57-06-7

Usage

Uses

1. Used in Flavor Industry:
Allyl isothiocyanate is used as an artificial oil of mustard and as an imitation horseradish flavor with application in condiments, meats, and pickles at 87 ppm. It is also termed mustard oil.
2. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Allyl isothiocyanate is used as an antiseptic and antiamebic, playing a role in the treatment of certain infections.
3. Used in Chemical Industry:
Allyl isothiocyanate is used in the manufacture of flavors and as a starting material for the synthesis of other chemicals.
4. Used in Military Applications:
Allyl isothiocyanate has been used in the past as a component of war gases due to its lacrimatory properties.
5. Used in Fumigation:
Allyl isothiocyanate is used as a fumigant to control pests in various settings, such as agriculture and storage facilities.
Occurrence:
Allyl isothiocyanate can be found in the essential oil from seeds of Brassica nigra Koch, Brassica juncea Hook. and Thoms., and Thlaspi arvense; in the essential oil from roots of Cochlearia armoracia; in the seeds and roots of Alliaria officinalis; in onion juice; and in the seeds of various Cruciferae. It has also been reported to be found in pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw cabbage, cooked cabbage, sauerkraut, milk, heated beans, horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia), raw cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, Chinese cabbage, and wasabi (Japanese horseradish) (Wasabi japonica).

Preparation

By distillation of sodium thiocyanate and allyl chloride

Air & Water Reactions

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

A routine preparation by interaction of allyl chloride and sodium thiocyanate in an autoclave at 5.5 bar exploded violently at the end of the reaction. Peroxides were not present or involved and no other cause could be found, but extensive decomposition occurred when allyl isothiocyanate was heated to 250°C. in glass ampoules [Ind. Eng. Chem. 1941:19 1408].

Hazard

Toxic via ingestion, inhalation, skin con- tact; fire risk. Questionable carcinogen.

Health Hazard

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

Contact allergens

Allyl isothiocyanate is generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucoside sinigrin, present in Cruciferae- Brassicaceae, mainly the oil from black mustard seed (Brassica nigra Koch). It may induce irritant and sometimes allergic contact dermatitis, mimicking the “tulip finger” dermatitis.

Anticancer Research

Allyl isothiocyanate was tested on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells transplanted in Swissalbino mice using HEK293 cells as control. There was a significantly reduced ascitessecretion and tumor cell proliferation. Also the vascular endothelial growth factorexpression was inhibited. The apoptosis was induced in tumor cells, and cellcycle was arrested at G1 phase (Ichwan et al. 2014).

Safety Profile

Suspected carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic and tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion, skin contact, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. An eye irritant. An allergen. May cause contact dermatitis. Mutation data reported. A flammable liquid. Highly reactive. When heated to decomposition (above 250') or on contact with acid or acid fumes it emits highly toxic fumes of CN-, SO,, and NOx. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. See also ALLYL COMPOUNDS and ESTERS.

Potential Exposure

Used in fumigants, veterinary drugs, ointments and counter irritants, mustard plasters, and as a flavoring agent.

Shipping

UN1545 Allyl isothiocyanate, stabilized, Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, 3 flammable liquids.

Purification Methods

Fractionate the isothiocyanate using an efficient column, preferably in a vacuum. It is a yellow pungent, irritating and TOXIC (suspected CARCINOGEN) liquid. Store it in a sealed tube under N2. The N'-benzylthiourea derivative has m 94.5o (from aqueous EtOH) [Weller et al. J Am Chem Soc 74 1104 1952]. [Beilstein 4 IV 1081.]

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, alcohols, amines

InChI:InChI=1/C4H5NS/c1-2-3-5-4-6/h2H,1,3H2

Upstream product

• 506-68-3 bromocyane 
• 6937-97-9 allyl(benzyl)sulfide 
• 556-56-9 allyl iodid 
• 333-20-0 potassium thioacyanate 
• 1701-93-5 silver thiocyanate 
• 16770-74-4 2-propenyl nitrate 
• 64-17-5 ethanol 
• 764-49-8 allyl thiocyanate 
• 860574-47-6 N-acetyl-N'-allyl-N-(4-chloro-phenyl)-thiourea 
• 860750-34-1 N-acetyl-N'-allyl-N-(4-bromo-phenyl)-thiourea 
• 143-33-9 sodium cyanide 
• 109-57-9 Allylthiourea 
• 103-71-9 phenyl isocyanate 
• 7341-63-1 1-allyl-3-phenyl-thiourea 

Downstream Products

• 64574-86-3 N-allyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbothioamide 
• 463-56-9 thiocyanic acid 
• 880-14-8 1-allyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)thiourea 
• 15886-23-4 4-allyl-1-(pyridine-4-yl-carbonyl)-thiosemicarbazide 
• 74332-99-3 2-Mercapto-3-allyl-4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-tetrahydrochinazolin 
• 20680-01-7 1-allyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-thiourea 
• 17073-29-9 N-α-naphthyl-N'-allylthiourea 
• 105788-30-5 3-allyl-5-(3-nitro-benzylidene)-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one 
• 77563-68-9 1-allyl-3-cyclohexylthiourea 
• 1205-89-6 1-allyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-thiourea 
• 621-01-2 N,N'-Bis(p-tolyl)thiourea 
• 113372-84-2 2,2'-(1,3-phenylene) bis(3-allylthiourea) 
• 1138-72-3 N-allyl-N'-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-thiourea 
• 500-48-1 1-allyl-3-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Effects of intact glucosinolates and products produced from glucosinolates in myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis on the potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis cv. Woll)

The potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis cv. Woll) is responsible for large yield losses in the potato crop, and opportunities for reducing the attack of these plant nematode species are, therefore, important. This study has been devoted to the testing of the in vitro effects on the potato cyst nematode of eight glucosinolates [prop-2-enyl-, but-3-enyl-, (R)-4-methylsulfinylbut-3-enyl-, benzyl-, phenethyl-, 4-hydroxybenzyl-, (2S)-2-hydroxybut-3-enyl-, and (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylglucosinolate] as well as the effects of the products of this myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis. The glucosinolates were used at three concentrations, 0.05, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/mL, in the presence or absence of the enzyme myrosinase. The effects of the compounds on the mortality were monitored every 8 h for a 72 h period. No effects were found for any of the intact glucosinolates. However, when active myrosinase was included with 1 mg/mL phenethylglucosinolate at pH 6.5, 100% mortality was observed within just 16 h. A similar effect was achieved at the same concentration of benzyl-and prop-2-enylglucosinolates in the myrosinase-containing solutions, although longer exposures were required (24 and 40 h, respectively). The main aglucone products released from the glucosinolates with pronounced effects on the nematodes were shown to be the corresponding isothiocyanates. The results suggest that mixtures of these specific glucosinolates and active myrosinase or autolysis of plant materials containing these enzymes and glucosinolates might be used to control the potato cyst nematode in the soil.

4-Alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione analogues as metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors

In Gram-negative bacteria, the major mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is the production of one or several β-lactamases (BLs), including the highly worrying carbapenemases. Whereas inhibitors of these enzymes were recently marketed, they only target serine-carbapenemases (e.g. KPC-type), and no clinically useful inhibitor is available yet to neutralize the class of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). We are developing compounds based on the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold, which binds to the di-zinc catalytic site of MBLs in an original fashion, and we previously reported its promising potential to yield broad-spectrum inhibitors. However, up to now only moderate antibiotic potentiation could be observed in microbiological assays and further exploration was needed to improve outer membrane penetration. Here, we synthesized and characterized a series of compounds possessing a diversely functionalized alkyl chain at the 4-position of the heterocycle. We found that the presence of a carboxylic group at the extremity of an alkyl chain yielded potent inhibitors of VIM-type enzymes with Ki values in the μM to sub-μM range, and that this alkyl chain had to be longer or equal to a propyl chain. This result confirmed the importance of a carboxylic function on the 4-substituent of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione heterocycle. As observed in previous series, active compounds also preferentially contained phenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl, naphth-2-yl or m-biphenyl at position 5. However, none efficiently inhibited NDM-1 or IMP-1. Microbiological study on VIM-2-producing E. coli strains and on VIM-1/VIM-4-producing multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae clinical isolates gave promising results, suggesting that the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold worth continuing exploration to further improve penetration. Finally, docking experiments were performed to study the binding mode of alkanoic analogues in the active site of VIM-2.

HIGH-PURITY ISOTHIOCYANATE COMPOUND PREPARATION METHOD FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

The present invention provides a high-purity isothiocyanate compound preparation method for industrial production. Specifically, in the method, organic amine and CS2 are used as raw materials to prepare the thiocarbamate, and then desulfurization is carried out, and the high-purity isothiocyanate compound is obtained by using purification, post-processing and other methods. The method in the present invention is suitable for industrial production, is simple in the post-processing, has a high yield rate, and allows the product to have a high purity, and is suitable for the production of the isothiocyanate compound in the pharmaceutical industry.

Synthesis method for high purity allyl isothiocyanate and cosmetic composition comprising high purity allyl isothiocyanate

The present invention relates to a synthesis method for a high-purity allyl isothiocyanate compound, and a functional cosmetic composition containing the allyl isothiocyanate compound according to the synthesis method as an active ingredient. More particularly, as it has been confirmed that the purity of allyl isothiocyanate synthesized through a three-step synthesis method using allylamine as a starting material is 99%, high-purity allyl isothiocyanate synthesized by the synthesis method may be provided as a functional cosmetic composition for preventing or ameliorating atopic dermatitis or acne.COPYRIGHT KIPO 2020

Preparation method of allyl isothiocyanate

The invention discloses a method for preparing allyl isothiocyanate. The preparation method of allyl isothiocyanate is divided into two steps of allyl isothiocyanate synthesis and allyl isothiocyanaterectification. According to the present invention, the allyl isothiocyanate is synthesized under the solvent condition, the allyl isothiocyanate synthesis process has advantages of mild reaction, lowtemperature, simple operation, no wastewater and the like, the organic solvent is firstly removed during the rectification process, and then rectification is performed to obtain the qualified allyl isothiocyanate standard product.

Preparation method of isothiocyano compound

The invention discloses a preparation method of an isothiocyano compound. An ammonium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate water solution and a halide are used as raw materials, and an isothiocyano compound is synthesized under the action of a phase transfer catalyst. The requirements that the thiocyanate radical in each batch of reaction is excessive by 10% and the yield is high are met, the purpose that the concentration of thiocyanic acid in wastewater is very low is realized, complex wastewater treatment equipment and treatment operation are avoided, and environmental protection pressure is reduced. The preparation method is a green preparation method, and solves the problems of extremely difficult degradation and high biotoxicity of thiocyanate-containing wastewater in conventional isothiocyano compound production. The method is simple to operate and is suitable for industrial production.

Na2S2O8-mediated efficient synthesis of isothiocyanates from primary amines in water

We have developed two green, practical, and efficient procedures, including a one-pot one, to synthesize isothiocyanates from amines and carbon disulfide via desulfurization with sodium persulfate. Water is used as the solvent. Basic conditions are necessary for good chemoselectivity for isothiocyanates. Structurally diverse linear and branched alkyl amines and aryl amines are readily converted to isothiocyanates by the two procedures in satisfactory yields. Halogens, benzylic C-H bonds, methylthio, nitro, ester, alkenyl, electron-rich or -deficient (hetero)aryls, acetylenyl, and even phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyls are well tolerated. The one-pot procedure in water can also be used to realize the preparation of chiral isothiocyanates from chiral amines, and the modification of bioactive structures with free amino groups. In large-scale preparation, simple and practical purification procedures independent of column chromatography are developed.

T3P - A Benign Desulfurating Reagent in the Synthesis of Isothiocyanates

A number of alkyl, aryl and bifunctional isothiocyanates are obtained in moderate to high yields (41-94%) in a two-step, one-pot reaction of the parent primary amines or their salts with carbon disulfide, followed by reaction of the thus formed dithiocarbamates with T3P (propane phosphonic acid anhydride) as a new and efficient desulfurating agent.

Synthesis of novel dithiocarbamates and xanthates using dialkyl azodicarboxylates: S–N bond formation

A one?pot three?component route for the synthesis of a novel category of dithiocarbamates or xanthates is developed by a reaction of in-situ generated dithiocarbamic acids or xanthates with dialkyl azodicarboxylates under mild and catalyst-free conditions. The reaction is characterized by a wide scope, high efficiency and straightforward isolation protocol. The synthetic utility of the dithiocarbamates and xanthates was demonstrated on the preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical thioureas, isothiocyanates, and thiocarbamates.

A pharmaceutical intermediate propenyl thiourea synthesis method (by machine translation)

A pharmaceutical intermediate propenyl thiourea synthesis method, comprises the following steps: in the reaction container by adding 5 L sodium chloride solution, 4 μM of 3 - methyl isobutyl ketone sulfur cyanic acid benzene, raising the temperature of the solution to 60 - - 65 °C, adding 5 — 6 μM of acrylamide and 6 L acetone solution, reflux 90 - 120 min, layered, take out the oil layer, potassium bromide solution for washing 5 — 7 times, be propylene isothiocyanate, desiccant dehydration, filtering, the filtrate is distilled under reduced pressure, collecting 80 — 86 °C fraction, obtained propylene thiocyanate; the resulting thiocyanate of propylene added to the 5 — 6 μM benzene acetamide, adding 2 L aqueous solution, raising the temperature of the solution to 50 — 60 °C, reaction 50 — 70 min, reduce the temperature of the solution to 10 — 15 °C, separating out crystal, filtering, washing toluene solution, butanone solution washing, dehydrating agent dehydration, to get finished propenyl thiourea. (by machine translation)