvꢃꢁ•]Œꢁꢃ ZÇꢄŒ]ꢃ]Ìꢀš]}v ꢀŒšꢁ(ꢀꢂš•X
!v ꢀꢃÀꢀvšꢀPꢁ }( šZꢁ ꢂ}uꢄ]vꢀš]}v }( tb! ‰Œ}ꢄꢁ• Á]šZ (µŒꢀvr
ꢄꢀ•ꢁꢃ ꢂŒ}••o]vl]vP ]v ꢂꢁooµoꢀŒ •Ç•šꢁu• ]• šZꢁ ‰}••]ꢄ]o]šÇ }( šZꢁ
•Ç•šꢁu š} ꢁ•ꢂꢀ‰ꢁ šZꢁ 5b! Œꢁ‰ꢀ]Œ uꢀꢂZ]vꢁŒÇX Lv ‰ꢀŒš]ꢂµoꢀŒU šZꢁ
ꢂ}u‰oꢁšꢁoÇ ꢀŒš](]ꢂ]ꢀo vꢀšµŒꢁ }( tb! •Z}µoꢃ ]všꢁŒ(ꢁŒꢁ Á]šZ šZꢁ
Œꢁꢂ}Pv]š]}v }( šZꢁ L/[ •]šꢁ ꢄÇ vµꢂoꢁꢀ•ꢁ•U ÁZ]ꢂZ ꢁvꢀꢄoꢁ šZꢁ ꢄÇr
‰ꢀ•• }( šZꢁ vµꢂoꢁ}ꢄꢀ•ꢁ• ]vÀ}oÀꢁꢃ ]v šZꢁ oꢁ•]}vXïð !š šZꢁ •ꢀuꢁ
š]uꢁ šZꢁ ꢂ}u‰oꢁšꢁ ꢂZꢀvPꢁ ]v šZꢁ Irꢄ}vꢃ ꢃ}v}Œrꢀꢂꢂꢁ‰š}Œ ‰Œ}r
(]oꢁU ÁZ]ꢂZ }ꢂꢂµŒ• ꢀ(šꢁŒ Œꢁꢀꢂš]}v Á]šZ šZꢁ ꢀꢂš]Àꢀšꢁꢃ (µŒꢀv ~ꢀ•
ð n WX bꢀuꢁXU îìíîU ììU írï
ÇZ]• i}µŒvꢀo ]• ž ÇZꢁ w}Çꢀo {}ꢂ]ꢁšÇ }( /Zꢁu]•šŒÇ îìÆÆ
toꢁꢀ•ꢁ ꢃ} v}š ꢀꢃiµ•š uꢀŒP]v•