Diels-Alder approach to polysubstituted biaryls: Rapid entry to tri- and tetra-ortho-substituted phosphorus-containing biaryls

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200602683

Rapid construction: A Diels-Alder-based approach to the synthesis of highly functionalized biaryls from readily available precursors is disclosed. The utility of these biaryl templates in palladium-mediated couplings is explored along with subsequent redu

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200602683

Angewandte
Chemie
Biaryl Synthesis
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602683
Diels–Alder Approach to Polysubstituted Biaryls:
Rapid Entry to Tri- and Tetra-ortho-substituted
Phosphorus-Containing Biaryls**
Bradley O. Ashburn and Rich G. Carter*
Biaryl compounds have garnered considerable synthetic
interest as a result of their presence as a structural motif in
natural products[1,2] and their utility as ligands in metal
catalysis.[3] While synthetic methods have been reported for
the construction of selected biaryls, innovative strategies are
needed to broaden their accessibility. Effective methods for
the synthesis of biaryl linkages have progressed dramatically
in recent years, primarily as a result of the use of palladium-
mediated strategies, such as the Kharasch, Negishi, Stille, and
Suzuki reactions.[1a] Of equal recent importance are the
considerable contributions in the area of iron-catalyzed
couplings[4] and the use of other metals, such as manganese,[5]
nickel,[6] and copper.[7] Although these approaches have
yielded valuable routes to the target functionality, limitations
in their effectiveness have been observed. For example,
although successful cases do exist,[8] tetra-ortho-substituted
biaryls often prove difficult to construct.[2b,9] One rational for
this lack of general availability is due to the added degree of
difficulty in coupling two bis-ortho-substituted aryl precur-
sors.[10]
A conceptually different approach to the synthesis of
biaryls is the use of a Diels–Alder cycloaddition. Diels–Alder
reactions are well documented for their generality and broad
applicability.[11] Despite this factor, no general approach to
biaryl compounds using a cycloaddition strategy has been
reported.[12] One added advantage to this Diels–Alder
approach is the ability to incorporate functional-group
combinations (e.g., halogenated biaryls) that would not be
readily accessible by traditional metal-mediated aryl–aryl
couplings. In addition, the proper choice of substituents on
the diene and dienophile should allow for the combination of
the atom-economic benefits of cycloadditions with the power
of subsequent metal-mediated couplings on the Diels–Alder
adducts. Herein, we disclose our application of this concept to
[*] B. O. Ashburn, Prof. R. G. Carter
Department of Chemistry
Oregon State University (OSU)
Corvallis, OR 97331 (USA)
Fax: (+1)541-737-9496
E-mail: rich.carter@oregonstate.edu
[**] Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation
(CHE-0549884). The authors would also like to thank Professor Max
Deinzer (OSU) and Dr. Jeff MorrØ (OSU) for mass-spectral data, Dr.
Lev Zakharov (OSU) for the X-ray crystallographic analysis of 14,
and Dr. Roger Hanselmann (Rib-X Pharmaceuticals) for his helpful
discussions.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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the rapid synthesis of a series of phosphorus-containing tri-
and tetra-ortho-substituted biaryls.
The dienophile subunit can be constructed quickly from
the commercially available toluene derivative 1 (Scheme 1).
Treatment of 1 with the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)
its benzyl ether was employed to improve solubility for
subsequent transformations. X-ray crystallographic analysis
of biaryl 14 shows the perpendicular orientation of the biaryl
linkage (Figure 1).[18]
Scheme 1. Synthesis of phosphorus-containing dienophiles. Reagents
and conditions: a) (MeO)2CH(NMe2), DMF, 1358C; then NaIO4, DMF,
H2O, 08C (67%); b) 3, K2CO3, MeOH (85%); c) LDA, ClP(O)R2
(0.8 equiv).
dimethyl acetal at 1358C followed by addition to a cooled
(08C) solution of NaIO4 in aqueous DMF yielded the
aldehyde 2.[13] This approach is based on a protocol developed
by researchers at Pfizer;[14] however, use of their exact
conditions led to formation of a significant amount of by-
products. We found that cooling of the enamine solution to
08C and rapid addition to a vigorously stirred solution of
NaIO4 at 08C completely suppressed the formation of these
impurities. Reaction of the aldehyde 2 with the Ohira–
Bestmann reagent[15] 3 provided the desired alkyne 4.
Subsequent lithiation with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA;
1 equiv) followed by the addition of the requisite electro-
philes (0.8 equiv) generated the dienophiles 5–7 in high yields
(> 80%).
Figure 1. X-ray crystal structure of biaryl 14 as an ORTEP representa-
tion. Ellipsoids are shown at the 30% probability level.
Diels–Alder cycloadditions with acetylenic phosphonates
are not limited to the Brassard diene (Scheme 3). Treatment
of dienophiles 5–7 with the commercially available tert-
butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) Danishefsky diene 15 followed by
desilylation and aromatization in situ yielded the trisubsti-
tuted biaryls 16–18. As demonstrated previously, benzylation
of the resultant phenol was performed to improve solubility
for subsequent transformations, and the yields were reported
over the two steps (61–69%). We also found that oxygenated
cyclohexadienes are active dienes for this process. The
commercially available 1-methoxy derivative 22 gave the
corresponding tetrasubstituted biaryls 23–25 in good yield
(66–71%). Finally, use of the known 1,3-dialkoxy substrate
26[19] efficiently provided the corresponding biaryls 30–32 in
67–88% yield after benzylation.
Diels–Alder cycloaddition of the dienophiles 5–7 with the
known Brassard diene 8[16] followed by aromatization in situ
using Et3N[17] yielded the target tetra-ortho-substituted biaryls
(Scheme 2). We initially employed tetrabutylammonium
Metal-mediated couplings of the halide-containing biaryls
could be accomplished in good yield (Scheme 4). As the
pentasubstituted biaryls 12–14 possessed the highest degree
of orthogonal functionalization, we decided to explore the
coupling process with this series. After screening several of
the commercially available catalyst systems developed for
sterically challenging palladium couplings (including the
Scheme 2. Synthesis of biaryls by Diels–Alder cycloaddition. Reagents
and conditions: a) PhMe, 808C, 16 h; then Et3N, 08C; b) BnBr, NaH,
DMF, THF, 08C!RT; yields reported over two steps (Bn=benzyl).
Buchwald
ligands,[20] (P(c-C6H11)3/[Pd2(dba)3] (dba =
fluoride (TBAF) to induce silyl deprotection and aromatiza-
tion; however, the yields were inconsistent and lower than
with the work-up with Et3N. This approach provides access to
aryl-and alkyls-ubstituted phosphine oxides and phospho-
nates. As a result of the highly crystalline nature of the tetra-
ortho-substituted phenolic biaryls, protection of the phenol as
dibenzylideneacetone),[21] [Pd(dppf)Cl2] (dppf = 1,1’-bis(di-
phenylphosphino)ferrocene), and Pd(OAc)2/1,3-bis(diphe-
nylphosphino)propane (dppp)[22]), we found that the Fu
[Pd(PtBu3)2] catalyst[23] proved the most effective in generat-
ing the coupled adducts 33–35. For both the Suzuki[23a] and
Stille couplings,[23b] high catalyst loading (20 mol%) and
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Scheme 5. Selected examples of Negishi couplings with biaryl 14.
Reagents and conditions: a) [Pd(PtBu3)2] (10 mol%), RZnCl
(1.5 equiv), NMP/THF, 808C, 16 h.
Table 1: Selected examples of Negishi couplings with biaryl 14.
Entry
RZnCl[a]
Yield of 36 [%]
1
2
3
4
5
6
4-methoxyphenylzinc chloride
3-methoxyphenylzinc chloride
2-methoxyphenylzinc chloride
2-methylphenylzinc chloride
2,6-dimethylphenylzinc chloride[b]
pentafluorophenylzinc chloride
59
58
0
61
66
57
[a] The organozinc species was formed by addition of the in situ
generated organomagnesium species to a solution of anhydrous zinc
chloride in THF (1m). [b] An extended reaction time (48 h) was
employed for this coupling.
withdrawing groups are tolerated. One limitation can be
found in our inability to achieve successful Negishi coupling
with 2-methoxyphenylzinc chloride (Table 1, entry 3); how-
ever, ortho-substitution on the organozinc species is tolerated
(entries 4 and 5). In fact, the more sterically hindered
examples perform better in the coupling process. Finally, the
pentafluorophenylzinc species could be cleanly coupled with
bromide 14 to yield the pentafluorophenyl product 3 6 f
(Table 1, entry 6).
Scheme 3. Exploration of the diene scope in the Diels–Alder cyclo-
addition. Reagents and conditions: a) PhMe, 808C, 16 h; then TBAF,
08C; b) BnBr, NaH, DMF, THF, 08C!RT; yields reported over two
steps; c) neat, 1558C, 24 h; d) neat, 1408C, 17 h.
The reduction of selected biaryls was also studied
(Scheme 6). The nitro arene 36e can be cleanly converted
into the corresponding amine 37 by reduction with Zn/AcOH.
Scheme 4. Negishi coupling of biaryls. Reagents and conditions:
a) [Pd(PtBu3)2] (10 mol%), PhZnCl (1.5 equiv), NMP/THF, 808C, 16 h.
NMP=N-methylpyrrolidone.
excess boronic acid or stannane (3 equiv) were required to
drive the reaction to completion. In contrast, the Negishi-style
organozinc couplings[23c] proceeded in good yield with a more
reasonable catalyst loading (10 mol%) and lower amounts of
the organozinc species (1.5 equiv). It should be noted that
nickel-catalyzed couplings are not effective on substrates such
as 12–14 because of the NO2 functionality.[23c,24]
Given the efficiency of the Negishi couplings with tetra-
ortho-substituted biaryls 12–14 and phenylzinc chloride, a
range of organozinc species was explored to gauge the
potential utility in the metal-mediated couplings
(Scheme 5). As shown in Table 1, these palladium-couplings
proved successful with a variety of substituents on the
organozinc moiety. Both electron-donating and electron-
Scheme 6. Reduction of selected biaryls. Reagents and conditions:
a) Zn, HOAc, 16 h (85%); b) [Ti(OiPr)4], PMHS, THF, 808C, 48 h
(61%); c) NaBH3CN, paraformaldehyde, MeCN, AcOH (80%);
d) BCl3, CH2Cl2, 08C, 3 h (70%).
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25.6 mmol) was slowly added. After the orange solution had been
stirred for 6 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated
aqueous NH4Cl (70 mL), diluted with EtOAc (70 mL), and washed
with H2O (70 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (70 mL). The dried
extract (MgSO4) was concentrated in vacuo. The crude product 12
was dissolved in DMF (25.6 mL) and cooled to 08C. BnBr (17.5 g,
102 mmol, 11.8 mL) and NaH (1.02 g, 25.6 mmol, 60% in mineral oil)
were added to this solution. After 8 h, the mixture was quenched with
saturated aqueous NH4Cl (100 mL), diluted with EtOAc (100 mL),
and washed with H2O (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl
(100 mL). The dried extract (MgSO4) was concentrated in vacuo
and purified by chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc/
hexanes (50:50) to give 14 (2.26 g, 3.62 mmol, 70%) as a bright-yellow
crystalline solid. M.p.: 202–2038C; IR (neat): n˜ = 2930, 1597, 1524,
1302 cmꢀ1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d = 8.09 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.2 Hz,
1H), 7.87 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.31
(m, 3H), 7.18–7.19 (m, 2H), 6.75 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J =
11.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 1.20–1.96 ppm (m, 22H);
13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): d = 159.9 (d, JC,P = 16 Hz, 1C), 158.2 (d,
After screening a broad range of conditions for the con-
version of the phosphine oxide 37 into its corresponding
phosphine 38, we found that this process could be accom-
plished in a reasonable yield using [Ti(OiPr)4]/poly(methyl-
hydrosiloxane) (PMHS).[25] Reductive amination generated
the dimethylaminophosphine 39. Attempted removal of the
benzyl moiety under hydrogenation conditions (Pd/C or PtO2,
H2) gave problematic results. Fortunately, removal of the
benzyl ether from 37 could be cleanly accomplished using
BCl3.
In order to show the utility of the synthesized materials,
we chose to investigate palladium-mediated couplings using
amino phosphine 39 as a ligand (Scheme 7). The structure of
JC,P = 14 Hz, 1C), 150.7, 136.7, 136.5, 134.1 (d, JC,P = 1.9 Hz, 1C),
130.6, 129.8, 128.6, 128.4, 127.7, 127.6, 126.4, 125.8, 123.2, 107.6 (d,
JC,P = 12 Hz, 1C), 101.5 (d, JC,P = 1.7 Hz, 1C), 70.6, 55.5, 38.2, 37.6 (d,
JC,P = 3.9 Hz, 1C), 36.9, 26.8 (d, JC,P = 8.5 Hz, 1C), 26.7 (d, JC,P
=
8.9 Hz, 1C), 26.6 (d, JC,P = 2.0 Hz, 1C), 26.5 (d, JC,P = 3.3 Hz, 1C),
26.4 (d, JC,P = 3.3 Hz, 1C), 25.9 (d, JC,P = 1.4 Hz, 1C), 25.7 (d, JC,P
=
2.1 Hz, 1C), 25.0 (d, JC,P = 3.3 Hz, 1C), 24.7 (d, JC,P = 3.6 Hz, 1C);
HRMS (FAB + ) calcd for C32H38NO5PBr [M+H]: 626.1671; found:
626.1653.
Received: April 4, 2005
Revised: July 5, 2006
Published online: September 15, 2006
Scheme 7. Utility of the synthesized biaryl 39 in the Suzuki coupling.
Reagents and conditions: a) Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol%), 39 (10 mol%),
K3PO4, PhMe, 1008C, 20 h.
Keywords: biaryls · Diels–Alder reaction · Negishi coupling ·
.
palladium · phosphanes
this catalyst is based on the pioneering work of Buchwald and
co-workers.[26] Preliminary screening of 39 appears to indicate
that a highly active catalyst is generated for Suzuki couplings,
as demonstrated in the synthesis of the sterically challenging
tri-ortho-substituted biaryl 43. It is important to note that the
control experiment (in the absence of phosphine) with
boronic acid 41 and bromide 42 (Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol%),
K3PO4, PhMe, 1008C, 20 h) gave only a minor amount
(18%) of the desired coupled material 43. Use of PPh3 as
the ligand also gave inferior results. Further exploration in the
scope and utility of our Diels–Alder approach to biaryls for
the synthesis of novel ligand systems will be reported in due
course.
In summary, we have demonstrated a novel method for
the construction of highly substituted, orthogonally function-
alized biaryl compounds previously not accessible by tradi-
tional methods. Subsequent manipulation of the resultant
biaryls through palladium-coupling and/or reduction provides
access to a significant range of substitution patterns. Finally,
the potential utility of aminophosphine 39 as a ligand in
challenging cross-coupling reactions has been demonstrated.
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