Synthesis, characterization and photocatalysis of BiOCl/BiPO4 composites

Article abstract of DOI:10.1007/s13738-020-01904-3

In this research, 0–20?wt% BiOCl/BiPO₄ composites were synthesized from bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and different weight contents of potassium chloride by a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio spectroscopy. The products were composed of rod-shaped monoclinic BiPO₄ and nanoplates of tetragonal BiOCl. The BiOCl/BiPO₄ composites showed photocatalytic performance in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) solution under xenon visible radiation higher than pure single phase. In this research, 20?wt% BiOCl/BiPO₄ composites showed photodegradation of RhB solution almost 100% within 30?min.

Full text of DOI:10.1007/s13738-020-01904-3

Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01904-3
ORIGINAL PAPER
Synthesis, characterization and photocatalysis of BiOCl/BiPO4
composites
Wachiraporn Maisang1,2 · Anukorn Phuruangrat · Somchai Thongtem · Sulawan Kaowphong4,5
Jutarat Kavinchan · Titipun Thongtem
3
1,4
·
6
4,5
Received: 8 September 2019 / Accepted: 5 March 2020
Iranian Chemical Society 2020
©
Abstract
In this research, 0–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites were synthesized from bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, disodium hydrogen
4
phosphate dihydrate and diꢀerent weight contents of potassium chloride by a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal
method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diꢀraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission
electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy, photolumines-
cence spectroscopy and mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio spectroscopy. The products were composed of rod-shaped monoclinic
BiPO and nanoplates of tetragonal BiOCl. The BiOCl/BiPO composites showed photocatalytic performance in the degra-
4
4
dation of rhodamine B (RhB) solution under xenon visible radiation higher than pure single phase. In this research, 20 wt%
BiOCl/BiPO composites showed photodegradation of RhB solution almost 100% within 30 min.
4
Keywords BiOCl/BiPO composites · X-ray diꢀraction · Electron microscopy · Spectroscopy · Photocatalysis
4
Introduction
under sunlight [1–7]. Among semiconducting photocatalysts,
bismuth-based oxysalt is a candidate in visible-light-driven
photocatalyst because it has a positive response to visible
light, chemical and physical stability and non-toxic prop-
erty [8–11]. Up to the present, Bi-based compounds such
as BiSbO [12], BiOX (X=Cl, Br and I) [13, 14], Bi MoO
In recent years, the development of visible-light-driven
photocatalyst has attracted great interest in the research of
degrading organic pollutants in wastewater and solar energy
conversion because of its great potential and strong stability
4
2
6
[
15], BiOCl [16], Bi WO /BiVO [8], Bi O CO /BiOBr [17]
2 6 4 2 2 3
and BiPO /BiVO [18] have been developed. Bismuth phos-
4
4
*
*
Anukorn Phuruangrat
phate (BiPO ) as oxy-acidic photocatalyst shows excellent
4
phuruangrat@hotmail.com
photocatalytic activity, good chemical and physical stability,
high stability in UV–visible light, high photonic response,
harmless and others [19–24]. It has excellent photocatalytic
activity in decolorization of dyes, such as methylene blue
(MB) [2, 7, 18, 21, 22], methyl orange (MO) [23, 24], phenol
Titipun Thongtem
ttpthongtem@yahoo.com
1
Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty
of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
[
6, 25, 26] and rhodamine B (RhB) [27, 28]. Nevertheless, it
2
3
Program in Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
has a disadvantage in photocatalytic performance by the high
rate of recombination of charge carriers [5, 23, 28]. Thus,
researchers have improved the photocatalytic eꢁciency of
Department of Materials Science and Technology,
Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai,
Songkhla 90112, Thailand
BiPO by combining with other semiconducting photocata-
4
lysts such as BiPO /Bi WO [2], AgI/BiPO [3], CdS/BiPO
4
2
6
4
4
4
5
6
Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3+
[
5], BiPO /BiOI [6, 29], Ln -doped BiPO /BiVO [18],
4
4
4
BiPO /Ag PO [19], AgBr/BiPO [21] and CuTCPP/BiPO
4
4
3
4
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
[
27]. Thus, photoinduced charge separation is enhanced
and photocatalytic activity of BiPO -based photocatalyst is
4
School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000,
Thailand
increased [2, 3, 5, 6, 18, 19, 21, 27]. Bismuth oxy-chloride
Vol.:(0
1
123456789)
3

Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
(
BiOCl) as an n-type semiconductor is an interesting pho-
(Na HPO ·2H O) and 0–20 wt% potassium chloride (KCl)
2
4
2
tocatalyst with high photoactivity and photostability under
were dissolved in 30 ml DI water. These two solutions
were mixed and stirred for 30 min. The solutions were put
in laboratory-made glass autoclaves and heated by 270 W
visible radiation. BiPO photocatalyst can be enhanced for
4
the separation of photo-charge pairs and photocatalytic per-
formance by combining with BiOCl photocatalyst.
microwave for 30 min. The as-synthesized BiOCl/BiPO
4
In this research, BiOCl/BiPO photocatalyst with diꢀer-
composites with diꢀerent weight contents of loaded BiOCl
4
ent weight contents of loaded BiOCl was synthesized by the
were ꢂltered, washed and dried.
microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Eꢀect of weight
The photocatalytic activities for rhodamine B (RhB)
degradation by pure BiPO sample and BiOCl/BiPO
4
content of BiOCl loaded on BiPO photocatalyst was investi-
4
4
gated for phase, morphology and optical properties by X-ray
diꢀraction (XRD), ꢂeld-emission scanning electron micros-
copy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photolu-
minescence (PL) spectroscopy and UV–visible absorption
spectroscopy. In the end, the photocatalytic performance of
composites were evaluated under xenon visible light irra-
diation. Typically, 0.2 g sample was dispersed in 200 ml of
−
5
1.5×10 M RhB solution with stirring in dark for 30 min.
Subsequently, visible radiation from a 35 W xenon lamp
was irradiated on the suspension solution for 30 min. During
testing, 5 ml suspension was sampled every a certain time
and centrifuged to remove the photocatalyst from the RhB
solution. The RhB concentration was measured by UV–vis-
BiOCl/BiPO composites with diꢀerent weight contents of
4
loaded BiOCl was evaluated through photodegradation of
rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation and com-
ible spectrophotometry at λ of 554 nm.
max
pared to the pure BiPO photocatalyst.
4
Results and discussion
Experiment
XRD analysis was used to analyze phase and crystalline
degree of BiPO , BiOCl and BiOCl/BiPO composites as
0
.01 mol bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO ) ·5H O)
3 3 2
4
4
was dissolved in 10 ml glacial acetic acid. Concurrently,
.005 mol disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate
the results shown in Fig. 1a. XRD pattern of pure BiPO
4
0
sample can be indexed to monoclinic BiPO phase (JCPDS
4
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of a pure BiPO and BiOCl and b 5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO samples synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal
4
4
method comparing with the JCPDS database of BiPO and BiOCl
4
1
3

Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
ꢂle no. 80-0209) [5, 30] which shows the diꢀraction peaks
of the (011), (–111), (200), (120), (012) and (–202) planes
at 2θ of 19.00°, 21.30°, 27.12°, 29.04°, 31.16° and 34.43°,
respectively [30]. The XRD pattern of pure BiOCl shows
the diꢀraction peaks at 11.98°, 25.86°, 32.49° and 33.44°
which correspond to the (001), (101), (110) and (102) planes
of tetragonal BiOCl structure (JCPDS ꢂle no. 06-0249)
weight contents of BiOCl were produced, their XRD pat-
terns are shown in Fig. 1b. All the diꢀraction peaks of
5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO were detected as the coexistence
4
of BiOCl as the minor phase and BiPO as the major phase.
4
It should be noted that the intensity peaks of BiOCl were
gradually increased with the increase in BiOCl weight con-
tent in the BiOCl/BiPO composites.
4
[
30, 31]. When the BiOCl/BiPO composites with diꢀerent
4
Fig. 2 SEM images of a pure
BiPO , b pure BiOCl, c–f
4
5
2
wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and
0 wt% BiOCl/BiPO samples
4
synthesized by the microwave-
assisted hydrothermal method
1
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
The morphologies of pure BiPO , pure BiOCl and BiOCl/
composites. The spectrum shows the detection of Bi, O, P
4
BiPO composites containing diꢀerent weight contents of
and Cl elements in the BiOCl/BiPO composites. Cu of cop-
4
4
BiOCl are shown in Fig. 2. SEM image of pure BiPO sam-
per tape was also detected in the EDS spectrum.
4
ple clearly showed that the pure BiPO sample was com-
Figure 4 presents the TEM images and SAED patterns of
pure BiPO , pure BiOCl and BiOCl/BiPO composites con-
4
posed of rod-shaped particles with 0.5–1.5 µm long. For
pure BiOCl sample, it was composed of uniform nanoplates
with 500–1000 nm diameter and<100 nm thick. The BiOCl/
4
4
taining diꢀerent weight contents of BiOCl. TEM images
of pure BiPO and BiOCl samples showed rod-shaped par-
4
BiPO composites containing diꢀerent weight contents of
ticles with a length of 440–900 nm and nanoplates with a
4
BiOCl were composed of mix morphologies of BiPO rods
diameter of 400 nm, respectively. TEM images of BiOCl/
4
and BiOCl nanoplates. The results certiꢂed the successful
BiPO composites containing diꢀerent weight contents of
4
synthesis of BiOCl/BiPO composites. Upon increasing
BiOCl showed that the products were composed of mix-
4
BiOCl content in the composites, the BiOCl nanoplates
tures of BiOCl nanoplates and BiPO rods. BiOCl nano-
4
were increased and the BiPO rods were decreased. Fig-
plates were dispersed across the composites and coupled
4
ure 3 shows the EDS spectrum of 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO
to the surface of BiPO rods. SAED patterns of a single
4
4
BiPO rod and BiOCl nanoplate present an array electron
4
diꢀraction spot pattern, indicating that the samples are
single crystal. The SAED patterns of BiPO and BiOCl
4
can be speciꢂed as the (110), (011) and (–101) planes of
monoclinic BiPO and the (110), (200) and (1–10) planes
4
of tetragonal BiOCl.
Figure 5 shows the FTIR spectra of pure BiOCl, pure
BiPO and BiOCl/BiPO composites containing differ-
4
4
ent weight contents of BiOCl. The FTIR spectrum of pure
BiPO sample shows the FTIR peaks at 1075, 1011 and
4
−
1
9
50 cm which are assigned to ν asymmetric stretch-
3
3
−
ing of P–O bond in PO
group. The ν symmetric P–O
4
1
3
−
−1
vibration in PO group was detected at 925 cm [7, 27,
4
−
1
3
2, 33]. Other FTIR peaks at 600 and 560 cm of pure
Fig. 3 EDS spectrum of 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites
4
BiPO sample can be assigned to the δ(O–P–O) bending
4
Fig. 4 TEM images and SAED patterns of a, g BiPO , b, h BiOCl, c 5 wt% BiOCl/BiPO , d 10 wt% BiOCl/BiPO , e 15 wt% BiOCl/BiPO and
4
4
4
4
f 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO samples synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
4
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
absorption characteristics as pure BiPO sample, especially
4
the composites containing low weight content of BiOCl.
Energy band gaps of as-prepared BiPO , BiOCl and BiOCl/
4
BiPO samples were calculated [38, 39]. The energy band
4
gaps of the pure BiPO and BiOCl samples are 4.45 eV
4
and 2.36 eV, respectively. Those of BiOCl/BiPO compos-
4
ites are 4.17 eV, 3.74 eV, 3.64 eV and 3.01 eV for 5 wt%,
1
0 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites,
4
respectively. These values decreased with an increase in
the BiOCl content.
Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of BiPO and BiOCl/
4
BiPO composites (Fig. 7) were characterized by an exci-
4
tation wavelength of 345 nm. The intensities of emission
peaks of BiOCl/BiPO composites are less than that of pure
4
BiPO sample. The 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO sample has the
4
4
lowest rate of photoinduced charge recombination and the
lowest emission rate. Thus, the rate of photocharged separa-
tion was increased by forming p–n heterojunction BiOCl/
BiPO composites and the photocatalytic performance was
4
enhanced [38, 39].
The photocatalytic activities of as-prepared pure BiPO
4
and BiOCl/BiPO composites were determined by photo-
4
−
5
degradation of 200 ml of 1.5×10 M rhodamine B (RhB)
solution under xenon visible light. For Fig. 8a, b, intensi-
ties of RhB at λ
of 554 nm were gradually decreased
max
with the increase in the length of visible light irradiation
time. Moreover, the intensity of RhB at λ
of 554 nm
max
over 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO sample within 30 min is the
4
lowest. The results indicated that RhB molecules were
degraded by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO sample faster than
4
those by other samples. Figure 8c shows the decoloriza-
tion eꢁciency of RhB over pure BiPO and BiOCl/BiPO
4
4
composites containing diꢀerent weight contents of BiOCl
under visible light irradiation within 30 min. The RhB
Fig. 5 FTIR spectra of BiPO , BiOCl and 5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO
4
4
solution was degraded by pure BiPO sample under vis-
4
samples synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
ible light irradiation for 2.61% within 30 min. Upon cou-
pling BiPO with BiOCl, the photocatalytic activities of
4
3
−
vibration and P–O stretching vibration of PO group [34,
BiOCl/BiPO composites were gradually increased with
4
4
3
5]. FTIR spectrum of pure BiOCl sample shows the asym-
the increase in BiOCl weight content. The degradation of
−
1
metric Bi–Cl stretching vibration at 1386 cm and Bi–O
RhB solution by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO sample was 99.73%
4
−
1
stretching vibration at 533 cm [36, 37]. The vibration of
within 30 min which is almost 40 times of that by pure
3−
PO group, Bi–Cl bond and Bi–O bond were also detected
BiPO sample because of the formation of p–n junction
4
4
in the BiOCl/BiPO composites.
between BiPO as an n-type semiconductor and BiOCl as
4
4
The photonic absorbance in the UV–visible region of
a p-type semiconductor. The 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%
the as-prepared BiPO , BiOCl and BiOCl/BiPO samples
BiOCl/BiPO composites showed RhB photodegradation
4
4
4
(
Fig. 6) was studied by UV–visible absorption spectros-
of 8.72%, 26.50% and 81.29%, respectively. Moreover,
the apparent rate reactions were demonstrated through
a pseudo-ꢂrst-order model for photodegradation of RhB
over the photocatalysts as the results shown in Fig. 8d. The
reaction kinetics of the RhB solution was ꢂtted according
to the following equation:
copy. Clearly, pure BiPO sample shows good absorption
4
in the UV region with the absorption edge of 438 nm,
while pure BiOCl sample presents the excellent UV–vis-
ible absorption in the range of 200 nm and 800 nm. For
5
–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites, they show similar
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
2
Fig. 6 a UV–visible absorption and b (αhν) versus hν plot of BiPO , BiOCl and 5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO samples synthesized by the micro-
4
4
wave-assisted hydrothermal method
Degradation investigation of diꢀerent initial RhB con-
centrations by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites was tested
4
under visible light irradiation as the results shown in Fig. 9.
In this research, the intensities of RhB at λ = 554 nm
max
slowly decreased with an increase in the irradiation time.
The degradation eꢁciencies of RhB solutions with the initial
−
5
−5
−5
concentrations of 1.0×10 M, 1.5×10 M, 2.0×10 M,
−
5
−5
2
6
.5×10 M and 3.0×10 M were 100.00, 99.73, 81.38,
3.89 and 55.04%, respectively.
To evaluate the ability of photocatalysts, decolorization of
RhB by diꢀerent photocatalysts was compared and is sum-
marized in Table 1. The photocatalytic performance of the
current photocatalyst is in the same range as those of other
photocatalysts. Researchers have developed new photocata-
lysts by using diꢀerent reaction conditions to achieve the
best photocatalytic materials. There are diꢀerent parameters
used to control photocatalysis, such as irradiation time, ratio
of catalyst to RhB solution, photocatalytic materials and
radiation source.
Fig. 7 PL emission of BiPO and 5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO4 samples
4
synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
ꢀ
ꢁ = kt,
t
The photocatalytic stability of 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO
4
ln C ∕C
0
(1)
was tested for five cycles (Fig. 10). Obviously, the pho-
where C is the concentration of dye solution at an initial
tocatalytic efficiency of 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO at the con-
0
4
irradiation time, C is the concentration of dye at the time of
clusion of the fifth recycle was 80.24%. The test indi-
t
−
1
t and k is the ꢂrst-order rate constant (min ) obtained from
cated that the as-prepared 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO has good
4
the slope of the ꢂtted linear line of ln (C /C ) versus time
photostability for photodegradation of RhB within five
0
t
[
40]. The apparent pseudo-ꢂrst-order rate constant values
cycles.
−
4
were calculated to be 6.8475×10 , 0.0034, 0.0103, 0.0557
In addition, photodegradation intermediates during the
−
1
and 0.1486 min for pure BiPO , 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%
RhB degradation process by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO com-
4
4
and 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites, respectively.
posites were analyzed by direct mass spectrometry (MS)
4
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
Fig. 8 UV–visible absorption of RhB solutions containing a pure
BiPO and b 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites. c Decolorization eꢁ-
of RhB by BiPO and 5–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO samples induced by
4
4
visible light irradiation within 30 min
4
4
ciency of RhB and d pseudo-ꢂrst-order kinetics for photodegradation
as the results shown in Fig. 11. The MS results showed
three sharp m/z peaks at 331, 359 and 387 which were
identiꢂed as N-deethylated intermediates containing rho-
damine (R, m/z = 331), N,N,N′-triethylrhodamine (DER,
m/z = 415.2), N,N-diethylrhodamine (DR, m/z = 387),
N-ethyl-N-ethylrhodamine (EER, m/z = 387) and N-ethyl-
rhodamine (ER, m/z = 359) [49, 50]. Except for the above
intermediates, organic acids and aromatic ring at small
peaks such as hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic
acid and aromatic ring-opening oxidation products were
also detected [51–53]. In the end, the intermediates were
degraded by strong hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superox-
Conclusions
In this research, 0–20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites were suc-
4
cessfully prepared by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal
method for 30 min. The analytical results showed that BiOCl/
BiPO composites contain nanoplates of tetragonal BiOCl and
4
rod-shaped monoclinic BiPO . Photocatalytic eꢁciencies were
4
investigated through photodegradation of RhB under visible
light irradiation within 30 min. The BiOCl nanoplates were
beneꢂcial for enhancing visible light absorption. The 20 wt%
BiOCl/BiPO composites have the highest photocatalytic per-
4
formance of RhB induced by xenon visible light. In addition,
−
ide anion radical (·O ) to produce H O and CO as ꢂnal
the 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO sample is a promising photocatalyst
2
2
2
4
products.
with good stability used for environmental puriꢂcation.
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
Fig. 9 UV–visible absorption of RhB solutions containing
a
f Decolorization eꢁciency of the solutions with diꢀerent concentra-
−
5
−5
−5
−5
1
3
.0×10 M, b 1.5×10 M, c 2.0×10 M, d 2.5×10 M and e
tions of RhB by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites
4
−
5
.0×10 M of RhB solutions by 20 wt% BiOCl/BiPO composites.
4
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Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
Table 1 Photocatalytic performance of diꢀerent photocatalysts
Photocatalyst
Catalyst: solu-
tion (g:ml)
Initial concen-
tration (M)
Reaction condition
Decolorization
eꢁciency (%)
References
5
BiOCl/BiPO4
0.20:200
0.10:250
0.10:100
0.04:80
0.05:50
0.10:200
0.15:150
0.04:30
–
1.5×10−
30 min, 35 W xenon lamp
180 min, 50 W LED lamp
30 min, 500 W xenon lamp
180 min, visible light
15 min, 150 W xenon lamp
6 min, 300 W xenon lamp
60 min, 35 W xenon lamp
40 min, 280 W xenon lamp
180 min, 300 W xenon lamp
99.73
99.20
96.60
100.00
94.40
100.00
96.00
99.00
94.66
This research
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
−
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Fe O /ZnO/BiOI/PANI
1.0×10
3
4
Bi O /BiOBr
1.0×10−
2
4
−
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C N )
1.0×10
3
4
N-doped Bi O /g-C N
1.0×10−
2
3
3
4
−
WO –BiOCl Br0.75
2.0×10
3
0.25
BiOIO3
2.0×10−
−
Cotton cellulose/CdS
Fe O @SiO @TiO
2.6×10
3.0×10−
3
4
2
2
Acknowledgements We wish to thank Thailand Research Fund (TRF)
for providing ꢂnancial support through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.
Program, and Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technol-
ogy, Chiang Mai University, for ꢂnancial support under the administra-
tion of Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Thailand.
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