12135-76-1

Basic information

• Product Name: Ammonium sulfide
• Synonyms: ammoniummonosulfide;ammoniumsulfide((nh4)2s);ammoniumsulfide(solution);ammoniumsulfide,solution;ammoniumsulfideaqueoussolution;Ammoniumsulfidesolution;diammoniumsulfide;trueammoniumsulfide
• CAS NO: 12135-76-1
• Molecular Formula: 2H₄N*S
• Molecular Weight: 68.14
• EINECS: 235-223-4
• Product Categories: Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Inorganics;A-B;Alphabetical Listings;Flavors and Fragrances;AmmoniumEssential Chemicals;Reagent Grade;Routine Reagents;AmmoniumDerivatization Reagents TLC;TLC Reagents, A-C;Inorganic Salts;Synthetic Reagents;TLC Visualization Reagents (alphabetic sort);metal chalcogenides
• Mol File: 12135-76-1.mol
• Article Data: 4

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: decomposes [HAW93]
• Boiling Point: 40 °C
• Flash Point: 90 °F
• Appearance: Yellow to orange/Liquid
• Density: 1 g/mL at 25 °C
• Vapor Pressure: 600 hPa at 20 °C
• Refractive Index: n20/D 1.467
• Storage Temp.: room temp
• PKA: 3.42±0.70(Predicted)
• Water Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol and liquid ammonia.
• Stability: Stable. Pure material is highly flammable - note wide explosion limits. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids,
• Merck: 13,560
• CAS DataBase Reference: Ammonium sulfide(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Ammonium sulfide(12135-76-1)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Ammonium sulfide(12135-76-1)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: C,N,F
• Statements: 11-31-34-50-10
• Safety Statements: 26-36/37/39-45-61-16
• RIDADR: UN 2683 8/PG 2
• F: 10-13-23
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 12135-76-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 12135-76-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. yellow to orange fuming liquid
2. Ammonium sulfide is a yellow crystalline (sugar or sand-like) material, commonly found in liquid solution, which is flammable. Solution has an odor of rotten eggs.
3. The distinct ammonical/sulfurous odor of ammonium sulfide makes it a valuable flavor ingredient. It is used in baked goods, meat products, condiments and gravies.

Physical properties

Unstable, decomposes at ambient temperature; forms yellow crystals below -18°C; hygroscopic; soluble in water and alcohol, very soluble in liquid ammonia.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 12135-76-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Ammonium sulfide solution is used occasionally in photographic developing, to apply patina to bronze, and in textile manufacturing. Ammonium sulfide is a very useful reagent in mineral analysis. Used in continuous culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae, useful in a double staining technique for visualization of astrocytes and microglia from brain sections and astroglial cell cultures. It plays an important role to modify the surface of low κ dielectric thin films. It is essential for molecular beam epitaxy regrowth. It is an unstable salt and acts as a selective reducing agent.
2. Ammonium sulfide solution may be used to enhance the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb super lattice photodiodes by surface passivation technique.
3. To apply patina to bronze, in photographic developers, in textile manufacture, in trace metal analysis.

General Description

Ammonium sulfide aqueous solution is a colorless to yellow liquid, with an odor of rotten eggs or ammonia. Material in aqueous from the hydrosulfide which with acid forms H2S. Ammonium sulfide may be irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes and may cause illness from skin absorption. Ammonium sulfide may burn and/or emit toxic fumes if heated to high temperatures.

Air & Water Reactions

Readily oxidized to be pyrophoric in air [Bretherick 1979 p. 120]. Ammonium sulfide is slowly decomposed by moisture giving off hydrogen sulfide, a flammable gas. Heat is generated when the pure compound is first dissolved in water.

Reactivity Profile

AMMONIUM SULFIDE SOLUTION is a strongly alkaline aqueous solution. Reacts with acids to generate toxic gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Reacts with bases to release gaseous ammonia. May react vigorously with oxidizing agents, including inorganic oxoacids, organic peroxides and epoxides. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic hydrogen sulfide gas is released when solution is heated. If ignited, this will form irritating sulfur dioxide gas [USCG, 1999].

Health Hazard

Inhalation of 500 ppm for 30 min. produces headaches, dizziness, bronchial pneumonia; 600 ppm for 30 min. can cause death. Ingestion causes severe irritation of mucous membranes and stomach. Contact with liquid causes severe burns of eyes and severe skin irritation. May be absorbed through skin and cause hydrogen sulfide poisoning.

Fire Hazard

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic hydrogen sulfide gas is released when solution is heated. If ignited, this will form irritating sulfur dioxide gas.

Industrial uses

Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S is a liquid with an obnoxious odor and because of this, it is not normally used in mineral processing. However, this is the most effective depressant for bornite and covellite. Essentially, (NH4)2S dissolves excess sulfur from the mineral surface, that allows other depressants to adsorb onto the mineral surface. In copper–lead separation, from a bulk concentrate containing covellite and bornite, (NH4)2S can effectively be used together with cyanide.

Potential Exposure

It is used in photographic developers, synthetic flavors, coloring metals (i.e., to apply patina to bronze); and to make textiles.

Shipping

UN2923 Corrosive solids, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 6.1-Poisonous material, Technical Name Required. UN2683 Ammonium sulfide solution, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 6.1-Poisonous materials, 3-Flammable liquid

Incompatibilities

Vapor form explosive mixture with air Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Evolves poisonous ammonia on contact with strong bases. Contact with acid or acid fumes releases hydrogen sulfide. Keep away from moisture.

Waste Disposal

Add to a large volume of ferric chloride solution with stirring. Neutralize with soda ash. Flush to drain with water.

InChI:InChI=1/HNS/c1-2/h1H/p+1

Synthetic route

antimony(III) sulfide + ammonium chloride → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + antimony(III) chloride (10025-91-9)

Conditions	Yield
boiled in NH4Cl-soln.;;

ammonium tetrathiotungstate (13862-78-7) + hydrogen (1333-74-0) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + tungsten(IV) sulfide + hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4)

Conditions	Yield
at 400°C;

carbon disulfide (75-15-0) + ammonia (7664-41-7) + water (7732-18-5) → ammonium thiocyanate + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
With petroleum In water NH3 was introduced into a mixt. of water and CS2 dissolved in petroleum, decautation of petroleum, boiling the concd. soln. of (NH4)2CS3 until all (NH4)2S was evapd. and (NH4)2CS3 was transformed into NH4CNS;
With petroleum In water NH3 was introduced into a mixt. of water and CS2 dissolved in petroleum, decautation of petroleum, boiling the concd. soln. of (NH4)2CS3 until all (NH4)2S was evapd. and (NH4)2CS3 was transformed into NH4CNS;

carbon disulfide (75-15-0) + ammonia (7664-41-7) → ammonium thiocyanate + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol excess of NH3;
In ethanol excess of NH3;

ammonia (7664-41-7) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: N2; heating;

ammonia (7664-41-7) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → ammonium thiosulfate + ammonium sulfite + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ammonium polysulfide

Conditions	Yield
In water shaking;

ammonium nitrate → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur (7704-34-9)

Conditions	Yield
With H2S liq.

ammonium nitrate + hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur (7704-34-9)

Conditions	Yield
In further solvent(s) react. of NH4NO3 with fluid H2S;; deposition of S, formation of sulfide;;

hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4) + ammonia (7664-41-7) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
In ammonia
liquid NH3 saturated with liquid H2S at approx. -33°C; separated by cooling with a mixture of CO2-ether;
H2S and NH3 gas; excess of NH3; at -18°C; dissolution in ice-cold water;

potassium sulfide + ammonium salt of trithiocarbonic acid → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + potassium thioacyanate (333-20-0)

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: H2S; at 100°C;
byproducts: H2S; at 100°C;

barium sulfide + ammonium chloride → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + barium(II) chloride

Conditions	Yield
In not given boiling NH4Cl from reaction of NaCl with (NH4)2S and CO2 (ammonia soda process) with BaS; regeneration of (NH4)2S;;

calcium(II) sulfide + ammonium chloride → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + calcium chloride

Conditions	Yield
In not given evolution of gaseous (NH4)2S by reaction of CaS with NH4Cl formed by prepn. of NaHCO3 from NH4HCO3 and NaCl; reaction to regenerate NH4HCO3 in the process;;
In not given evolution of gaseous (NH4)2S by reaction of CaS with NH4Cl formed by prepn. of NaHCO3 from NH4HCO3 and NaCl; reaction to regenerate NH4HCO3 in the process;;

calcium hydrogensulfide + ammonium chloride → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4)

Conditions	Yield
In not given evolution of (NH4)2S and H2S by reaction of NH4Cl with Ca(HS)2 soln. formed by reaction of H2S from the ammonia soda process with (NH4)2, NaCl and CO2; regeneration of (NH4)2S;;

ammonium tetrathiotungstate (13862-78-7) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + tungsten(IV) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: H2O; heating;
byproducts: H2O; heating;

ammonium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + cobalt(II) sulfide + water (7732-18-5)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In not given decomposition with hydrogen activated by silent electrical discharge;;
With H2

ammonium antimonate * 3 H2O → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + antimony(III) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
With carbon disulfide heated with CS2 vapor;
With CS2 heated with CS2 vapor;

ammonium oxythiocarbamate (16687-42-6) → ammonium thiocyanate + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ammonium carbonate monohydrate

Conditions	Yield
In water heating at 100°C in bomb tube;	A 0% B n/a C n/a
In water heating at 100°C in bomb tube;	A 0% B n/a C n/a

ammonium oxythiocarbamate (16687-42-6) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
With air few minutes;
With air few minutes;

Ammoniumpolythioantimonit → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + antimony(III) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
above 200°C;
above 200°C;

2NH4(1+)*S(2-)*4S=(NH4)2S5 → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + 2NH4(1+)*S(2-)*6S=(NH4)2S7

Conditions	Yield
accelerated decompn. by staying over CaCl2, retarted decompn. by staying over P2O5;

2NH4(1+)*S(2-)*4S=(NH4)2S5 → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur (7704-34-9)

Conditions	Yield
decompn. at 100°C in closed vessel;

2NH4(1+)*S(2-)*4S=(NH4)2S5 → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
in vacuo, in a 100°C heated tube connected to a -7°C cooled collector;
byproducts: (NH4)2S2; in vacuo, in a 100°C heated tube connected to a -7°C cooled collector;
byproducts: (NH4)2S2; in vacuo, in a 100°C heated tube connected to a -7°C cooled collector;
in vacuo, in a 100°C heated tube connected to a -7°C cooled collector;

ammonium trithiophosphate → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ammonium dithiometaphosphate

Conditions	Yield
heating in H2S flow to 175°C;
heating in H2S flow to 175°C;

NH4(1+)*SbS2(1-)*2H2O=NH4SbS2*2H2O → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + Ammoniumpolythioantimonit

Conditions	Yield
With water In water ambient temp. (16.5°C), from solid NH4SbS2*2H2O; if concn. of formed (NH4)2S max. 0.14 mol/l;
With H2O In water ambient temp. (16.5°C), from solid NH4SbS2*2H2O; if concn. of formed (NH4)2S max. 0.14 mol/l;

ammonium diimidopyrothiophosphate → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur (7704-34-9)

Conditions	Yield
In water decompn.;
In water decompn.;

ammonium tetrathiomolybdate → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) decompn. on heating at 100°C;;

hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4) + ammonia (7664-41-7) → ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ammonium sulfide + (x)H5NS*(x)H8N2S + 2NH4(1+)*S(2-)*2NH3=(NH4)2S*2NH3

Conditions	Yield
H2S and NH3 gas; in large excess of NH3; at -18°C;
H2S and NH3 gas; in large excess of NH3; at -18°C;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + (NH4)2 S + 3-methyl-5,7-dinitrobenzothiophene (94419-80-4) → 3-methyl-5-nitro-7-aminobenzothiophene

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol; dichloromethane; cyclohexane; water	79%

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sodium molybdate monohydrate → ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

Conditions	Yield
In water Na2MoO4*H2O dissolved in H2O, (NH4)2S added, pH 10, shaken, allowed to stand for 7 h at 35°C, cold Et2O/EtOH added, shaken, left in ice bath for 30 min; filtered, washed with cold H2O, EtOH/ether, ether;	79%

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sodium molybdate monohydrate + cesium chloride + ammonia (7664-41-7) → 2Cs(1+)*MoO3S(2-)*0.5H2O=Cs2MoO3S*0.5H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water Na2MoO4*H2O dissolved in H2O and aq. NH3, cooled to -5°C, (NH4)2Scooled in ice bath added, pH ca. 13, allowed to stand for 10 min, aq. s oln. of CsCl added, added to Et2O and EtOH, shaken, left to stand for 15min; filtered, washed with EtOH, Et2O, dried;	75%

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sodium molybdate monohydrate + cesium chloride + ammonia (7664-41-7) → 2Cs(1+)*MoOS3(2-)=Cs2MoOS3

Conditions	Yield
In water Na2MoO4*H2O dissolved in H2O and aq. NH3, (NH4)2S added, allowed to stand for 8 min at room temp., CsCl in H2O added, Et2O and EtOH added; filtered, washed with EtOH, then ether;	71%

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + copper(II) choride dihydrate + 2-methylphenyl aldehyde (529-20-4) → copper(I) o-tolylperthiocarboxylate, tetrameric

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran; water (NH4)2S and o-tolualdehyde in toluene were refluxed for 15 min; diluted with water; extd. with Et2O; filtered; CuCl2*2H2O added with stirring;; ppt. filtered, washed with H2O and MeOH, then with Et2O;;	69%

sulfur (10544-50-0) + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer → {CpMoS(μ-S)}2 (51160-11-3)

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran; water aq. (NH4)2S and S8 20 min refluxed in THF; mixt. cooled; {CpMo(CO)3}2 in THF added; soln. 5 h refluxed, then cooled; water contg. NaCl added; extn. with ether; ether evapd.; solid washed with H2O and acetone;	69%

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + hexaammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate + tetraethylammonium bromide (71-91-0) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → 2C8H20N(1+)*Mo2O2S8(2-)

Conditions	Yield
In water	67%

sodium pyrophosphate (124-43-6) + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) → tetraammonium pyrophosphate

Conditions	Yield
With lead(II) nitrate; hydrogen sulfide In not given added equiv. amt. of lead nitrate soln. into Na4P2O7 soln. during stirring; Pb2P2O7 washed, added freshly prepared (NH4)2S soln.; filtrate pptd. with alc., dissolved, pptd. with H2S at 0°C, excess H2S removed in vac., pptd. with alc.;	60%
With Pb(NO3)2; H2S In not given added equiv. amt. of lead nitrate soln. into Na4P2O7 soln. during stirring; Pb2P2O7 washed, added freshly prepared (NH4)2S soln.; filtrate pptd. with alc., dissolved, pptd. with H2S at 0°C, excess H2S removed in vac., pptd. with alc.;	60%

rubidium nitrate (13126-12-0) + dibenzo-18-crown-6 (14187-32-7) + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + 1.5NH4(1+)*0.5Na(1+)*Mo2O2S2(SCH2CH2S)2(2-)=(NH4)1.5Na0.5(Mo2O2S2(SCH2CH2S)2) + silver nitrate → 7Rb(1+)*7(C6H4)2(OCH2CH2)4O2*2H2O*H(1+)*4Mo6Ag6O6S19C12H24(2-)*9CH3CN*0.5C6H6=C194H278Ag24Mo24N3O68Rb7S76*6CH3CN*0.5C6H6

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; water; acetonitrile addn. of a soln. of AgNO3 in acetonitrile to a soln. of molybdenum complex in acetonitrile/methanol 2:1 with stirring, addn. of aq. (NH4)2S, stirring for 1 h, addn. of RbNO3 and crown ether in acetonitrile/water 3:1,stirring for 20 min; filtration, slow evapn. at room temp., addn. of benzene, crystn. for 10 d; elem. anal.;	27%

sodium dihydrogenphosphate (10049-21-5) + tetrabutylammonium (E)-2-(3-nitrophenyl)ethylenesulphonate + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) → tetrabutylammonium (E)-2-(3-aminophenyl)ethylenesulphonate

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane; water

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ozone (10028-15-6) → ammonium nitrate + sulfur (7704-34-9)

Conditions	Yield
In not given

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + iodine (7553-56-2) → ammonium iodide

Conditions	Yield
In not given byproducts: S; filtration of S; evaporation of NH4I, crystn.;;
byproducts: S; filtn. of S, evapn. to 35°Be;
byproducts: S; filtn. of S, evapn. to 35°Be;
In not given byproducts: S; filtration of S; evaporation of NH4I, crystn.;;

carbon disulfide (75-15-0) + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + ammonia (7664-41-7) → ammonium thiocyanate

Conditions	Yield
With oil In water heating between 90 and 100°C for some hours emulsified soln.; decautation of the oil distn. of (NH4)2S, evapn. and crystn. of the residue;
With oil In water heating between 90 and 100°C for some hours emulsified soln.; decautation of the oil distn. of (NH4)2S, evapn. and crystn. of the residue;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + carbon dioxide (124-38-9) + sodium chloride (7647-14-5) → hydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4) + ammonium chloride + sodium hydrogencarbonate (144-55-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given reaction of NaCl soln. with (NH4)2S and CO2;;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + carbon dioxide (124-38-9) + sodium chloride (7647-14-5) → sodium hydrogencarbonate (144-55-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given heating NaCl soln. with (NH4)2S and CO2 under pressure; pptn. of NaHCO3, filtration; regeneration of (NH4)2S with CaS and NH4Cl;;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + copper(II) oxide → copper(I) sulfide (22205-45-4) + copper(II) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
In water byproducts: NH4-polysulfide; at room temp., main product Cu2S;;
In water
In water byproducts: NH4-polysulfide; at room temp., main product Cu2S;;
In water

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + mercury(II) oxide → mercury sulfide

Conditions	Yield
In water after boiling of educts;
In water after trituration of educts at 10°C;	0%
In water

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + mercury(II) oxide → mercury sulfide + sulfur (7704-34-9) + mercury

Conditions	Yield
In not given with excess of colorless ammonium sulfide soln.; decompn. of HgS into elements depends on reaction conditions;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + lead(II) oxide → lead(II) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent)
sodium acetate In water in autoclave: 25% (NH4)2S soln. (excess);;
ammonium nitrate In water in autoclave: 25% (NH4)2S soln. (excess);;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur dioxide (7446-09-5) → ammonium thiosulfate

Conditions	Yield
With ammonia 70°C;
With NH3 70°C;

ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + silver (I) ion (14701-21-4) → silver sulfide

Conditions	Yield
In not given precipitation with (NH4)2S;; heating in a stream of CO2 at 200 - 300°C;;
In not given precipitation with (NH4)2S;; washing and drying at 90 - 100°C;;
In not given precipitation with (NH4)2S;; heating in a stream of CO2 at 200 - 300°C;;

sodium cyanide (773837-37-9) + ammonium sulfide (12135-76-1) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → sodium thiocyanide (540-72-7) + sodium carbonate (497-19-8)

Conditions	Yield
In water byproducts: H2S; addn. of aq. (NH4)2S soln. to ground S; slow addn. of NaCN soln. (half amt.); heating to 90°C; addn. of the rest;; expelling H2S by CO2; concentrating by heating to 135°C; cooling down; crystn. of Na2CO3; concentrating filtrate by heating to 145-150°C;;

Upstream product

• 13862-78-7 ammonium tetrathiotungstate 
• 1333-74-0 hydrogen 
• 75-15-0 carbon disulfide 
• 7664-41-7 ammonia 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 7783-06-4 hydrogen sulfide 
• 16687-42-6 ammonium oxythiocarbamate 
• 21109-95-5 barium sulfide 

Downstream Products

• 7704-34-9 sulfur 
• 540-72-7 sodium thiocyanide 
• 497-19-8 sodium carbonate 
• 302-01-2 hydrazine 
• 7783-06-4 hydrogen sulfide 
• 12648-43-0 palladium sulfide 
• 1314-97-2 thallium(I) sulfide 
• 6009-70-7 ammonium oxalate monohydrate 
• 12030-24-9 indium(III) sulfide 
• 55-21-0 benzamide 
• 22205-45-4 copper(I) sulfide 
• 144-55-8 sodium hydrogencarbonate 

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