Pd nanoparticles dispersed on solid supports: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity on selective hydrogenation of olefins in aqueous media

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/aoc.1679

Two types of Pd nanoparticle catalysts were prepared having 2-4 nm particle size using silica gel and porous polymer beads as solid supports. 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde ligand was anchored on commercially available 3-aminopropyl-functionalized silica gel followed by Pd metal dispersion. Bead-shaped cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) gel was prepared by an emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine, styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of ammonium persulfate and subsequently dispersing the Pd metal on the synthesized polymer. These catalysts were characterized by SEM, TEM and ICP techiniques with respect to appearance, size and possible leaching out, respectively. Furthermore, the reactivity of these catalysts was tested on hydrogenation of various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using aqueous solvent under a hydrogen balloon (1 atm). The results showed that the Pd dispersed on silica was a more efficient catalyst than Pd dispersed on polymer and the former could be recycled more than 10 times without considerable loss in activity. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/aoc.1679

Full Paper
Received: 25 February 2010
Revised: 21 April 2010
Accepted: 22 April 2010
Published online in Wiley Online Library: 30 June 2010
(wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/aoc.1679
Pd nanoparticles dispersed on solid supports:
synthesis, characterization and catalytic
activity on selective hydrogenation of olefins
in aqueous media
a
b
b
a
Minkyung Lim , Kathlia A. De Castro , Seungchan Oh , Kangsuk Lee ,
a,c
b
a,b∗
Young-Wook Chang , Hokun Kim and Hakjune Rhee
Two types of Pd nanoparticle catalysts were prepared having 2–4 nm particle size using silica gel and porous polymer beads
as solid supports. 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde ligand was anchored on commercially available 3-aminopropyl-functionalized
silica gel followed by Pd metal dispersion. Bead-shaped cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) gel was prepared by
an emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine, styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of ammonium
persulfate and subsequently dispersing the Pd metal on the synthesized polymer. These catalysts were characterized by SEM,
TEM and ICP techiniques with respect to appearance, size and possible leaching out, respectively. Furthermore, the reactivity
of these catalysts was tested on hydrogenation of various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using aqueous solvent under
a hydrogen balloon (1 atm). The results showed that the Pd dispersed on silica was a more efficient catalyst than Pd dispersed
Wo nil pe yo l &y mS oe nr sa ,n Ldt dt h. e former could be recycled more than 10 times without considerable loss in activity. Copyright ꢀc 2010 John
Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Keywords: Pd nanoparticle; catalyst; hydrogenation; silica; polymer
Introduction
enable us to use water as a solvent in an organic reaction. Water
as solvent is a promising approach in organic synthesis, primarily
for green chemistry reasons. The reaction proceeded well even in
water as a solvent because the hydrophobic surface groups tune
The synthesis and development of solid-supported metal catalysts
has been the subject of most research on catalysis. These catalytic
systems have higher reactivity due to their larger active surface
area and offer the advantages of heterogeneous catalysis, like
ease of handling and recyclability. Nowadays, the development
of nano-sized solid supported metal catalysts to make them
even more reactive is very popular. For instance, palladium
anchored or immobilized on various kinds of supports, such as
carbon, clay, silicates, zeolites, amorphous or mesoporous silica,
porousbiomaterialorpolymers,hasgainedconsiderableattention
due to its remarkable performance in wide range of organic
the transport of hydrophobic substrate to the surface, bringing the
substrate and the catalyst into close proximity.[
16,17]
The reactivity
of these catalysts in selective hydrogenation of olefins was
checked. Although there are multiple methods for hydrogenation,
[
18–22]
especially using palladium nano particles on solid supports,
the catalysts we have developed offer the advantages of using
water as a solvent at room temperature and recyclability. We
present herein the detailed synthesis and characterization of the
catalysts as well as their application for selective hydrogenation
reaction.
transformations, especially in coupling and in hydrogenation
reactions.[
1–6]
Among these solid supports, polymer and silica are
popular among researchers. Many polymer matrices have been
developed as solid supports for metals whose macromolecular
nature enables the catalytic properties of the complex to be
controlled.[ Furthermore, these polymer matrices stabilize the
metal,controlitssizeandavoidagglomeration,makingthecatalyst
∗
Correspondence to: Hakjune Rhee, Hanyang University, Department of
Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, 1271 Sa-3-Dong, Sangrok-gu, Ansan,
Kyunggi-do 426-791, Korea. E-mail: hrhee@hanyang.ac.kr
7]
[
8–10]
robust, highly reactive and recyclable.
On the other hand,
a Hanyang University, Department of Bionanotechnology, 1271 Sa-3-Dong,
silica as a solid support has been widely used due to its inherent
properties such as excellent chemical, mechanical and thermal
stability, high surface area and good accessibility for organic
groups, which can be easily anchored on its surface via reaction
Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi-do 426-791, Korea
b Hanyang University, Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, 1271
Sa-3-Dong, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi-do 426-791, Korea
[
11–15]
with the surface hydroxyl groups.
For these reasons, we
opted to develop a new type of catalyst tethered on synthesized
polymer and end-capped silica as solid supports. These supports
c Hanyang University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1271 Sa-3-Dong,
Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Kyunggi-do 426-791, Korea
Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2011, 25, 1–8
Copyright ꢀc 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

M. Lim et al.
Experimental
methylene chloride (10 ml). The mixture was stirred for 3 h at
room temperature and the resulting material was filtered, washed
with methylene chloride and dried. The palladium was reduced
using sodium borohydride (0.018 g, 0.48 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran
General Considerations
All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and
used without further purification except for cinnamaldehyde
and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, which were freshly distilled prior
to use. All solvents used were also distilled prior to use. The
hydrogenation reaction was carried out using a shaker (Eyela,
(10 ml)for3 hstirredatroomtemperature.Theproductwasfiltered
and washed with tetrahydrofuran and water successively. The
dried material gave a dark gray powder of nano-sized palladium
(0) immobilized on cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene)
3
gel (0.57 g).
Mixer CM-1000) at the rate of 12 × 10 rpm. The purity of the
products and the progress of the reactions were monitored by
1
13
NMR spectrometry. H and C NMR spectra were obtained using
a Varian FT-NMR spectrometer (300 and 500 MHz) in CDCl3 or
DMSO-d6 solvents and all were counterchecked with the literature
data. The chemical shifts were reported in δ ppm relative to
TMS. On the other hand, silica catalyst was prepared using
a mechanical stirrer (IKA Labortechnik RW 20.n). The prepared
catalysts were characterized thoroughly. The shape and particle
dispersion were checked using FE-SEM (Hitachi S-4800 with
EDS). The average size of palladium particles was calculated
based on the images obtained from HRTEM (JEOL 300 kV).
Samples for HRTEM measurements were prepared by grinding
the samples, dispersing them on methylene chloride solvent and
depositing them on copper grids. Furthermore, the loading value
of palladium on the catalysts was checked using ICP-AES (JY
Ultima2C).
General Procedure for Hydrogenation of Olefins
Thestartingolefin(1 mmol)andcatalyst(5 mol%Pd)wereaddedto
a tube-shaped Schlenk flask. It was sealed and kept in a vacuum to
remove the air. Afterwards, the aqueous solvent (5 ml) was added
using a syringe and the mixture was shaken at room temperature
under a hydrogen gas balloon. Upon completion of the reaction
based on NMR spectra monitoring, the catalyst was filtered off
on celite and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation.
Brine solution was added to the residue and the product was
extracted with ethyl acetate as many times necessary. The organic
layer was collected, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and
concentrated by rotary evaporation. The purity of products was
determined by NMR spectra.
In some cases, base was added or reaction solvents were varied
to address the solubility problem and thus, further increase
the yield. For instance, in some materials (Table 2, entries 1–5)
potassium hydroxide (0.059 g, 1 mmol) dissolved in water (5 ml)
was used to increase its solubility. For this case, the work-
up procedure was varied such that the resulting mixture was
acidified with 1.0 M HCl prior to extraction. On the other
hand, some material required aqueous organic solvent mixture
to increase its solubility and give better yield (Table 2, entries
Preparation of Catalyst A [Nano-sized Pd(0)dispersed on 3-
Aminopropyl Fuctionalized Silica Gel]
The3-aminopropyl-functionalizedsilicagel(1.96 g, 2.0 mmol NH2)
was added to a flask containing methylene chloride (10 ml)
and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (0.23 ml, 2.4 mmol). After stir-
ring for 3 h at room temperature using a mechanical stirrer,
the resulting material was filtered and washed with methylene
chloride and dried under reduced pressure at 50 C giving a
white functionalized silica gel (2.01 g). This material (1.5 g) was
then added to a flask containing palladium acetate (0.385 g,
1
0–13 and 15–16). The compounds were chatacterized by
1
◦
comparing their H NMR spectra with those that have been
published in the literature, with, for each compound, a suitable
reference.
1
.68 mmol) dissolved in methylene chloride (10 ml). The mix-
ture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Afterwards, it
was filtered, washed with methylene chloride and dried giving
a yellowish Pd immobilized on functionalized silica gel product
3
-Phenylpropionic acid (1)
1
The H spectrum of 3-phenylpropionic acid (1) was found to be in
agreement with Brunel.[
23]
(
1.55 g). The palladium on the silica material (1.3 g) was reduced
using sodium borohydride (0.091 g, 2.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran
10 ml) for 3 h stirred at room temperature. The product was fil-
(
2
-Methyl-3-phenylpropionic acid (2)
tered and washed with tetrahydrofuran and water successively.
The dried material gave a black powder of nano-sized palla-
dium (0) immobilized on 3-aminopropyl fuctionalized silica gel
1
The Hspectrumof2-methyl-3-phenylpropionicacid(2)wasfound
to be in agreement with Dib et al.[
24]
(1.32 g).
3
-(2-Methylphenyl)propionic acid (3)
Preparation of Catalyst B [Nano-sized Pd(0) Dispersed on
Cross-linked Poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene] Gel
The 1H spectrum of 3-(2-methylphenyl)propionic acid (3) was
found to be in agreement with Lemhadri et al.[
25]
4
-Vinylpyridine (0.03 mol, 3.50 g), styrene (0.03 mol, 3.5 g) and
divinylbenzene (0.003 mol, 0.78 g) were mixed in a 300 ml three-
neck round-bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser,
thermometer, and nitrogen inlet tube. After 1 h, ammonium
persulfatesolution(0.023 gin10.0 mldeionizedwater)wasadded.
3
-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (4)
1
The H spectrum of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (4) was
found to be in agreement with Cambie et al.[
26]
The mixture was stirred at 300 rpm under nitrogen atmosphere for
◦
8
h at 70 C to complete the polymerization reaction. Afterwards,
3
-(2-Methoxyphenyl)propionic acid (5)
the resulting microporous beads were filtered, washed with
ethanol and dried. These polymer (0.50 g) was added to a flask
containing palladium acetate (0.049 g, 0.22 mmol) dissolved in
1
The H spectrum of 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid (5) was
found to be in agreement with Lemhadri et al.[
25]
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Copyright ꢀc 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2011, 25, 1–8

Pd nanoparticles dispersed on solid supports
4
-Phenylbutan-2-one (6)
Results and Discussion
1
The H spectrum of 4-phenylbutan-2-one (6) was found to be in
Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts
[
27]
agreement with Fox et al.
Our group developed catalysts A and B wherein palladium
nanoparticles were dispersed on silica and polymer supports. The
preparation method for catalyst A is outlined in Scheme 1. First
Methyl dihydrocinnamate (7)
2
-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, 2, was reacted with 3-aminopropyl-
1
The H spectrum of methyl dihydrocinnamate (7) was found to be
functionalized silica, 1, to make a Schiff base ligand anchored on
the surface of silica gel, 3. Complexation of Pd(II) using Pd(OAc)2
followed by sodium borohydride reduction made catalyst A in
whichthePd(0)waswelldispersedonthesurfaceoffunctionalized
silica. In this catalyst, the silica support has a functionalized
hydrophilic surface and alkyl group end capping that renders
surface hydrophobicity. These properties make it possible to use
water as a solvent in the reaction. We anticipated that water would
interact with the hydrophilic surface and facilitate the transport
of the hydrophobic substrate towards the hydrophobic surface,
making the substrate and the catalyst in close proximity and
leading to enhanced reactivity.
[
28]
in agreement with Black et al.
3
-Phenyl-propan-1-ol (8)
1
The H spectrum of 3-phenyl-propan-1-ol (8) was found to be in
[
29]
agreement with Murphy et al.
3
-Phenyl-1-propanal (9)
1
The H spectrum of 3-phenyl-1-propanal (9) was found to be in
[
30]
agreement with Beeson et al.
1
,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone(10)
OR
O
O Si
O
OR
O
O Si
O
O
1
The H spectrum of 1,3-diphenyl-1-propanone (10) was found to
be in agreement with Mori et al.
2
2
+
H
2
CH Cl2
[
31]
NH
2
N
SiO
SiO
N
N
OR
OR
1
2
3
3
-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1-propanone(11)
NH2 loading value : 1.02 mmol/g
Pd(OAc)2
1
2
CH Cl2
The H spectrum of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1-propanone
(
11) was found to be in agreement with Yu et al.[32]
OR
O
NaBH4
2
Pd on Si
O Si
O
OR
N
AcO Pd
AcO
1
-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-propanone(12)
THF
SiO
N
1
The H spectrum of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-propanone
Catalyst A
12) was found to be in agreement with Yu et al.[
32]
4
(
Scheme 1. Preparation of catalyst A.
Dimethyl butanedioate (13)
We also considered the direct complexation of Pd(II) on
compound 1 wherein the aminopropyl moiety acts as the ligand
giving monodentate attachment. This catalyst was slightly more
reactivethantheformerduringthefirsttworunsofhydrogenation
reaction; however, the yield dramatically dropped after each
recycle. We presumed that, although the monodentate Pd was
more reactive than the chelated one, the former was more
labile, making it unstable. Presumably, this was the reason for
the sudden drop in the reactivity of the catalysts prepared without
compound 2.
1
The H spectrum of dimethyl butanedioate (13) was found to be
[
33]
in agreement with Kumar et al.
1
,4-Diphenylbutane (14)
1
The H spectrum of 1,4-diphenylbutane (14) was found to be in
[
34]
agreement with Vanier.
1
,2-Diphenylethane (15)
Catalyst A has an irregular shape based on the SEM image
1
The H spectrum of 1,2-diphenylethane (15) was found to be in
(Fig. 1, left) acquired primarily from the shape of the starting silica.
[
28]
agreement with Black et al.
Palladium mapping confirmed that Pd was well dispersed on the
surface of the silica and because of its nanosize nature it was hardly
seen in the SEM image. The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
Procedure for Catalyst Recycling
(Fig. 1, right) confirmed that Pd was indeed present. The palladium
After each reaction, the catalyst was filtered off, washed with ethyl
acetate and water alternately and then dried. This catalyst was
reused successively 10 times. In the case of catalyst A, cinnamic
acid was used as a substrate for the first five recycles and various
starting olefin for the succeeding five recycles. For catalyst B,
cinnamic acid was used as a substrate during the five times
recycle test. The filtrate was also analyzed using ICP-AES to
check the possible leaching out of palladium metal into the
solution.
content on catalyst A was determined by ICP-AES and the result
−
1
showed that it had 0.90 mmol Pd g of catalyst. To determine
the actual size of palladium particles embedded on catalyst A,
we checked its High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
image (Fig. 2) and found that it had predominantly 2–3 nm sized
Pd metal.
Alternatively, wepreparedanothertypeofcatalysthavingcross-
linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) gel as the solid support.
The bead-shaped cross-linked polymer was synthesized using the
Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2011, 25, 1–8
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M. Lim et al.
Figure 1. SEM image (left) and EDX (right) analysis of Catalyst A .
Figure 2. TEM image of catalyst A (left) and Pd particle size distribution (right).
known polymerization procedure for styrene and 4-vinylpyridine
Catalytic Activity of Catalysts A and B in the Hydrogenation of
Various Olefins
[
35–37]
havingdivinylbenzeneascross-linker.
Usingthiscross-linked
polymer, we prepared catalyst B by complexing Pd(OAc)2 into the
prepared cross-linked polymer and reducing the complex with
sodium borohydride in the same manner as catalyst A. Likewise,
catalyst B was characterized using different methods. The SEM
image (Fig. 3, left) of catalyst B showed that the bead-shaped
nature of the polymer was maintained and EDX (Fig. 3, right)
confirmedthepresenceofpalladiummetalthatwaswelldispersed
on the surface. The amount of palladium metal on catalyst B was
Reduction of organic compounds is considered as one of the
most important organic transformations, especially the selective
hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds because
of its myriad applicattion in the field of pharmaceutial and fine
chemicals.[ Thus, we opted to explore the catalytic activity of
our prepared catalysts in this reaction.
First, we chose cinnamic acid as the test substrate. Hydro-
genation reaction was done using 5 ml of water and 5 mol% of
catalayst A at room temperature under hydrogen gas. After 2 h
we obtained 98% of 3-phenyl propionic acid. To countercheck
38]
−
1
0
.84 mmol g of catalyst based on ICP-AES. The TEM image
showed that the palladium particles were predominantly 3–4 nm
in diameter (Fig. 4).
Figure 3. SEM image (left) and EDX (right) analysis of Catalyst B.
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Pd nanoparticles dispersed on solid supports
Figure 4. TEM image of catalyst B (left) and Pd particle size distribution (right).
Table 1. Hydrogenation of various olefins using catalyst A and Ba
Entry
Starting olefins
Catalyst A
Catalyst B
Time (h)
0.5
Yield (%)
98
Time (h)
1
Yield (%)
Quant.
1b
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
2b
3b
4b
5b
6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
98
Quant.
Quant.
96
1
1
4
3
2
2
95
98
O
O
48
OH
O
O
Quant.
98
OCH3
97
O
7
1
98
97
O
OCH3
OH
8
9
2
2
Quant.
95
2
2
56
94
O
H
Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2011, 25, 1–8
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M. Lim et al.
Table 1. (Continued)
Entry
Starting olefins
Catalyst A
Catalyst B
Time (h)
2
Yield (%)
98
Time (h)
2
Yield (%)
98
1
0c
O
1
1c
2
24
2
98
97
98
2
24
2
98
93
95
O
OCH3
1
2d
O
H CO
3
1
3c
O
O
O
O
1
4e
5e
6
6
97
96
6
6
95
95
Ph
Ph
1
Ph
Ph
a
b
c
Olefin (1.0 mmol), catalyst (5 mol% of Pd), H2O (5 ml).
Potassium hydroxide (1 mmol) was added.
CH3CN (1 ml) and H2O (4 ml) were used as the solvent.
CH3CN (2 ml) and H2O (3 ml) were used as the solvent.
THF (4 ml) and H2O (1 ml) were used as the solvent.
d
e
its effectiveness against Pd/C, a known heteregeneous catalyst
for hydrogenation, the same experiment was carried out and
we obtained only 83% of the product using 10 mol% of Pd/C.
These results showed that our catalyst was superior and thus we
considered various substrate for further investigation as shown
in Table 1. For the case of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids (Ta-
ble 1, entries 1–5), we used potassium hydroxide to enhance its
solubility in water. Although the reaction proceeded in water
alone, it took longer (2 h) and gave a slightly lower yield com-
pared with the reaction that used potassium hydroxide. With
the use of potassium hydroxide the reaction can be completed
in only 30 min with excellent yield. Other types of olefins hav-
ing various functional groups such as ketones, esters, alcohols
and aldehydes (Table 1, entries 6–9 and 13) were also consid-
ered. These olefins have low melting point and exist as liquids
at room temperature and thus can interact with water; as a re-
sult the reaction proceeded excellently without using potassium
hydroxide.
Some olefins are solid and totally insoluble in water thus
interaction was difficult. This necessitated a small amount of
organic co-solvent in order to give higher yield at shorter reaction
time. Several organic co-solvents were tested as shown in Table 2.
Among these solvents acetonitrile was the best organic co-solvent
for water. This solvent was used for entries 10–13 in Table 1.
Noticeably, entries 11 and 12 showed different reactivities. We
expected that the higher reactivity of entry 11 was brought
Table 2. Reaction of trans-chalcone in various solventsa
Entry
Solvent
Yield (%) Entry
Solvent
Yield (%)
1
2
3
4
5
H2O
38
98
62
63
41
6
7
H2O : CH2Cl2
H2O : THF
14
81
67
84
79
H2O : CH3CN
H2O : IPA
8
H2O : DMF
H2O : Et2O
H2O : MeOH
H2O : EtOAc
9
10
H2O : Acetone
a
Co-solvent system ratio is 1 : 4 (H2O : organic solvent, v/v).
about by the electronic effect via conjugation. Moreover, we
also considered reduction of conjugated alkene and simple
substituted alkene (entries 14 and 15 respectively); both gave
excellent yields in reasonable times using THF as water co-solvent.
Both catalysts A and B gave excellent yield of hydrogenation
product; however catalyst B exhibited lower reactivity. In some
cases, catalyst B required a slightly longer reaction time and
gave lower yields in some cases. We presumed that the lower
reactivity of catalyst B was attributed to its structure. Presumably,
the pyridyl units of the polymer surrounded the Pd metal, making
it less exposed for catalysis.
To check further the merit of our catalyst, we checked its
recyclability. Catalyst A was recycled 10 times using various
olefins. In the first five recyles we used cinnamic acid and
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Pd nanoparticles dispersed on solid supports
Table 3. Recycle testa
Catalyst A
Catalyst B
Run
Starting olefins
Time(h)
0.5
Yield (%)
97
Time (h)
1
Yield (%)
Quant.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
stb
ndb
rdb
thb
thb
th
O
OH
OH
OH
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
94
96
95
93
98
95
97
95
92
1
1
4
3
–
–
–
–
–
80
53
32
35
–
O
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
th
–
OH
O
O
th
–
OCH3
th
–
O
0thc
1
–
O
OCH3
a
b
c
Olefin (1.0 mmol), catalyst (5 mol% of Pd), H2O (5 ml).
Potassium hydroxide (1 mmol) was added.
CH3CN (1 ml) and H2O (4 ml) was used as a solvent.
on the next five recycles various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds. As shown in Table 3, the yield did not change
appreciably after 10 recyles. This means that the catalyst did
not lose its catalytic activity. Furthermore, we also checked the
filtrate after removal of the catalyst and negligible amount of
palladium was detected based on ICP-AES. On the other hand, the
recycle test of catalyst B was not favorable. Its catalytic activity
decreased dramtically after five recycles, as depicted in Table 3.
Analysis of its filtrate showed that negligible amount of palladium
leached out.
Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2011, 25, 1–8
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M. Lim et al.
Conclusion
[6] N. Erathodiyil, S. Ooi, A. M. Seayad, Y. Han, S. S. Lee, J. Y. Ying, Chem.
Eur. J. 2008, 14, 3118.
We have successfully prepared Pd nanosize particles dispersed on
two types of solid supports, namely 3-aminopropyl functionalized
silica gel and cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) gel.
Thesecatalystsexhibitcatalyticactivityforhydrogenationreaction
using aqueous media and, above all, these catalysts are recyclable.
We are currently considering other applications of these catalysts
on other organic transformations, which we are will report in due
course.
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This work was supported by Ansan Environmental Technology
Development Center (grant 09-2-80-81) and the National Research
Foundation of Korea (grant 2009-000-0000-1611). Y.-W. Chang
acknowledges financial support from the SRC/ERC program of
MEST (grant R11-2005-056-04004-0). Likewise, M.L. and K.A.D.C.
appreciate the financial support from the Korean Ministry of
Education through the second stage of the BK21 project
for the Hanyang University Graduate Program, and M.L. also
acknowledges the Seoul Metropolitan Government for Seoul
Science Fellowship.
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