Corundum, diamond, and PtS metal-organic frameworks with a difference: Self-assembly of a unique pair of 3-connecting D2d-symmetric 3,3′,5,5′-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)bimesityl

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200461625

(Chemical Equation Presented) A ligand with a twist: The coordination of distorted-tetrahedral D_2d-symmetric tetrapyridylbimesityl (tpb) with O_h, T_d, and D_4h metal centers leads to metal-organic frameworks with

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200461625

Angewandte
Chemie
Crystal Engineering
Corundum, Diamond, and PtS Metal–Organic
Frameworks with a Difference: Self-Assembly of a
Unique Pair of 3-Connecting D2d-Symmetric
3,3’,5,5’-Tetrakis(4-pyridyl)bimesityl**
Ramalingam Natarajan, Govardhan Savitha,
Paulina Dominiak, Krzysztof Wozniak, and
J. Narasimha Moorthy*
There is an upsurge of interest in the synthesis of coordination
polymers in contemporary supramolecular chemistry, as
coordination polymerization may lead to materials with
controllable functions such as porosity, sensing, nonlinear
optical (NLO) activity, and chirality.[1] Crystal engineering
based on predesigned organic linkers and metal centers
(building blocks) with specific coordination geometries is an
important approach in the preparation of coordination
materials with desired functions.[2] Based on the knowledge
of the structures of the ligands and the coordination geo-
metries of a variety of metal centers, diverse 2D and 3D
nets—several of which are analogous to structures of
inorganic materials—have been engineered in the field of
metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Thus, the syntheses of 3-
connected nets corresponding to the topologies of SrSi2/-
(10,3)-a,[3] ThSi2/(10,3)-b,[4] (12,3),[5] (3,4)-connected nets with
the topologies of boracite,[6] Cu15Si4,[7] (5,34),[8] and (3,6)-
connected nets corresponding to the topologies of rutile[9]
and pyrite[10] have been accomplished. Insofar as the 4-
connected nets are concerned, the syntheses of MOFs with
unusual topologies[11] and with topologies corresponding to
those of diamond,[1c,d,12] NbO,[13] quartz,[14] and PtS[15] have
been reported. Similarly, the (4,8)- and 6-connected metal–
organic frameworks with fluorite[16] and cubic[17] topologies,
respectively, have been designed and synthesized. In view of
the success of such building-block approaches to realize
metal–organic frameworks with specific topologies, the multi-
dentate ligands with novel structural features offer the
possibility to construct new and unique coordination poly-
[*] R. Natarajan, Dr. G. Savitha, Dr. J. N. Moorthy
Department of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur 208 016 (India)
Fax: (+91)512-259-7436
E-mail: moorthy@iitk.ac.in
P. Dominiak, Prof. K. Wozniak
Department of Chemistry
Warsaw University
Passteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa (Poland)
[**] We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Department
of Science and Technology, India. We thank Prof. V. Chandrasekhar
and P. Sasikumar (IIT, Kanpur) for their help with TGA analysis, and
Prof. T. N. Guru Row (IISc., Bangalore) and Prof. P. K. Bharadwaj
(IIT, Kanpur) for useful discussions. We also thank the referees for
invaluable suggestions.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2115 –2119
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Communications
mers.[18] In continuation of our recent studies on the self-
works shown in Figure 1 based on a rationally designed and
synthesized unique D2d-symmetric 3,3’,5,5’-tetrakis(4-pyri-
dyl)bimesityl (tpb) ligand.[23]
The reaction of tpb with Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O, Cd-
(ClO4)2·6H2O, AgNO3, and MnCl2·4H2O led to correspond-
ing complexes 1–4, whose compositions were formulated
assembly of acids,[19] we conceived a unique tetradentate
ligand with D2d-symmetry to explore the construction of 3D
coordination networks by metal-directed self-assembly with
Oh, Td, and D4h metal centers (Figure 1).
based on microanalytical and single-crystal X-ray crystal
structure determinations. Compound 1 was obtained as
colorless cubic crystals by slow diffusion over two days of
the ethanolic solution of Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O into a solution of
tpb in dichloromethane that was contained in a vial. A similar
diffusion of Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O in ethanol into a solution of tpb
in dichloroethane yielded hexagonal colorless crystals of 2.
Both 1 and 2 were isolated in > 60% yield from preparative
experiments. The crystals of compound 2 were found to be
stable, while those of 1 were fragile and degraded upon
removal from the mother liquor. X-ray single-crystal struc-
ture determinations[24] revealed that both compounds are
Figure 1. Top: Representation of the ideal corundum, diamond, and
PtS networks. Bottom: The nets resulting from replacement of tetrahe-
dral nodes by pairs of 3-connecting nodes. The Schlꢀfli notations for
the networks, shown below the structures, signify the changes in the
network topologies.
¯
isostructural, with a cubic space group of Ia3d.
The metal ions in both 1 and 2 reside on the crystallo-
graphic threefold inversion center and are perfectly octahe-
dral. Each of the metal ions is surrounded by six pyridyl rings
of independent tpb ligands. The two mesityl rings of the tpb
ligand are absolutely orthogonal and each of the pyridyl rings
is tilted by about 808 with respect to the mesitylene core.
Figure 2b shows the crystal-packing diagram of 1; the packing
for compound 2 is virtually indistinguishable. The interatomic
distances associated with the coordination bonds that involve
the metal ion and the pyridyl nitrogen atom in 1 and 2 are
2.183(1) and 2.359(1) ꢀ, respectively. The networks are not
interpenetrated in both complexes and the perchlorate
counterions and water molecules occupy the void space.
The seemingly complex structure of the coordination
polymer can be best understood by simplification of the
ligand structure to that of the D2d-symmetric allene (Fig-
ure 2a) and by representing the metal as a 6-connecting
octahedral node. Figure 2c shows the crystal packing based
on this simplification. Decorating ligand 1 by connecting the
carbon atoms of the bimesityl rings (to which the angularly
disposed pyridyl rings are attached) as shown in Figure 2a
leads to further simplification of the ligand structure to a
distorted tetrahedron. Thus, by depicting the metal center as
well as the ligand tpb as 6- and 4-connecting polyhedra, the
structure of the coordination polymer is reduced to that
shown in Figure 2d. This network may be readily compared to
that of the corundum modification of Al2O3, in which each
octahedral Al3+ ion is surrounded by six O2À ions, while each
oxygen center is surrounded by four Al3+ ions arranged in a
distorted tetrahedral configuration. Although the analogy
Construction of a network by combining Td ligands and Oh
metal centers has been regarded as being very difficult.[20] The
best compromise between a 4-connecting ligand and an
octahedral metal center turns out to be that of the corundum
form of Al2O3, in which both Al3+ and O2À ions are distorted
from their ideal octahedral and tetrahedral geometries,
respectively.[21] Thus, by considering the D2d-symmetric
ligand as a distorted-tetrahedral building block, one can
envisage the synthesis of metal–organic equivalents of the
corundum net as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, the combina-
tion of D2d-symmetric ligands and Td metal centers should
yield an analogue of the diamond net, the difference being
that each ring in the resultant net is eight-membered as
opposed to a six-membered ring in the ideal diamond net.
Indeed, Wells pointed out that (10,3)-a and (10,3)-b nets
derive from the replacement of tetrahedral nodes of a
diamond net by pairs of 3-connecting nodes.[22] He also
showed that the (8,34)-b net results from replacement of
alternate tetrahedral nodes in a diamond net by pairs of 3-
connecting nodes. Furthermore, the combination of a D2d-
symmetric tetratopic ligand with a square-planar D4h metal
center should be expected to afford a PtS network, the
difference being that the resulting network would be con-
stituted by four- and twelve-membered rings instead of four-
and eight-membered rings in the ideal PtS net. The metal–
organic corundum-, diamond-, and PtS-related nets arising
from the replacement of a Td ligand by a D2d ligand as shown
in Figure 1 are also unprecedented. Herein, we document the
engineering of these three distinct 3D metal–organic net-
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Chemie
rings contribute to the construction of adamantanoid unit, the
other two are used for 3D propagation) and four AgI ions that
act as nodes is shown in Figure 3; the assembly involves two of
the tpb ligands coordinating to the metal through two of their
Figure 2. a) Illustration of the formal equivalence of the ligand tpb to
that of the D2d-symmetric allene; b) the crystal packing of compounds
1 and 2; c) the crystal packing by depicting the ligand tpb as a pair of
3-connecting topological equivalents of allene and the metal as a 6-
connecting octahedron; d) the crystal packing shown again by depict-
ing the ligand as a distorted 4-connecting tetrahedron and the metal
as a 6-connecting octahedron, which is similar to that of the corun-
dum. Hydrogen atoms, solvent molecules, and counterions have been
removed for clarity.
Figure 3. a) The core adamantanoid unit of compound 3. Notice that
the shortest circuit of the unit is an eight-membered ring. b) The dia-
mond-related net of 3, which undergoes interpenetration. Hydrogen
atoms, solvent molecules, and counteranions have been removed for
clarity. The solid spheres represent metal cations.
between Zn/Cd-coordination polymers of the ligand tpb and
the corundum form of Al2O3 is established by simplification
of the structure of the ligand to a distorted tetrahedral 4-
connecting node (Figure 2d), the tetradentate tpb is in reality
a pair of 3-connected nodes that are linked together.
Accordingly, the Schlꢁfli notation for the topology of the
coordination polymer based on a 4-connecting tetrahedral
ligand is similar to that of the corundum and is given by
(4264)(466683). However, tpb is best described as a pair of 3-
connecting nodes and thus the Schlꢁfli topological description
for the Zn/Cd-coordination polymers of tpb takes the form
(627)2(667693).
The colorless crystals of compound 3 were obtained by
slow diffusion of a methanolic solution of AgNO3 into a
solution of tpb in methanol followed by keeping the resultant
solution at room temperature in the dark for 2–3 days. The
crystals were found to decay as soon as they were removed
from the mother liquor. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
analysis[24] revealed that the complex crystallizes in the
monoclinic space group C2/c. The geometry of the metal
ion is found to be tetrahedral as it is coordinated by the
pyridyl groups of four distinct molecules. The bond lengths
associated with the metal ion and pyridyl nitrogen atoms are
2.326(5) and 2.330(1) ꢀ. The metal ion and the tpb ligand
assemble into a diamond network with the incorporation of
solvent molecules. A typical adamantanoid unit formed by
the unique assembly of six molecules of tpb (only two pyridyl
pyridyl rings linked to two mesitylene rings of the bimesityl
core, while the remaining four use two pyridyl rings linked to
the same mesitylene ring for coordinative covalent bonding.
The 3D propagation of these adamantanoid units leads to a
porous network as shown in Figure 3. Unfortunately, the
porosity is destroyed by interpenetration of an independent
second diamondoid network. The overall network is topolog-
ically equivalent to that resulting from the replacement of
alternative tetrahedral nodes of an adamantanoid unit by D2d-
symmetric pairs of 3-connecting nodes as shown in Figure 1.
When alternative tetrahedral nodes of an adamantanoid unit
are replaced by pairs of 3-connecting nodes as those
represented by the tpb ligands, the shortest circuit of the
resultant (3,4)-connected net is an eight-membered ring
leading to the topology of (8,34)-b. Indeed, this net was
predicted by Wells 25 years ago and has surprisingly not been
realized so far in metal-coordination chemistry.[22] The Schlꢁ-
fli symbol for the network of 3 is (83)2(86), which illustrates
that the shortest circuits meeting at both 3- and 4-connected
points are eight-membered. This network is thus different
from that of the ideal diamond net for which the Schlꢁfli
notation is 66.
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Compound 4 was obtained by slow diffusion of the
According to thermogravimetric analyses, the compounds
1, 2, and 4 lose their included solvent molecules upon heating.
The complexes are stable after the initial loss of the solvent
molecules up to about 340, 395, and 3888C for 1, 2, and 4,
respectively (see Supporting Information). The porosity
coupled with stability promises potential for their usage as
storage devices.[1a] The variation in the network topologies in
going from AgI to MnII to ZnII/CdII centers must be due to the
coordination preferences of the metal ions and the choice of
the counteranions. While the preferred coordination geome-
try for an AgI center is tetrahedral, as is observed, the square-
planar connectivity with the pyridyl ligands in the case of MnII
complex is dictated by the two ClÀ ions that occupy the axial
positions about the metal. The observed octahedral geometry
about the ZnII/CdII ions must be connected with the ability of
the perchlorate anions to reside away from the metal centers.
We wish to point out that well-characterized hexapyridinate
metal complexes are rare. We are aware of only one instance
of a coordination polymer in which six pyridine ligands are
octahedrally coordinated to the metal center.[10a]
methanolic solution of MnCl2·4H2O into a solution of tpb in
CH2Cl2. Single-crystal X-ray analysis[24] of 4 revealed a
coordination polymer in which the geometry of the metal
ion is octahedral. Whereas the two ClÀ ions coordinate axially
to the metal ion, the pyridyl rings of four distinct tpb ligands
are found to occupy the equatorial positions about the metal
center (Figure 4); the four metal-ion–pyridine-nitrogen bond
In summary, we have designed and synthesized a unique
D2d-symmetric tetratopic tetrapyridylbimesityl ligand, tpb,
which can be readily used as a pair of 3-connecting nodes in
coordination polymerization. Thus, it is shown that the
combination of a D2d-symmetric ligand with Oh, Td, and D4h
metal centers leads to MOFs with the topologies related to
those of corundum, diamond, and PtS, which have not
previously been realized.
Experimental Section
1: A solution of Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O (0.0341 g, 0.0915 mmol) in 10 mL of
MeOH was layered over a solution of tpb (0.05 g, 0.0915 mmol) in
10 mL of CH2Cl2, and the resultant solution was kept at room
temperature. Colorless cubic crystals formed in 2 days (yield 60%).
Elemental analysis (%) calcd for Zn(tpb)1.5(ClO4)2·(H2O)12: C 52.72,
H 5.82, N 6.47; found: C 52.65, H 5.16, N 6.20.
2: A similar procedure to that described above was applied with
dichloroethane in place of CH2Cl2 to obtain colorless hexagonal
crystals in 2 days. Elemental analysis (%) calcd for Cd(tpb)1.5(ClO4)2·
(H2O)13: C 50.13, H 5.68, N 6.15; found: C 49.85 H 5.71 N 6.12.
3: A methanolic solution of AgNO3 (0.031 g, 0.183 mmol in
10 mL) was added slowly to a solution of tpb (0.05 g, 0.0915 mmol) in
10 mL of MeOH. The container was closed tightly and kept in the
dark. Colorless crystals were observed after 2–3 days and were
isolated in about 55% yield in three independent experiments. These
crystals turned brown when exposed to light and air.
Figure 4. The PtS-related net of compound 4, which undergoes inter-
penetration. The top picture is a basic unit of the network. Hydrogen
atoms and the solvent molecules have been removed for clarity. The
solid spheres represent metal cations.
lengths (dMn
) are 2.318(1), 2.285(1), 2.257(1), and
À
N
2.332(1) ꢀ. From the point of view of structural description
of the coordination polymer, the metal ion may be considered
equivalent to a 4-connecting square-planar node, as the ClÀ
ions merely serve to fill the coordination sphere. Thus, the
coordination polymer built up of 4-connecting D4h-symmetric
metal ions (by considering only pyridyl ligands) and a pair of
3-connecting tpb ligands shown in Figure 4 is precisely
equivalent to the PtS network in which the tetrahedral
ligand is replaced by a pair of 3-connecting ligand as
exemplified in Figure 1. While the Schlꢁfli notation for the
ideal PtS network is 4284, that of the network of compound 4 is
(4.122)2(42.124), which illustrates that the eight-membered ring
in PtS net is replaced by a twelve-membered ring. Thus, the
PtS-related net observed with 4 is unique and unknown. The
network is twofold interpenetrated with solvent water mol-
ecules incorporated in the pores of the crystal lattice.
4: A solution of MnCl2·4H2O (0.0217 g, 0.0109 mmol) in 15 mL of
MeOH was layered over a solution of tpb (0.03 g, 0.0549 mmol) in
10 mL of CH2Cl2 and the resultant solution was allowed to evaporate
slowly over 10 days. Colorless crystals were obtained in 55% yield.
Elemental analysis (%) calcd for Mn(tpb)(Cl)2(CH3OH)(H2O)8:
C 55.72, H 5.52, N 6.66; found C 55.01, H 5.42, N 6.45.
Received: August 12, 2004
Revised: December 12, 2004
Published online: February 23, 2005
Keywords: coordination modes · crystal engineering · N ligands ·
.
self-assembly · supramolecular chemistry
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Chemie
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3
¯
space group Ia3d (no. 230); a = 32.198(4) ꢀ, V= 33380.03(7) ꢀ ,
Z = 16; T= 100 K, m = 0.358 mmÀ1; R1 = 0.0709, wR2 = 0.1802
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3
¯
space group Ia3d (no. 230); a = 32.727(4) ꢀ, V= 35052.82(7) ꢀ ,
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2216/0/223.
Crystal
data
for
4:
Moiety
formula
C39H34N4Cl2O6Mn, monoclinic, space group C2/c (no. 15); a =
20.9751(1), b = 15.3662(1), c = 25.8748(1) ꢀ, V= 8196.9(1) ꢀ3,
Z = 8; T= 100 K; R1 = 0.0919, wR2 = 0.2668 (I > 2s(I)), S =
1.062, data/restraints/parameter= 10056/0/420. Structure solu-
tions were done by direct methods and refinements on F2 with
Shelxtl. Non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically and
H-atoms were generated at idealized geometries and refined
isotropically. The hydrogen atoms for the solvent molecules were
not fixed. CCDC-216293 and CCDC-247028–247030 contain the
supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data
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