1111-72-4Relevant articles and documents
Dominey, D. A.,Wickham, A. J.
, p. 2598 - 2606 (1971)
13C and 14C kinetic isotope effects in the catalytic oxidation of CO over ZnO
Kobal, I.,Senegacnik, M.,Kobal, H.
, p. 1815 - 1824 (1983)
13C and 14C kinetic effects in the reaction CO+1/2 O2->CO2 over ZnO catalyst were experimentally determined.The k12/k13 and k12/k14 ratios were found to be temperature independent in the temperature range studied (200-500 deg C) and amounted to 1.0101+/-0.0010 and 1.0204+/-0.0019, respectively.Interpretation of the experimental values, following Bigeleisen's formalism, reveals that (CO2)(excit) with an interband angles of (90+/-10) deg and planar (CO3) (excit) with two interband angles in the range of (120+/-10) deg may be considered as activated complexes of the rate determining and isotope effect fractionation governing step of the reaction mechanism.
Engstrom, J. R.,Weinberg, W. H.
, p. 145 - 170 (1988)
Oxidation of H2 and CO over ion-exchanged X and Y zeolites
Lahr, Daniel G.,Li, Junhui,Davis, Robert J.
, p. 3420 - 3425 (2007)
Zeolites X and Y exchanged with Group IA cations were synthesized by aqueous ion exchange of NaX and NaY and used as catalysts in the oxidation of H2 and CO at temperatures ranging from 473 to 573 K. The CsX zeolite was the most active material of the series for both reactions whereas HX was the least active. Moreover, the oxidation of CO in H2 was very selective (～80%) over the alkali-metal exchanged materials. Isotopic transient analysis of CO oxidation during steady-state reaction at 573 K was used to evaluate the coverage of reactive carbon-containing intermediates that lead to product as well as the pseudo-first-order rate constant of the reaction. A factor of 4 enhancement in activity achieved by exchanging Cs for Na was attributed to a higher coverage of reactive intermediates in CsX because the pseudo-first-order rate constant was nearly same for the two materials (～0.7 s-1). The number of reactive intermediates on both materials was orders of magnitude below the number of alkali metal cations in the zeolites but was similar to the number of impurity Fe atoms in the samples. Because the trend in Fe impurity loading was the same as that for oxidation activity, a role of transition metal impurities in zeolite oxidation catalysis is suggested.
Hybrid enzymatic and organic electrocatalytic cascade for the complete oxidation of glycerol
Hickey, David P.,McCammant, Matthew S.,Giroud, Fabien,Sigman, Matthew S.,Minteer, Shelley D.
, p. 15917 - 15920 (2014)
We demonstrate the complete electrochemical oxidation of the biofuel glycerol to CO2 using a hybrid enzymatic and small-molecule catalytic system. Combining an enzyme, oxalate oxidase, and an organic oxidation catalyst, 4-amino-TEMPO, we are able to electrochemically oxidize glycerol at a carbon electrode, while collecting up to as many as 16 electrons per molecule of fuel. Additionally, we investigate the anomalous electrocatalytic properties that allow 4-amino-TEMPO to be active under the acidic conditions that are required for oxalate oxidase to function.
Comparative study of CO2 formation in CO oxidation by O2, NO and N2O on Pd(1 1 0) surface using infrared chemiluminescence
Nakao, Kenji,Ito, Shin-ichi,Tomishige, Keiichi,Kunimori, Kimio
, p. 4221 - 4227 (2006)
The infrared (IR) chemiluminescence spectra of CO2 were measured during steady-state CO oxidation by O2, NO and N2O over Pd(1 1 0) surface. Kinetics of these reactions were studied using a molecular-beam reaction system, a
Removal pathways of surface nitrogen in a steady-state NO + CO reaction on Pd(110) and Rh(110): Angular and velocity distribution studies
Rzeznicka, Izabela I.,Ma, Yunsheng,Cao, Gengyu,Matsushima, Tatsuo
, p. 14232 - 14243 (2004)
Knowledge of the relation of N2 and N2O formation is requisite for improving environmental catalysts. The angular and velocity distributions of desorbing products N2 and CO2 were investigated in a steady-state NO + CO reaction on Pd(110) and Rh(110) by cross-correlation time-of-flight methods. On Pd(110), N2 desorption was split into two inclined components collimating at ± 40° in the plane along the [001] direction. The inclined N2 formation originated from the N2O intermediate. At low temperatures, the pathway through the N2O intermediate prevailed, and, above 720 K, the associative nitrogen desorption started to dominate. N2 desorption on Rh(110) was sharply collimated along the surface normal in a wide temperature region, indicating that N(a) was mostly removed through the associative process. On both surfaces, the translational temperature of desorbing N2 was very high, reaching about 2500-3500 K. On the other hand, CO2 desorption always collimated along the surface normal on both surfaces with the translational temperature at 1600-2000 K.
A Precious Catalyst: Rhodium-Catalyzed Formic Acid Dehydrogenation in Water
Fink, Cornel,Laurenczy, Gábor
, p. 2381 - 2387 (2019)
The performance of rhodium complex [Cp*Rh(bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane)Cl]Cl was evaluated for formic acid dehydrogenation in aqueous solution. Solid-state X-ray diffraction helped to confirm the catalyst structure. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy was employed to follow the dehydrogenation of formic acid. The reactions have been carried out in high-pressure NMR sapphire tubes. An activation energy of +77.19 ± 4 kJ/mol was determined via an Arrhenius plot, which is in good agreement with literature findings. The catalyst afforded a TOF of 1086 h–1 and exhibited good stability. Based on our observations and literature, we propose a catalytic cycle.
Active phase for inclined CO2 desorption on Rh(110) in steady-state CO oxidation
Rze?nicka, Izabela,Matsushima, Tatsuo
, p. 279 - 285 (2003)
The angular and velocity distributions of desorbing CO2 and LEED spot intensities were examined in steady-state CO oxidation on Rh(110) and Pd(110). On Rh(110), in the limited CO pressure range, the angular distribution splits into bi-direction
Origin and significance of the production of carbon dioxide during the ozonization of 13C-labeled D-glucose at different pH values
Marcq, Olivier,Barbe, Jean-Michel,Trichet, Alain,Guilard, Roger
, p. 233 - 240 (2001)
[1-13C], [2-13C] and [6-13C] D-glucose were, respectively, ozonized in a semi-batch reactor in acidic and basic conditions. The composition of the gas phase was evaluated by on-line mass spectrometry measurements. The quantitative and isotopic analyses of the carbon dioxide formed during ozonization are presented and discussed. The data, correlated with previous literature results, clearly show that at pH 2.5 the production of carbon dioxide from C-6 and C-1 carbon atoms is nearly equivalent. Conversely, at higher pH values, CO2 is released with a greater selectivity from the reducing end. The importance of the decarboxylation reaction in the formation of by-products with fewer than six carbon atoms is also demonstrated.
Local reaction rates and surface diffusion on nanolithographically prepared model catalysts: Experiments and simulations
Laurin,Johanek,Grant,Kasemo,Libuda,Freund
, (2005)
Combining molecular beam methods and angular resolved mass spectrometry, we have studied the angular distribution of desorbing products during CO oxidation on a planar Pd/silica supported model catalyst. The model catalyst was prepared by means of electron beam lithography, allowing individual control of particle size, position, and aspect ratio, and was characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after reaction. In the experiment, both oxygen and CO rich regimes were investigated using separate molecular beams for the two reactants. This allows exploration of diffusion effects of reactants on the particles and of shadowing and backscattering phenomena. A reaction-diffusion model was developed in order to extract information about local reaction rates on the surface of the catalyst nanoparticles. The model takes into account the structural parameters of the catalyst as well as the backscattering of the reactants and products from the support. It allows a quantitative description of the experimental data and provides a detailed understanding of temperature and reactant flux dependent effects. Moreover, information on the surface mobility of oxygen under steady-state reaction conditions could be obtained by comparison with the experimental results.
The reactivity of surface active carbonaceous species with CO2 and its role on hydrocarbon conversion reactions
Guo, Jianjun,Lou, Hui,Mo, Liuye,Zheng, Xiaoming
, p. 1 - 7 (2010)
Carbon deposition on Ni-based catalysts has a significant influence on their cracking activity and selectivity and is the main reason for catalyst deactivation. To understand this behavior, pulse techniques and in situ infrared spectroscopic analysis were applied to the study of the surface carbonaceous species formation and transformation over Ni/MgAl2O4, Ni/MgO/γ-Al2O3 and Ni/γ-Al2O3. It was found that MgAl2O4 allows an effective way for CO2 adsorption and activation through the formation of formate/carbonate type species. Carbon adspecies, mainly as CHx (x = 1-3), are the intermediates of methane activation on Ni particles and preferably diffuse from the metal to the interference of Ni and the supports and promote the adsorbed CO2 species to decompose and release CO through formate/carbonate type intermediates. The mechanism proposed emphasis the role of these surface species in the surface chemistry of carbonaceous reaction. The data obtained led to a satisfactory description of the working catalyst.
Methane oxidation by aqueous osmium tetroxide and sodium periodate: Inhibition of methanol oxidation by methane
Osako, Takao,Watson, Eric J.,Dehestani, Ahmad,Bales, Brian C.,Mayer, James M.
, p. 7433 - 7436 (2006)
(Graph Presented) Cast in a new role: Aqueous solutions of OsO4 and NaIO4 oxidize methane to methanol under very mild conditions (see scheme). The generated methanol is preserved over 5 days at 50°C, although it is more readily oxidized than methane in separate experiments. Remarkably, methanol oxidation by aqueous OsO4/NaIO4 is inhibited by the presence of methane.
Isotopic and kinetic assessment of the mechanism of reactions of CH 4 with CO2 or H2O to form synthesis gas and carbon on nickel catalysts
Wei, Junmei,Iglesia, Enrique
, p. 370 - 383 (2004)
Kinetic and isotopic measurements for catalysts and conditions that rigorously excluded transport and thermodynamic artifacts led to a common sequence of elementary steps for reactions of CH4 with CO2 or H2O and for its stoichiometric decomposition on Ni/MgO catalysts. Turnover rates for forward reactions of CH4/CO2 and CH4/H2O mixtures were proportional to CH4 pressure (5-450 kPa) and independent of the partial pressure of the CO 2 or H2O coreactants (5-450 kPa). These turnover rates and their first-order rate constants and activation energies are also similar to those measured for CH4 decomposition, indicating that these reactions are mechanistically equivalent and that C-H bond activation is the sole kinetically relevant step in all three reactions. These conclusions were confirmed by identical CH4/CD4 kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD=1.62-1.71) for reforming and decomposition reactions and by undetectable H2O/D2O isotopic effects. The kinetic relevance of C-H bond activation is consistent with the relative rates of chemical conversion and isotopic mixing in a CH4/CD 4/CO2 mixture and with the isotopic evidence for the quasi-equilibrated nature of coreactant activation and H2 and H 2O desorption obtained from reactions of CH4/CO 2/D2 and 12CH4/12CO 2/13CO mixtures. These quasi-equilibrated steps lead to equilibrated water-gas-shift reactions during CH4 reforming, a finding confirmed by measurements of the effluent composition. These elementary steps provide also a predictive model for carbon filament growth and identify a rigorous dependence of the carbon thermodynamic activity on various kinetic and thermodynamic properties of elementary steps and on the prevalent concentrations of reactants and products, specifically given by PCH4P CO/PCO2 (or PCH4PH2/PH2O) ratios. These mechanistic features on Ni surfaces resemble those previously established for supported noble metal catalysts (Rh, Pt, Ir, Ru). These direct measurements of C-H bond activation turnover rates allowed the first direct and rigorous comparison of the reactivity of Ni and noble metal catalysts for CH4-reforming reactions, under conditions of strict kinetic control and relevant commercial practice and over a wide range of compositions and metal dispersions.
Carbon-13 kinetic isotope effects in the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over Pd/Al2O3
Ogrinc, Nives,Kobal, Ivan,Senega?nik, Marjan
, p. 7236 - 7242 (1997)
The C-13 kinetic isotope effects in the oxidation of CO by oxygen over a 0.5% Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were experimentally determined in a temperature range of 323-413 K, and the following temperature dependence was found: 100 ln(k12/k13) = 3.18-831/T (±0.15). A reaction gas mixture of CO/O2 at a ratio of 1:2 and an initial pressure in a static system ranging from 5 to 10 kPa were used. The reaction kinetics were found to be of order +1 in CO, order 0 in oxygen, and order -1 in CO2. Under these experimental conditions, an activation energy of 56 ± 3 kJ mol-1 was obtained. Using Bigeleisen's formalism based on the absolute rate theory of chemical reactions, kinetic isotope effects were calculated. For the transition state of the rate-determining step, a (CO2)? of various geometries and force constants was considered. The experimental data can be satisfactorily interpreted only with an interbond angle close to 110° and a reaction coordinate described by an asymmetric normal vibration of an asymmetric transition state.
An investigation of possible mechanisms for the water-gas shift reaction over a ZrO2-supported Pt catalyst
Tibiletti,Meunier,Goguet,Reid,Burch,Boaro,Vicario,Trovarelli
, p. 183 - 191 (2006)
The present work investigates the reactivity of the surface species observable by in situ DRIFTS formed over a Pt/ZrO2 during the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. A DRIFTS cell/mass spectrometer system was operated at the chemical steady state during isotopic transients to yield information about the true nature (i.e., main reaction intermediate or spectators) of adsorbates. Only carbonyl and formate species were observed by DRIFTS under reaction conditions; the surface coverage of carbonate species was negligible. Isotopic transient kinetic analyses revealed that formates exchanged uniformly according to a first-order law, suggesting that most formates observed by DRIFTS were of the same reactivity. In addition, the time scale of the exchange of the reaction product CO2 was significantly shorter than that of the surface formates. Therefore, a formate route based on the formates as detected by DRIFTS can be ruled out as the main reaction pathway in the present case. The number of precursors of the reaction product CO2 was smaller than the number of surface Pt atoms, suggesting that carbonyl species or some infrared-invisible complex (not excluding formates) at the Pt-zirconia interface was the main reaction intermediate. A simple redox mechanism could also explain the present results.
CO and H2O adsorption and reaction on Au(310)
Van Reijzen,Van Spronsen,Docter,Juurlink
, p. 1726 - 1731 (2011)
We have studied desorption of 13CO and H2O and desorption and reaction of coadsorbed, 13CO and H2O on Au(310). From the clean surface, CO desorbs mainly in, two peaks centered near 140 and 200 K. A complete analysis of desorption spectra, yields average binding energies of 21 ± 2 and 37 ± 4 kJ/mol, respectively. Additional desorption states are observed near 95 K and 110 K. Post-adsorption of H 2O displaces part of CO pre-adsorbed at step sites, but does not lead to CO oxidation or significant shifts in binding energies. However, in combination with electron irradiation, 13CO2 is formed during H2O desorption. Results suggest that electron-induced decomposition products of H2O are sheltered by hydration from direct reaction with CO.
A vibrational spectroscopic investigation of the Co+O2 reaction on Pt{110}
Miners,Cerasari,Efstathiou,Kim,Woodruff
, p. 885 - 896 (2002)
Carbon monoxide and oxygen coverage of a platinum surface under steady state reaction conditions and during kinetic oscillations and pattern formation was studied using real-time infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, together with photoelectron emission experiments. Results indicated that CO was evenly distributed over the surface at all coverages with and without coadsorbed atomic oxygen. Changes on the surface were directly related to carbon dioxide production rate under both steady state and oscillatory reaction conditions.
Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by a Ni(II) Complex Bearing a Bioinspired Tetradentate Ligand for Selective CO Production
Hong, Dachao,Tsukakoshi, Yuto,Kotani, Hiroaki,Ishizuka, Tomoya,Kojima, Takahiko
, p. 6538 - 6541 (2017)
A Ni(II) complex bearing an S2N2-type tetradentate ligand inspired by the active site of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase was found to selectively catalyze CO2 reduction to produce CO in a photocatalytic system using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) as a photosensitizer and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BIH) as an electron donor. The Ni(II) complex shows a high turnover number over 700 with high CO selectivity of >99% and quantum yield of 1.42% in the photocatalytic system.
Saber, John M.,Kester, Keith B.,Falconer, John L.,Brown, Lee F.
, p. 329 - 346 (1988)
[Re(CO)3(5-PAN)Cl], a rhenium(i) naphthalimide complex for the visible light photocatalytic reduction of CO2
Case, Derek R.,Spear, Alyssa,Henwood, Adam F.,Nanao, Max,Dampf, Sara,Korter, Timothy M.,Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur,Zubieta, Jon,Doyle, Robert P.
, p. 3479 - 3486 (2021)
A rhenium(i) naphthalimide complex [Re(CO)3(5-PAN)Cl] (Re(5-PAN); 5-PAN = 1-(1,10-phenanthroline)-4-nitro-naphthalimide) was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as a photocatalyst for CO2reduction. Characterization included use of MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, FT-IR, RAMAN,1H and13C NMR, elemental analysis, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, DFT and cyclic voltammetry. Photocatalytic (406 nm) reduction of13CO2to formate (H13COO) in the presence of this catalyst was trackedvia13C NMR. Results support Re5-PAN (φ= 0.021) functioning as a catalyst for the reduction of CO2(maximum turn-over 48-50 at 300 equiv. triethylamine as the sacrificial electron donor).
Mechanism and Site Requirements for Activation and Chemical Conversion of Methane on Supported Pt Clusters and Turnover Rate Comparisons among Noble Metals
Wei, Junmei,Iglesia, Enrique
, p. 4094 - 4103 (2004)
The mechanism and site requirements for activation and chemical conversion of methane on supported Pt clusters and turnover rate comparisons among noble metals were presented. Isotopic trace and kinetic measurements led to a simple mechanistic picture and a unifying kinetic treatment of CH4-CO2, CH4-H2O, and CH4 decomposition reactions, as well as water-gas shift, on Pt-based catalysts. Reforming and decomposition rates were first-order on CH4 concentration and independent of the concentration or identity of the co-reactants. The normal CH4/CD4 kinetic isotope effects measured were similar for all three CH4 reactions and thus also independent of co-reactant identity. Forward CH4 turnover rates increased monotonically with increasing Pt dispersion for CO2 reforming, H2O reforming, and CH4 decomposition reactions. The rates of structure-insensitive CO oxidation reactions were similar before and after CH4 reforming.
Characterization of adsorbed species on TiO2 after photocatalytic oxidation of toluene
Falconer,Blount
, p. 21 - 33 (2001)
Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a promising method for removing organic pollutants present in low concentrations in waste gas streams. Strongly bound intermediates formed that were much less reactive than toluene during the initial step of PCO of toluene on TiO2 at room temperature. Temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH) was an effective technique to characterize these intermediates. Titania was a hydrogenation catalyst at elevated temperatures, and the intermediates hydrogenated to toluene and benzene, which were more weakly bound. Platinum was added to TiO2 to increase the hydrogenation rate through spillover of hydrogen so that the intermediates were removed at lower temperatures, and the platinum also increased the PCO rate at room temperature. More than one intermediate might be on the surface, and the intermediates had intact aromatic rings. Similarities in TPH spectra showed that toluene reacted through benzaldehyde, but benzaldehyde oxidized quickly to some less reactive intermediate. Benzaldehyde adsorbed in more than one form on TiO2, and these forms had different reactivities during PCO. Benzoic acid was not the less reactive intermediate formed during benzaldehyde PCO.
Studies of the selective reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide in the presence and absence of hydrogen over Au/NaY catalysts
Salama, Tarek M.,Ohnishi, Ryuichiro,Ichikawa, Masaru
, p. 301 - 306 (1996)
The selective reduction of NO with CO in the presence and absence of hydrogen over Au/NaY catalysts has been studied by in situ FTIR spectroscopy and under steady-state conditions in a flow mode in the temperature range 473-723 K. The NCO intermediates found by FTIR absorption at 2280-2240 cm-1 after contacting, at 423-573 K, an Au/NaY catalyst with an NO-CO-H2 mixture shows a dependence on the presence of H2 which functions in N-O dissociation in this temperature region Removal of NCO groups from the catalyst with time at 473 K, proposed to be limited by the prerequisite reaction between adsorbed NCO and NO in the gas phase, to form N2 and CO2 is accelerated with increasing temperatures. The effect of adding H2 to an NO-CO-He stream on the conversions of both NO and CO to, respectively, N2 and CO2 were found to be consistent with a temperature-dependent mechanism. The yields of N2 and CO2 were increased in the presence of hydrogen, when NCO complexes were present on the gold catalyst, up to 573 K. Above this temperature, where direct NO + CO is the only competing reaction, the presence of hydrogen reduced conversion. The activities of the gold catalysts were maintained even at temperatures as high as 723 K, suggesting that a large fraction of partially charged AuI cations were stabilized by the framework of NaY zeolite. This species, after pumping off the reacting mixture gases at 473 K and collecting the spectra on cooling the gold catalyst, gave a characteristic carbonyl IR absorption band at 2188 cm-1, reasonably assigned to a CO vibration of carbonyl coordinated to AuI.
Oxidation of isotopically-labeled ethanol on platinum-tin-rhodium surfaces: Enhancing the production of CO2from methyl groups
Mello, Gisele A.B.,Farias, Manuel J.S.,Janete Giz,Camara, Giuseppe A.
, p. 160 - 163 (2014)
In this paper, we investigate the electro-oxidation of isotopically labeled ethanol on PtSnRh electrodeposits. By monitoring the oxidation products by in situ FTIR we show that the high catalytic activity of PtSnRh catalysts is due to their ability to promote the C-C cleavage, as well as the oxidation of methyl groups. Also, the use of Sn in proper ratio enhances the global performance of PtSnRh catalysts towards the oxidation of ethanol, since it seems to prevent the electro-reduction of -CH3groups to methane, making them available to produce CO2in the same potential range where the alcoholic group is oxidized. As a consequence, important amounts of CO2are produced from both extremities of ethanol.
Photoswitchable Nitrogen Superbases: Using Light for Reversible Carbon Dioxide Capture
Das, Mowpriya,Dielmann, Fabian,Glorius, Frank,Janssen-Müller, Daniel,Mück-Lichtenfeld, Christian,Wilm, Lukas F. B.
supporting information, (2021/11/30)
Using light as an external stimulus to alter the reactivity of Lewis bases is an intriguing tool for controlling chemical reactions. Reversible photoreactions associated with pronounced reactivity changes are particularly valuable in this regard. We herein report the first photoswitchable nitrogen superbases based on guanidines equipped with a photochromic dithienylethene unit. The resulting N-heterocyclic imines (NHIs) undergo reversible, near quantitative electrocyclic isomerization upon successive exposure to UV and visible irradiation, as demonstrated over multiple cycles. Switching between the ring-opened and ring-closed states is accompanied by substantial pKa shifts of the NHIs by up to 8.7 units. Since only the ring-closed isomers are sufficiently basic to activate CO2 via the formation of zwitterionic Lewis base adducts, cycling between the two isomeric states enables the light-controlled capture and release of CO2.
Endogenous X-C=O species enable catalyst-free formylation prerequisite for CO2reductive upgrading
Dai, Wenshuai,Li, Hu,Saravanamurugan, Shunmugavel,Wu, Hongguo,Yang, Song
supporting information, p. 5822 - 5832 (2020/10/21)
CO2, the main component of greenhouse gas, is currently developed as a promising surrogate of carbon feedstock. Among various conversion routes, CO2undergoing catalytic reduction can furnish hydrogen/energy carriers and value-added chemicals, while specific metal-containing catalysts or organocatalysts are often prerequisite for smooth proceeding of the involved reaction processes. In this work, both formic acid and N-containing benzoheterocyclic compounds (including various benzimidazoles, benzothiazole, and benzoxazole) along with silanols could be synthesized with high yields (>90%) from catalyst-free reductive upgrading of CO2under mild conditions (50 °C). The endogenous X-CO species, derived from the N-methyl-substituted amide-based solvent [Me2N-C(O)-R], especially PolarClean, and O-formyl group [O-C(O)-H] of in situ formed silyl formate, were found to play a prominent promotional role in the activation of the used hydrosilane for reductive CO2insertion, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and isotopic labeling experiments. Moreover, reaction mechanisms and condition-based sensitivity assessment were also delineated.
