40473-01-6

Basic information

• Product Name: 2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine
• Synonyms: 2-BROMO-5-CHLOROPYRIDINE;IFLAB-BB F2124-0201;2-Brome-5-chloropyridine;2-BROMO-5-CHLOROPYRIDINE, 98.5%;2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine,98%;2-BroMoo-5-chloropyridine;2-BroMo-5-chloropyridine, 98% 5GR;2-broMo-5-chloropyridin
• CAS NO: 40473-01-6
• Molecular Formula: C₅H₃BrClN
• Molecular Weight: 192.44
• Product Categories: blocks;Bromides;Pyridines;Pyridine;Pyridine Series;Pyridines, Pyrimidines, Purines and Pteredines;Halides;Bromopyridines;Chloropyridines;Halopyridines;Boronic Acid
• Mol File: 40473-01-6.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 65-69 °C
• Boiling Point: 128 °C / 16mmHg
• Flash Point: 82 °C
• Appearance: Beige to yellow-brown/Powder
• Density: 1.736 g/cm³
• Vapor Pressure: 0.257mmHg at 25°C
• Refractive Index: 1.581
• Storage Temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
• PKA: -1.49±0.10(Predicted)
• Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
• CAS DataBase Reference: 2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine(40473-01-6)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine(40473-01-6)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xn,Xi
• Statements: 36/37/38-20/22-20/2236/37/38-20/21/22
• Safety Statements: 36/37/39-26-22-22 26 36/37/39-36
• RIDADR: Cool, dry,tightly closed
• HazardClass: IRRITANT
• Hazardous Substances Data: 40473-01-6(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

Used in Agrochemicals:
2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine is used as an organic intermediate for the development of agrochemicals, specifically in the synthesis of pesticides and herbicides. Its unique structure allows for the creation of compounds that can effectively target and control pests and weeds in agricultural settings.
Used in Pharmaceuticals:
In the pharmaceutical industry, 2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine is utilized as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various medicinal compounds. Its presence in these molecules can contribute to their biological activity, making it a valuable component in drug discovery and development.
Used in Dyestuff:
2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine is also employed in the dyestuff field, where it serves as an intermediate for the production of dyes and pigments. Its chemical properties enable the creation of colorants with specific characteristics, such as stability and solubility, which are essential for various applications.
Used in the Synthesis of Halopyridinylboronic Acids and Esters:
2-Bromo-5-chloropyridine is used as a starting material in the synthesis of novel halopyridinylboronic acids and esters. These compounds have potential applications in materials science, as they can be used to form new types of polymers and other advanced materials with unique properties.

InChI:InChI=1/C5H3BrClN/c6-5-2-1-4(7)3-8-5/h1-3H

Synthetic route

5-chloro-2-pyridylamine (1072-98-6) → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen bromide; bromine; sodium nitrite In water at 0 - 10℃; for 1.5h;	93%
Stage #1: 5-chloro-2-pyridylamine With hydrogen bromide; bromine; sodium nitrite In water at 0℃; for 1h; Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide In water; ethyl acetate	91%
With hydrogen bromide; bromine; sodium nitrite In water at 0℃; for 1h;	91%

5-chloro-2-pyridylamine (1072-98-6) → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 2-bromo-1,3-benzothiazole (2516-40-7)

Conditions	Yield
	A 70% B n/a

2,5 dichloropyridine (16110-09-1) → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
With trimethylsilyl bromide In various solvent(s) Heating;	67%

5-chloro-2-pyridinol (4214-79-3) → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
With phosphorus(V) oxybromide for 16h; Heating / reflux;

propanal (5-chloropyridin-2-yl)hydrazone → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: polyphosphoric acid / 0.08 h / 160 - 180 °C 2: bromine; hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 1.5 h / 0 - 10 °C View Scheme

butanal (5-chloropyridin-2-yl)hydrazone → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: polyphosphoric acid / 0.08 h / 160 - 180 °C 2: bromine; hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 1.5 h / 0 - 10 °C View Scheme

phenylethanal (5-chloropyridin-2-yl)hydrazone → 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: polyphosphoric acid / 0.08 h / 160 - 180 °C 2: bromine; hydrogen bromide; sodium nitrite / water / 1.5 h / 0 - 10 °C View Scheme

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + triphenylbismuthane (603-33-8) → 5-chloro-2-phenylpyridine (58254-76-5)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 110℃; for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	98%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-benzonitrile (453568-66-6) → 3-(5-(5-choro-2-pyridyl)-2-furyl)-benzonitrile (453568-67-7)

Conditions	Yield
With hexamethyldistannane; Pd(PPh3)4 In hexane; dichloromethane; chloroform; ethyl acetate	97.5%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + tris(4-chlorophenyl)bismuthane (5575-51-9) → 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 110℃; for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	96%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 2-vinylbenzeneboronic acid (15016-42-9) → 5-chloro-2-(2-vinylphenyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); caesium carbonate In ethanol; toluene at 100℃; for 8h; Inert atmosphere;	96%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + tris-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-bismuthine (90591-48-3) → 5-chloro-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 110℃; for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	95%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + phenylboronic acid (98-80-6) → 5-chloro-2-phenylpyridine (58254-76-5)

Conditions	Yield
With [Pd(N-(3-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-N'-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium)(PPh3)Cl2]; potassium carbonate In water at 70℃; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling;	94%
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); sodium carbonate In ethanol; water; toluene for 12h; Suzuki Coupling; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;
With potassium phosphate tribasic heptahydrate; palladium diacetate In water; isopropyl alcohol at 80℃;
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); sodium carbonate In ethanol; water; toluene for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + methanol (67-56-1) + carbon monoxide (201230-82-2) → methyl 5-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate (132308-19-1)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; palladium diacetate; 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene at 50℃; under 775.743 Torr; for 24h;	93%
With triethylamine; 1,1'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; palladium diacetate at 50℃; under 775.743 Torr; for 24h;	93%
With triethylamine; 1,1'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; palladium diacetate at 50℃; under 775.743 Torr; for 24h;	93%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + indole-2,3-dione (91-56-5) → 8-chloro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-11-one

Conditions	Yield
With copper(II) acetate monohydrate; sodium hydrogencarbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 10h;	91%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 5-methoxyisatine (39755-95-8) → 8-chloro-2-methoxy-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one

Conditions	Yield
With copper(II) acetate monohydrate; sodium hydrogencarbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 10h;	91%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + (R)-ethyl 3-(3-amino-5-fluoro-4-(isobutyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)phenyl)butanoate → (R)-ethyl 3-(3-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)-5-fluoro-4-(isobutyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)phenyl)butanoate

Conditions	Yield
With palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate; 2,2'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl In toluene at 100℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;	91%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + ethyl 4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-3(5)-carboxylate (179692-09-2) → ethyl 1-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (1224172-54-6)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium carbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 100℃; for 2h;	90%
With potassium carbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 2h;	90%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 2-chloro-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (652148-92-0) → 5,6′-dichloro-2,2′-bipyridine

Conditions	Yield
With dichloro[1,1'-bis(di-t-butylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II); triethylamine In tetrahydrofuran; water at 20℃; for 2h; Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	90%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 4-Phenyl-1-butyne (16520-62-0) → 5-chloro-2-(4-phenylbut-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine (1428857-25-3)

Conditions	Yield
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; copper(l) iodide; triethylamine at 20℃; for 0.5h; Sonogashira Cross-Coupling;	89%

1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (280-57-9) + 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + potassium phtalimide (1074-82-4) → 2-(2-(4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 24h;	89%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere;	88%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + methyl 2-(3-amino-4-(isobutyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-2-methylpropanoate → methyl 2-(3-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)-4-(isobutyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-2-methylpropanoate

Conditions	Yield
With tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0); caesium carbonate; 4,5-bis(diphenylphos4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthenephino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene In 1,4-dioxane at 100℃; Inert atmosphere;	89%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + methyl [(2S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1-{(2S)-2-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}butan-2-yl]carbamate (1228552-50-8) → methyl (S)-1-((S)-2-(5-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (1399843-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) In 1,4-dioxane at 80℃; for 16h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere;	88%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) → 5-chloro-2-iodo-pyridine (244221-57-6)

Conditions	Yield
With chloro-trimethyl-silane; sodium iodide In various solvent(s) for 6h; Heating;	87%
Stage #1: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With acetyl chloride; sodium iodide In acetonitrile for 3h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With potassium carbonate In water; acetonitrile at 0℃;	75%
Stage #1: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With acetyl chloride; sodium iodide In acetonitrile for 6h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With potassium carbonate In water; acetonitrile at 0℃;	75%
With chloro-trimethyl-silane; sodium iodide In acetonitrile Reflux;

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + tri(p-isopropoxyphenyl)bismuth (95149-18-1) → 5-chloro-2-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 110℃; for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	87%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + tris(4-methoxyphenyl)bismuth (33397-21-6) → 5-chloro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 110℃; for 2h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction;	86%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + triethylsilyl chloride (994-30-9) → 2-bromo-5-chloro-4-(triethylsilyl)pyridine

Conditions	Yield
With n-butyllithium; diisopropylamine In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -20℃; for 1.25h;	86%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + S-Methylisothiourea sulfate (867-44-7) → 5-chloro-2-(methylsulfanyl)pyridine (89379-91-9)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate In dimethyl sulfoxide at 80℃; for 5h;	86%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + N,N-dimethyl acetamide (127-19-5) → 1-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethan-1-one (94952-46-2)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With sec.-butyllithium In diethyl ether; hexane at -60℃; for 2h; Stage #2: N,N-dimethyl acetamide In diethyl ether; hexane for 3h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride; water In diethyl ether; hexane	85%
Stage #1: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With n-butyllithium In diethyl ether; hexane at -78℃; Stage #2: N,N-dimethyl acetamide In diethyl ether; hexane for 0.5h;	59%
With n-butyllithium In diethyl ether; hexane at -78℃; for 0.5h;	59%
Stage #1: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With sec.-butyllithium In cyclohexane at -74℃; for 1.66667h; Stage #2: N,N-dimethyl acetamide In diethyl ether; cyclohexane at -74℃; for 1.66667h;

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 2-Methylphenylboronic acid (16419-60-6) → 5-chloro-2-(o-tolyl)pyridine (1345043-96-0)

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); sodium carbonate In ethanol; water; toluene Reflux;	84%
With Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling;

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + N-boc-2-pyrroleboronic acid (135884-31-0) → tert-butyl 2-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxylate

Conditions	Yield
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; sodium carbonate In tetrahydrofuran; water Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	84%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 5-(chloromethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (22625-57-6) → 5-(chloromethyl)-3-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (1093752-23-8)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate; 4,5-bis(diphenylphos4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthenephino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene; tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) In 1,4-dioxane at 85℃; for 12h;	83%
With tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0); caesium carbonate; 4,5-bis(diphenylphos4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthenephino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene In 1,4-dioxane at 80℃;

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) → 5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl hydrazine (27032-63-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrazine hydrate In isopropyl alcohol for 10h; Reflux;	82%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + benzyl (4R)-2,2-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate (271260-90-3) → (R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-4-(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1-butanol (271261-12-2)

Conditions

Yield

Stage #1: benzyl (4R)-2,2-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate With 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dimer In toluene at 80 - 85℃; hydroboration; Stage #2: 2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine With sodium hydroxide; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide In toluene at 90℃; Suzuki cross-coupling; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In methanol for 24h; Ring cleavage; Further stages.;

81%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 5-chloroindole 2,3-dione (17630-76-1) → 2,8-dichloro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one

Conditions	Yield
With copper(II) acetate monohydrate; sodium hydrogencarbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 10h;	81%

2-Bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (40473-01-6) + 4-{3-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}pyrrolidin-2-one → 1-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-4-[3-{4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one

Conditions	Yield
With palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate; 2,2'-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl In toluene at 120℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;	81%

Upstream product

• 1072-98-6 5-chloro-2-pyridylamine 
• 4214-79-3 5-chloro-2-pyridinol 
• 16110-09-1 2,5 dichloropyridine 

Downstream Products

• 942206-10-2 5-chloro-2'-fluoro-2,3'-bipyridine 
• 28373-55-9 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-5-chloropyridine 
• 89809-64-3 2-cyano-5-chloropyridine 
• 1071436-17-3 [(R)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-[6-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine 
• 58254-76-5 5-chloro-2-phenylpyridine 
• 27032-65-1 cyclohexanone (5-chloropyridin-2-yl)hydrazone 
• 1072-98-6 5-chloro-2-pyridylamine 
• 1394062-37-3 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido-[3',4':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine 
• 27032-63-9 5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl hydrazine 

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PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES

A compound represented by formula (I): (wherein Ar1 represents a phenyl group which may have 1 to 3 substituents, or a non-substituted 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group; Ar2 represents (i) a non-substituted phenyl group, (ii) a phenyl group which has been substituted by a lower alkyl group having 1 to 3 groups or atoms selected from among a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, and a halogen atom, or (iii) a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group which has been substituted by 1 to 3 groups or atoms selected from among a lower alkyl group, a lower alkynyl group, a lower alkanoyl group, a carbamoyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, and a halogen atom; and X represents a group represented by formula (II): (wherein the ring structure represents a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic group which may have, in addition to the nitrogen atom shown in formula (II), one heteroatom selected from among nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and which may be substituted by 1 to 4 groups or atoms selected from among a lower alkyl group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, an oxo group, a lower alkanoyl group, a lower alkylsulfonyl group, and a halogen atom)), a salt thereof, a solvate of the compound or the salt, and a drug.

AMIDOPYRAZOLE DERIVATIVE

A platelet coagulation inhibitor which inhibits neither COX-1 nor COX-2 is provided. The inhibitor is a compound represented by general formula (I): wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents, or a phenyl group optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents; R1 represents a lower acyl group, carboxyl group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a lower alkyl group optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents, a carbamoyl group optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents, an oxamoyl group optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents, an amino group optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents, a 4- to 7-membered alicyclic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents, a phenyl group optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents, or a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents; and R2 represents hydrogen atom, a halogeno group, or the like.

POLYCYCLIC PYRIMIDINES AS POTASSIUM ION CHANNEL MODULATORS

The present invention provides a genus of polycyclic pyrimidines that are useful as modulators of potassium ion channels. The modulators of the invention are of use in both therapeutic and diagnostic methods.

POLYCYCLIC PYRIDINES AS POTASSIUM ION CHANNEL MODULATORS

The present invention provides a genus of polycyclic pyridines that are useful as modulators of potassium ion channels. The modulators of the invention are of use in both therapeutic and diagnostic methods.

Polycyclic pyrazines as potassium ion channel modulators

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Azabicyclic compounds for the treatment of disease

The invention provides compounds of Formula I: wherein Azabicyclo is W is a six-membered heterocyclic ring system having 1-2 nitrogen atoms or a 10-membered bicyclic-six-six-fused-ring system having up to two nitrogen atoms within either or both rings, provided that no nitrogen is at a bridge of the bicyclic-six-six-fused-ring system, and further having 1-2 substitutents independently selected from R3. These compounds may be in the form of pharmaceutical salts or compositions, may be in pure enantiomeric form or racemic mixtures, and are useful in pharmaceuticals to treat diseases or conditions in which α7 is known to be involved.

Silyl-mediated halogen/halogen displacement in pyridines and other heterocycles

Heating with bromotrimethylsilane converts 2-chloropyridine into 2-bromopyridine and 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine into 2-bromo-6-methylpyridine. Both 2-chloropyridines and 2-bromopyridines give the corresponding iodo compound when treated with in situ generated iodotrimethylsilane. Although 3- and 4-chloropyridine are completely inert, 2,4-dichloropyridine undergoes the halogen/halogen exchange simultaneously at the 2- and 4-position. Halogen displacement takes place exclusively at the 2-position with 2,3-dichloropyridine and 2,5-dichloropyridine. In agreement with the intermediacy of N-trimethylsilylpyridinium salts as a prerequisite for the occurrence of halogen exchange, neither 2-fluoropyridine and 2-fluoro-6-methylpyridine nor any 2,6-dihalopyridine reacts. Finally, bromine/chlorine and iodine/chlorine substitution can also be accomplished with 2-or 4-chloroquinoline, 1-chloroisoquinoline, 2-chloropyrimidine, chloropyrazine and 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline as substrates. ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002).