30766-03-1

Basic information

• Product Name: 4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid
• Synonyms: AKOS BBS-00005794;4-BROMOPICOLINIC ACID;4-BROMOPYRIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID;4-BROMO-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID;4-BROMO-2-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID;IFLAB-BB F1926-0016;AURORA 23242;OTAVA-BB BB7017520050
• CAS NO: 30766-03-1
• Molecular Formula: C₆H₄BrNO₂
• Molecular Weight: 202.01
• EINECS: -0
• Product Categories: blocks;Bromides;Carboxes;Pyridines;Acids and Derivatives;Heterocycles;pharmacetical;Pyridine series;Pyridine;Organohalides;Aromatics Compounds;Aromatics
• Mol File: 30766-03-1.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 172-174
• Boiling Point: 347.8 °C at 760 mmHg
• Flash Point: 164.2 °C
• Appearance: Fine needles
• Density: 1.813 g/cm³
• Vapor Pressure: 1.97E-05mmHg at 25°C
• Storage Temp.: -20°C Freezer
• Solubility: Sparingly Soluble in DMSO, Methanol, Water
• PKA: 3.25±0.10(Predicted)
• Water Solubility: Sparingly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide , methanol and water.
• CAS DataBase Reference: 4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid(30766-03-1)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid(30766-03-1)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xi
• Statements: 20/21/22
• Safety Statements: 24/25-36/37
• HazardClass: IRRITANT
• Hazardous Substances Data: 30766-03-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

Used in Synthetic Chemistry:
4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate for the production of various compounds in the chemical industry. Its unique structure allows for the creation of a wide range of derivatives, making it a versatile building block in organic synthesis.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate in the development of pharmaceutical compounds. Its structural properties enable the synthesis of new drugs with potential therapeutic applications.
Used in Agrochemical Industry:
In the agrochemical industry, 4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid is utilized as a synthetic intermediate for the production of various agrochemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides. Its chemical properties make it a valuable component in the development of these products.
Used in Dye Industry:
4-Bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid is also employed as a synthetic intermediate in the dye industry. Its unique chemical structure allows for the creation of new dyes with specific color properties and improved performance characteristics.

InChI:InChI=1/C6H4BrNO2/c7-4-1-2-8-5(3-4)6(9)10/h1-3H,(H,9,10)/p-1

Synthetic route

4-bromo-2-methylpyridine (22282-99-1) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium permanganate In water at 80℃;	33%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-methylpyridine With potassium permanganate; water at 20℃; for 6.5h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride; water pH=4;	22%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-methylpyridine With potassium permanganate; water for 6.5h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water pH=4;	22%

4-bromo-2-cyanopyridine (62150-45-2) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-cyanopyridine With sodium hydroxide In water Reflux; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water at 130℃; for 0.333333h; pH=1 - 2;	20%

2-methylpyridine N-oxide (931-19-1) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: 95 percent / H2SO4, fuming HNO3 / 2 h / 100 - 105 °C 2: 85 percent / PCl3 / CHCl3 / 3 h / Ambient temperature 3: 61 percent / AcBr / 6 h / Heating 4: KMnO4 / H2O / Heating View Scheme

2-methyl-4-nitro-pyridine (13508-96-8) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 61 percent / AcBr / 6 h / Heating 2: KMnO4 / H2O / Heating View Scheme

2-methyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide (5470-66-6) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 85 percent / PCl3 / CHCl3 / 3 h / Ambient temperature 2: 61 percent / AcBr / 6 h / Heating 3: KMnO4 / H2O / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: iron; acetic acid / 2 h / 20 - 100 °C 2: hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 16.5 h / -10 - 20 °C 3: potassium permanganate / water / 6.5 h / 20 °C / Heating / reflux View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1.1: iron; acetic acid / 2 h / 20 - 100 °C 2.1: hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 16.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 3.1: potassium permanganate / water / 6.5 h / 20 °C / Heating / reflux 3.2: pH 4 View Scheme

3-methyl-4-pyridinamine (18437-58-6) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 16.5 h / -10 - 20 °C 2: potassium permanganate / water / 6.5 h / 20 °C / Heating / reflux View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1.1: hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 16.5 h / 0 - 20 °C 2.1: potassium permanganate / water / 6.5 h / 20 °C / Heating / reflux 2.2: pH 4 View Scheme

4-bromopyridin (1120-87-2) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1.1: 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid / diethyl ether / 17 h / 20 °C 2.1: triethylamine / acetonitrile / 3.5 h / Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Reflux 3.1: sodium hydroxide / water / Reflux 3.2: 0.33 h / 130 °C / pH 1 - 2 View Scheme

4-bromopyridine-1-oxide (14248-50-1) → 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1.1: triethylamine / acetonitrile / 3.5 h / Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Reflux 2.1: sodium hydroxide / water / Reflux 2.2: 0.33 h / 130 °C / pH 1 - 2 View Scheme

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + N,0-dimethylhydroxylamine (1117-97-1) → 4-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid N-methoxy-N-methyl-amide (1005342-94-8)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 2h;	100%

(5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)boronic acid (89488-25-5) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)picolinic acid

Conditions	Yield
With sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 87 - 88℃; for 29h; Inert atmosphere;	100%

di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (24424-99-5) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → tert-butyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (1289210-83-8)

Conditions	Yield
With dmap In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 16h;	97.25%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → (4-bromopyridin-2-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (207799-10-8)

Conditions	Yield
	93%
	93%
	93%

5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid (89694-48-4) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)picolinic acid

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water for 16h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	92%

methyl 4-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate (89499-43-4) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → methyl 4-(4-bromopicolinamido)thiophene-2-carboxylate (1354412-71-7)

Conditions	Yield
With 4-methyl-morpholine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 6h;	90%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + tert-butyl alcohol (75-65-0) → tert-butyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (1289210-83-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyridine; p-toluenesulfonyl chloride at 0 - 20℃;	89%
With pyridine; p-toluenesulfonyl chloride at 0℃; for 16h;

[{Ir(ppy)2(μ-Cl)}2] + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → Ir(2-phenylpyridine)2(pyridine-2-carboxylate-Br)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium carbonate In acetone Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	87%

ethanol (64-17-5) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → ethyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (62150-47-4)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid at 20 - 70℃; for 12h;	86%
With sulfuric acid at 60℃; for 6h;	73.6%
With sulfuric acid for 3.5h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	40%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + 2-phenoxyaniline (2688-84-8) → C18H13BrN2O2

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 25℃; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Temperature;	86%

4-fluoroboronic acid (1765-93-1) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → C12H8FNO2

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); potassium carbonate In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; water at 98℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere;	85.8%
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;

propylamine (107-10-8) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-bromo-N-propylpyridine-2-carboxamide (1289051-27-9)

Conditions	Yield
With 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazol hydrate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In acetonitrile at 20℃;	84%

N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine*hydrochloride (6638-79-5) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid N-methoxy-N-methyl-amide (1005342-94-8)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 10℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine*hydrochloride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 16h;	83%
With 4-methyl-morpholine; benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 12h;	44%
With 4-methyl-morpholine; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 16h;	5 g

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + 3,4-(methylenedioxy)-benzeneboronic acid (94839-07-3) → C13H9NO4

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); potassium carbonate In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; water at 98℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere;	82.1%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + N,N-diethylethylenediamine (100-36-7) → 4-bromo-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)picolinamide (1420844-63-8)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With O-(N-succinimidyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 60℃; for 3h; Stage #2: N,N-diethylethylenediamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 2h;	82%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + 3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (5378-35-8) → N-(3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-bromopicolinamide (1262044-02-9)

Conditions	Yield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 1h;	81%

glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride (5680-79-5) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → methyl 2-(4-bromopicolinamido)acetate (1289199-67-2)

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃;	79.8%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + phenylboronic acid (98-80-6) → 4-phenylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid (52565-56-7)

Conditions	Yield
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 90℃; for 8h; Inert atmosphere;	78.9%
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere;

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylboronic acid (139301-27-2) → C13H8F3NO3

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); potassium carbonate In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; water at 98℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere;	77.7%

3-trifluoromethylaniline (98-16-8) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-bromo-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridine-2-carboxamide (1454657-40-9)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With 4-methyl-morpholine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.166667h; Stage #2: 3-trifluoromethylaniline In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 21h; Time;	76%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With 4-methyl-morpholine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.166667h; Stage #2: 3-trifluoromethylaniline In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 21h; Reagent/catalyst; Time;	76%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + methyl iodide (74-88-4) → methyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (29681-42-3)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; Inert atmosphere;	75.3%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + tert-butyl alcohol (75-65-0) → (4-bromopyridin-2-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (207799-10-8)

Conditions	Yield
With diphenylphosphoranyl azide; triethylamine for 26h; Heating;	74%

O-(tert-butyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (39684-28-1) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid tert-butoxyamide (1431470-36-8)

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 18h;	74%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; triethylamine In dichloromethane Stage #2: O-(tert-butyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 18h;	74%

3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (193269-78-2) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → tert-butyl 3-(4-bromopicolinamido)azetidine-1-carboxylate

Conditions	Yield
With 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃;	74%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + diazomethyl-trimethyl-silane (18107-18-1) → methyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (29681-42-3)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; diethyl ether; ethyl acetate at 0 - 20℃; for 1.5h;	73%
In tetrahydrofuran; ethyl acetate at 0 - 20℃; for 5.08h; Product distribution / selectivity;	62%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid; diazomethyl-trimethyl-silane With methanol In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Stage #2: With acetic acid In tetrahydrofuran; methanol; water	60%

(3-bromophenyl)boronic acid (89598-96-9) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → C12H8BrNO2

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); potassium carbonate In 1,2-dimethoxyethane; water at 98℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere;	71.9%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) + aniline (62-53-3) → 4-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide (1454657-45-4)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With 4-methyl-morpholine; HATU In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.166667h; Stage #2: aniline In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 66h;	71%
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With 4-methyl-morpholine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.166667h; Stage #2: aniline In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 66h;	71%

styrene (292638-84-7) + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 2-chloro-1-phenylethyl 4-bromopicolinate

Conditions	Yield
With tert-butylhypochlorite In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 40℃; for 1h; Schlenk technique;	70%

4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxamide (62150-46-3)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid With 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 0.25h; Stage #2: With ammonium hydroxide In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 2h;	68%

[Ir(F2PPy)2Cl]2 + 4-bromo-2-picolinic acid (30766-03-1) → Ir(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine)2(pyridine-2-carboxylate-4-Br)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium carbonate In acetone Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	68%

Upstream product

• 22282-99-1 4-bromo-2-methylpyridine 
• 13508-96-8 2-methyl-4-nitro-pyridine 
• 18437-58-6 3-methyl-4-pyridinamine 
• 29681-42-3 methyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate 
• 5470-66-6 2-methyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide 
• 931-19-1 2-methylpyridine N-oxide 
• 62150-45-2 4-bromo-2-cyanopyridine 
• 14248-50-1 4-bromopyridine-1-oxide 
• 1120-87-2 4-bromopyridin 

Downstream Products

• 131747-45-0 4-bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine 
• 29681-42-3 methyl 4-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate 
• 64197-01-9 4-bromopyridine-2-carbonyl chloride 
• 192933-03-2 2-{[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy]methyl}-4-bromopyridine 
• 192933-05-4 2-{[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy]methyl}-4-[4-(4-hydroxytetrahydropyranyl)]pyridine 
• 131747-63-2 4-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde 
• 108337-74-2 2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-bromo-2-pyridyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-β-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)ethyl ester 5-methyl ester 
• 1186336-23-1 C₁₆H₁₇BrN₂O₂ 
• 1005342-94-8 4-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid N-methoxy-N-methyl-amide 
• 1254364-48-1 C₃₀H₃₆BBrN₄O₇ 
• 1262044-08-5 C₁₃H₉BrN₂O₂ 
• 1262044-07-4 N-(3-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)phenyl)-4-bromopicolinamide 
• 1262044-02-9 N-(3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-bromopicolinamide 
• 1261277-27-3 C₂₉H₂₃BrN₄O₃S 

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SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULE REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION

The present invention makes available methods and reagents for modulating proliferation or differentiation in a cell or tissue comprising contacting the cell with a compound. In certain embodiments, the methods and reagents may be employed to correct or inhibit an aberrant or unwanted growth state, e.g., by antagonizing a normal patched pathway or agonizing smoothened orhedgehog activity.

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULE REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION

The present invention makes available methods and reagents for modulating proliferation or differentiation in a cell or tissue comprising contacting the cell with a compound. In certain embodiments, the methods and reagents may be employed to correct or inhibit an aberrant or unwanted growth state, e.g., by antagonizing a normal patched pathway or agonizing smoothened orhedgehog activity.

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULE REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION

The present invention makes available methods and reagents for modulating proliferation or differentiation in a cell or tissue comprising contacting the cell with a compound. In certain embodiments, the methods and reagents may be employed to correct or inhibit an aberrant or unwanted growth state, e.g., by antagonizing a normal patched pathway or agonizing smoothened or hedgehog activity.

PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS

The present invention provides improved synthetic methods for the preparation of compounds that modulate proliferation or differentiation in a cell or tissue.