10049-08-8

Basic information

• Product Name: Ruthenium trichloride
• Synonyms: Ruthenium (Ⅲ) chloride;RUTHENIUM(III) CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS;RUTHENIUM(III) CHLORIDE, RU CONTENT 45-55%;RUTHENIUM (III) CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS 99+%;RUTHENIUM (III) CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS SPECTRO 99.99% (METALS BASIS), RU 48.2% MIN;RUTHENIUM TRICHLORIDE ANHYDROUS;Ruthenium sesquichloride;ruthenium(iii) chloride, anhydrous, premion
• CAS NO: 10049-08-8
• Molecular Formula: Cl₃Ru
• Molecular Weight: 207.43
• EINECS: 233-167-5
• Product Categories: Inorganics;Catalysts for Organic Synthesis;Classes of Metal Compounds;Homogeneous Catalysts;Ru (Ruthenium) Compounds;Synthetic Organic Chemistry;Titanium Alkoxides, etc. (Homogeneous Catalysts);Transition Metal Compounds;Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry;Ru CatalystsMetal and Ceramic Science;Ruthenium;Ruthenium Salts;Salts;metal halide;chemical reaction,pharm,electronic,materials
• Mol File: 10049-08-8.mol
• Article Data: 10

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 500 °C
• Appearance: Black/Powder or Crystals
• Density: 3.11 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Pressure: 33900mmHg at 25°C
• Storage Temp.: Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,Room temperature
• Water Solubility: INSOLUBLE
• Sensitive: Hygroscopic
• Stability: Stable. Incompatible with zinc. Protect from moisture.
• Merck: 14,8302
• CAS DataBase Reference: Ruthenium trichloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Ruthenium trichloride(10049-08-8)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Ruthenium trichloride(10049-08-8)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: C
• Statements: 34-52/53-22
• Safety Statements: 26-36/37/39-45-61
• RIDADR: UN 3260 8/PG 2
• WGK Germany: 2
• RTECS: VM2650000
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• PackingGroup: III
• Hazardous Substances Data: 10049-08-8(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 10049-08-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Dark Red Solution
2. The trihydrate, RuCl3·3H2O, is the usual commercial form. Aqueous solutions of the trihydrate are a straw color in dilute solution and red-brown in concentrated solution. Ruthenium (III) chloride in solution apparently forms a variety of aquo- and hydroxy complexes.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 10049-08-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Ruthenium(III) chloride is widely used as a starting material of ruthenium complexes. It acts as a catalyst used in the oxidative cyclization of 1,7-dienes to oxepane diols. It is used in the hydroxylation of tertiary hydrocarbons in combination of periodate or bromate. It is involved as a catalyst in the synthesis of 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-13C3, 15N, where the unlabelled analog is an inhibitor of glucose synthesis.
2. Analysis (testing for sulfur trioxide).Ruthenium trichloride is by far the best starting material for the synthesis of compounds of the metal. Like osmium, ruthenium exhibits a wide range of oxidation states in its complexes (VIII to —II), and all of these may be reached from RuCl3 since, although it is stable, it can easily be oxidised or reduced. It is most commonly used in the hydrated form, this being soluble in many solvents, but for anhydrous or solid-state reactions β-RuCl3 is the best source.
3. Ruthenium(III) trichloride is used for technical analysis in chemistry laboratories. It is highly toxic.Ruthenium(III) chloride is a catalyst that is used in the synthesis of 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid-13C3, 15N, where the unlabelled analog is an inhibitor of glucose synthesis.

Production Methods

RuCl3, is made by direct chlorination of the metal at 700 °C (1,292 °F). Two allotropic forms result. The trihydrate is made by evaporating an HCl solution of ruthenium (III) hydroxide to dryness or reducing ruthenium (VIII) oxide in a HCl solution.

Safety Profile

Poison by intraperitoneal route. Incompatible with iron pentacarbonyl and zinc. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of RuO, and Cl-. See also RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS.

InChI:InChI=1/2ClH.Ru/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2

Synthetic route

ruthenium(IV) chloride (13465-52-6) → hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + Ru(4+)*3OH(1-)*Cl(1-)=Ru(OH)3Cl + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With water In water byproducts: Cl2; Cl2 removed by CO2 before hydrolysis completed;;	A n/a B n/a C 30%

sodium azide + ruthenium(IV) chloride (13465-52-6) → nitrogen (7727-37-9) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + sodium chloride (7647-14-5)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride
In hydrogenchloride

ruthenium(III) chloride trihydrate → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) 140°C, 48 h;
In neat (no solvent) drying under vacuum at 125°C for 15 h;
With thionyl chloride In neat (no solvent) refluxed for 2 h;

H(1+)*{Ru(H2O)2Cl4}(1-)=H{Ru(H2O)2Cl4} (1039726-55-0, 882561-97-9) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given heating;; pure RuCl3 obtained;;

H(1+)*{Ru(H2O)2Cl4}(1-)=H{Ru(H2O)2Cl4} (1039726-55-0, 882561-97-9) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given heating;; pure RuCl3 obtained;;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + ruthenium(III) hydroxide → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given fuming off with HCl;; impure RuCl3 obtained;;
In neat (no solvent) dried air-free HCl; at 105 °C;;

ruthenium (7440-18-8) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) chlorination of specially prepd., finely divided Ru at 800 °C;;
With chlorine
In neat (no solvent) chlorination of specially prepd., finely divided Ru at 800 °C;;
With chlorine

phosgene (75-44-5) + ruthenium (7440-18-8) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) at 400 °C;; RuCl3 free from carbon;;
In neat (no solvent) at 400 °C;; carbon-free RuCl3 obtained;;

chlorine (7782-50-5) + ruthenium (7440-18-8) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) finely dispersed Ru;;
With carbon monoxide In neat (no solvent) at 600-800 °C;; may contain RuCl2*2CO;;
With carbon monoxide In neat (no solvent) passing a stream of carefully dried Cl2 and CO over powdered Ru in a glass tube at 700-800 °C; air excluded;; crystn. after cooling down in a Cl2 stream;;

chlorine (7782-50-5) + ruthenium (7440-18-8) → ruthenium(IV) chloride (13465-52-6) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) react. of Ru in a stream of Cl2; react. of formed RuCl3 with Cl2 forming volatile RuCl4; decompn. of RuCl4 on cooling;;

chlorine (7782-50-5) + ruthenium (7440-18-8) → Ru2OCl6 + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) chlorination of Ru at 600-700 °C in SiO2 vessels;; formation of Ru2OCl6 as by-product;;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + ruthenium tetroxide (20427-56-9) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given soln. evapd. at 180 °C under a well dried HCl stream;; product contains 0.04% H;;
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: H2O; dry educts; at 105-115 °C;;
In not given concd. HCl;;

ammonium hexachlororuthenate → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
heating in Cl2 atmosphere at 600°C; elem. anal.; X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal anal.;

ruthenium(IV) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With carbon monoxide In neat (no solvent) passing the gas stream over RuO2 at red heat;;

ruthenium(IV) oxide → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With carbon monoxide; chlorine In neat (no solvent)
With CO; Cl2 In neat (no solvent)

ruthenium(IV) oxide + Dichlorodifluoromethane (75-71-8) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent)

ruthenium nitrosylchloride → ruthenium(IV) oxide + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating to 440 °C in a CO2 atmosphere or in vac.;;

Ru(4+)*3OH(1-)*Cl(1-)=Ru(OH)3Cl → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With alc. In not given heating;;
With tin(ll) chloride In not given

ruthenium tetroxide (20427-56-9) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In not given in concd. HCl;;
With HCl In not given in concd. HCl;;

ruthenium(IV) chloride (13465-52-6) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In not given in presence of KI;;	>99
With hydrogenchloride In not given byproducts: Cl2; in 15% HCl;;

ruthenium(IV) chloride (13465-52-6) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + chlorine (7782-50-5)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) irreversible decomposition under pressure rise of 2 Torr into Cl2 and amorphous RuCl3 on warming at -29 to -31°C;;
In neat (no solvent) irreversible decomposition under pressure rise of 2 Torr into Cl2 and amorphous RuCl3 on warming at -29 to -31°C;;
In neat (no solvent) equilibrum of gasous RuCl4 with solid RuCl3 and gasous Cl2;;

hydrogen tetrachlorodiaquoruthenate(III) (1039726-55-0, 882561-97-9) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating in a HCl stream to 200 °C;;
In neat (no solvent) heating in a HCl stream to 200 °C;;

ruthenium(V) fluoride (14521-18-7) → ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
With dichloromethane In dichloromethane byproducts: CHCl2F, HF, CH2ClF; inert atmosphere; excess of CH2Cl2, warming to room temp.; further byproducts;

{Ru(NO)Cl3(water)2} * 3 H2O → ruthenium(IV) oxide + carbon dioxide (124-38-9) + water (7732-18-5) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) loss of 2 mol H2O on heating at 100 °C or at 25 °C in vac. forming a pink product; further loss of 2 mol H2O at 120-150 °C forming a brick-red product that becomes brown at 360 °C; at 440 °C in vac complete decompn.;; formation of RuCl3, RuO2 and CO2;;

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → dicarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) (16369-40-7)

Conditions	Yield
With CO In 2-methoxy-ethanol RuCl3 dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol, soln. heated at reflux as stream of CO passed into it for 170-210 min; solvent removed at reduced pressure;	100%

potassium hexafluorophosphate (17084-13-8) + 5,5'-bis(3-octylthienyl)-2,2'-pyridine (282118-31-4) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → tris(5,5'-bis(3-octylthienyl)-2,2'-pyridine)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate

Conditions	Yield
In ethylene glycol under Ar atm. ethyleneglycol soln. RuCl3 and tpbpy was refluxed at 180°C for 2 h, solvent was removed in vacuo, residue was purified by chromy. on silica using acetone/water/sat.aq.KNO3 94.3/5.6/0.1 as eluent, KPF6 was added;	100%

disodium salt of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → Ru(C12H6N2(SO3Na)2)3(2+)*2Cl(1-)=[Ru(C12H6N2(SO3Na)2)3]Cl2

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hypophosphite In water mixt. (P-salt as reducing agent) refluxing for 40 min, soln. vac. concn., pptn. into acetone; ppt. repptn. from MeOH into acetone twice or three times; elem. anal.;	99%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → diammonium pentachloronitrosylruthenate

Conditions	Yield
In not given prepn. according to V. A. Emel'yanov et al., Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 46, 346 (2001);	97%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + cyclopenta-1,3-diene (542-92-7) → bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (1287-13-4)

Conditions	Yield
With zinc In ethanol a mixt. of RuCl3 and ethanol was stirred for 2-3 h at 20°C; cyclopentadiene (frehly distd.) was added; Zn powder was added gradually (temp. < 30-35°C); the mixt. was stirred at 20°C for 3-4 d; ppt. filtered off, washed (hot C6H6 on filter); filtrates concd. (vac.), chromd. (SiO2, C6H6);	95%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + isoprene (78-79-5) → dichloro-bis-μ-chloro-bis[(1-3η:6-8η)-2,7-dimethyloctadienediyl]diruthenium(II)

Conditions	Yield
In 2-methoxy-ethanol soln. of RuCl3 in a mixt. of isoprene and 2-methoxyethanol was refluxed for 10 d under N2; crystals were filtered, washed with Et2O and dried in vac, elem. anal.;	95%

dmap (1122-58-3) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + 2,9-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (773883-32-2) → [Ru(2,9-di-(2'-pyridyl)-1,10-phenathroline)2]Cl2 + [Ru(2,9-di-(2'-pyridyl)-1,10-phenathroline)(4-dimethylaminopyridine)2]Cl2

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol phenathroline-compound was treated with RuCl3 in refluxing ethanol followed by the introduction of 4-dimethylaminopyridine;	A 5% B 95%

(p-isopropyltoluene)Ru(Et2C2B3H3)CoC5H5 + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → (p-isopropyltoluene)Ru(Et2C2B3H2-4-Cl)CoC5H5

Conditions	Yield
In water; acetone Ru-Co complex was dissolved in acetone-water and treated with anhydrous RuCl3, after 2 h stirring the solvent was removed; residue was extd. with CH2Cl2, ext. was filtered through silica, filtrate gave on evapn. black-green solid;	93%

[{Li(bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)(H2O)}4] + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [(Ru(((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)2] (667938-04-7)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.48 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	93%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + 4′-(4-phenylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (279674-33-8) → Ru(4′-biphenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)Cl3 (279674-19-0)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol ligand and RuCl3 in EtOH were heated at reflux for 1 h; cooled, ppt. filtered off, washed with ice-cold EtOH;	92%

[{Li(bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)(H2O)}4] + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [(Ru((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)Cl(H2O))2]

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.24 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	92%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + 2,6-bis(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (112362-30-8) → Ru(2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)Cl3 * 2.5 H2O

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol equimolar amts.; refluxing under Ar in dark for 1 h; cooling to 25°C, collection (filtration), washing (EtOH), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	92%

[(Li((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)(H2O))4 + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [(Ru(((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)2] (667938-03-6)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.48 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	91%

[13C]methanol (14742-26-8) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + tris(1-methylethyl)phosphine (6476-36-4) → RuHCl((13)CO)(PiPr3)2

Conditions	Yield
With KHCO3 In further solvent(s) (inert atm.); reaction of ruthenium compd. with methanol-(13)C in presecnce of phosphine deriv. and KHCO3; Marchenko A.V., Huffman J.C., ValergaP., Jimenez Tenorio M., Puerta M.C., Caulton K.G., Inorg. Chem., 2001, 40, 6444;	91%

potassium nitrite (7758-09-0) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → potassium sodium hexanitroruthenate(II)*H2O

Conditions	Yield
With Na(1+); Cl2 In hydrogenchloride heating on a water bath for 30 min; filtn. and dissolving in a minimum of water; elem. anal.;	90%

carbon monoxide (201230-82-2) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium (15243-33-1)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate In methanol other Radiation; mixt. of RuCl3, Cs2CO3 and MeOH was sealed in microwave app.; CO (50 psi) was introduced; sealed; heated with stirring to 110°C using power of 300 W; held for 10 min; cooled to 50°C; evapd. (vac.); hexane added; heated; solvent removed;	90%
With Cu or Zn In ethanol other Radiation; γ irradiation of 1E-3 mol/l RuCl3 in ethanol under CO atmosphere at room temp. in presence of Cu or Zn powder;
With zinc In methanol heating RuCl3 with Zn at a CO pressure of 5-10 atm at 65 °C for 30 h;; extraction of thr solid residue of the filtration; pptn. on concentrating;;
With Zn In methanol heating RuCl3 with Zn at a CO pressure of 5-10 atm at 65 °C for 30 h;; extraction of thr solid residue of the filtration; pptn. on concentrating;;

[{Li(bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)(H2O)}4] + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + ethylenediamine (107-15-3) → [Ru(((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate)(ethylenediamine)(Cl)] (667938-06-9)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.24 mmol) and ethylenediamine (0.24 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	90%

tetra[(bis(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)dithioacetate)aqualithium] + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [bis(bis(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)dithio-κ3-N,N,S-acetate)ruthenium(II)] (872977-80-5)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol Kinetics; byproducts: LiCl; inert atm., stoich., a soln. of Ru compd. added to a soln. of Li compd. (4 portions), stirred for 4 h; solvent removed, dissolved (CH2Cl2), filtered, solvent removed (vac.); elem. anal.;	90%

5-chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (68696-06-0) + water (7732-18-5) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → RuCl(H2O)(H2NC(S)NNC(H)C6H3Cl(OH))2*H2O

Conditions	Yield
In methanol soln. of RuCl3 mixed with soln. of Schiff base (molar ratio 1:2), mixt. stirred under reflux for 1 h; ppt. septd. by filtration, washed (CH3OH), dried over P4O10; elem. anal.;	90%

[(Li((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)(H2O))4 + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [(Ru((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)Cl(H2O))2]

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.24 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	90%

4'-(p-decyloxyphenyl)terpyridine (1015459-97-8) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [(4'-(p-decyloxyphenylyl)terpyridine)RuCl3] (1000374-09-3)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol 1:1 mixt. refluxed;	90%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → trans-hydroxotetraamminenitrosoruthenium(II)

Conditions	Yield
In not given prepn. according to V. A. Emel'yanov et al., Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 46, 346 (2001); M. A. Il'in et al., Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 53, 1070 (2008);	90%

2,2':6,2''-terpyridine (1148-79-4) + ammonium tetrafluroborate (13826-83-0) + 2-(phenylazo)pyridine (2569-57-5) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + sodium nitrite (7632-00-0) → (nitro-κN)[2-(phenyldiazenyl-κN2)pyridine-κN](2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-κ3N)ruthenium(II) tetrafluoroborate (359864-76-9)

Conditions	Yield
With AgNO3 In water; acetone byproducts: AgCl; RuCl3, 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine gave trichloro(terpyridine)Ru(III); 2-(phenylazo)pyridine added; soln. intermediate Cl(2-(phenyldiazenyl)pyridine)(terpyridine)Ru(II) chloride, AgNO3 in Me2CO/H2O reflux 15 min; NaNO2 added; 1 h heated; NH4BF4 added; 5 d; filtered off; washed (cool H2O, Et2O); crystn. (MeOH:M2CO = 1:1 v/v);	88%

[(Li((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)(H2O))4 + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + ethylenediamine (107-15-3) → [Ru(((bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate)(ethylenediamine)(Cl)] (667938-05-8)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol RuCl3 (0.24 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH contg. ligand (0.24 mmol) and ethylenediamine (0.24 mmol) and stirred for 12 h; soln. was evapd. and the liq. was rotoevapd. and extd. several times with an acetone:MeOH (4:1) soln. and evapd. to dryness under vac.; elem. anal.;	88%

2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehydethiosemicarbazone (85949-64-0) + water (7732-18-5) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → RuCl(H2O)(H2NC(S)NNC(H)C10H6(OH))2*H2O

Conditions	Yield
In methanol soln. of RuCl3 mixed with soln. of Schiff base (molar ratio 1:2), mixt. stirred under reflux for 1 h; ppt. septd. by filtration, washed (CH3OH), dried over P4O10; detd. by elem. anal., ESR;	87%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + dimethyl sulfoxide (67-68-5) → Ru6(methylthiolate)12 (1193751-12-0)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In hydrogenchloride; methanol; dimethyl sulfoxide heating mixt. of ruthenium compd., bipyridine deriv., aq. HCl, methanol and DMSO at 85°C for 1 wk; addn. of methanol, keeping at room temp. for 2 d, filtration, washing with ethanol and diethyl ether, drying at room temp., elem. anal.;	87%
With HOOCC5H3NC5H3N(COOH); HCl In hydrogenchloride; methanol; dimethyl sulfoxide heating mixt. of ruthenium compd., bipyridine deriv., aq. HCl, methanol and DMSO at 65°C for 1 wk; isolation of crystals, elem. anal.;	8.9%

O3SCH(N2C3H(CH3)2)2(1-) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + ethylenediamine (107-15-3) → [RuCl2((CH2NH2)2)(O3SCH(N2C3H(CH3)2)2)] (1192123-91-3)

Conditions	Yield
In acetonitrile N2, equimol., stirred for 6 h; evapd., extd. (acetone), evapd. to dryness (vac.); elem. anal.;	87%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate (5144-89-8) → tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide stoich. amt of N-compd. was added to Ru-compd., reflux for 6 h; solvent was evapd., recrystn. hot water;	85%

ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) + ethyl (diphenylphosphino)acetate (55552-24-4) → mer-RuCl3(Ph2PPCH2COOEt)2 (103961-34-8)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride; ethanol a soln. of phosphinoacetate in ethanol added slowly to a mixture of RuCl3 in ethanol and aq. HCl; stirred for 15 min; filtered; cooled to -15°C; recrystd. from ethanol/hexane; elem. anal.;	85%

2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (1137-68-4) + ruthenium(III)chloride (10049-08-8) → [Ru(C5H4NC7H5N2)2Cl2](1+)*Cl(1-)=[Ru(C5H4NC7H5N2)2Cl2]Cl (348079-89-0)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol mixed, degassed, refluxed for 72 h; solvent evapd. (vac), washed with boiling petrolium ether, recrystd. from hot benzene-ethanol; elem. anal.;	85%

Upstream product

• 13465-52-6 ruthenium(IV) chloride 
• 14898-67-0 ruthenium(III) chloride trihydrate 
• 1039726-55-0 H⁽¹⁺⁾*{Ru(H₂O)2Cl₄}^(1-)=H{Ru(H₂O)2Cl₄} 
• 1039726-55-0 H⁽¹⁺⁾*{Ru(H₂O)2Cl₄}^(1-)=H{Ru(H₂O)2Cl₄} 
• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 
• 75-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane 
• 20427-56-9 ruthenium tetroxide 
• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 7440-18-8 ruthenium 
• 7647-14-5 sodium chloride 
• 10049-08-8 ruthenium trichloride 
• 15243-33-1 dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium 
• 20759-14-2 ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate 
• 14521-18-7 ruthenium(V) fluoride 

Downstream Products

• 22594-81-6 Cs⁽¹⁺⁾*{RuCl₃(CO)3}^(1-)=Cs{RuCl₃(CO)3} 
• 25071-94-7 {Ru(N₃)2(C₂₆H₂₄P₂)2} 
• 7440-18-8 ruthenium 
• 1287-13-4 bis(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium 
• 118494-31-8 Ru(II)(TPP⁽¹⁺⁾)(CO)(Cl^(1-)) 
• 15393-12-1 {Ru(C₁₅H₁₄NS₂)2(CO)2} 
• 34513-98-9 ruthenium(III) nitrosyl nitrate 
• 74164-70-8 C₃₂H₂₈Cl₂N₄Ru, green 

Relevant articles and documents

Synthesis and characterization of rigid +2 and +3 heteroleptic dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes

Synthesis and characterization of the dinuclear ruthenium coordination complexes with heteroleptic ligand sets, [Cl(terpy)Ru(tpphz)Ru(terpy)Cl](PF 6)2 (7) and [(phen)2Ru(tpphz)Ru(terpy)Cl] (PF6)3 (8), are reported. Both structures contain a tetrapyrido[3,2-α:2′,3′-c:3″,2″-h:2″, 3″-j]phenazine (tpphz) (6) ligand bridging the two metal centers. Complex 7 was obtained via ligand exchange between, RuCl2(terpy)DMSO (5) and a tpphz bridge. Complex 8 was obtained via ligand exchange between, [Ru(phen)2tpphz](PF6)2 (4) and RuCl 2(terpy)DMSO (5). Metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions are sensitive to ligand set composition and are significantly red-shifted due to more electron donating ligands. Complexes 7-9 have been characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (IR, NMR, and UV-Vis), and mass spectrometric techniques. The electronic spectral properties of 7, 8, and [(phen) 2Ru(tpphz)Ru(phen)2](PF6)4 (9), a previously reported +4 analog, are presented together. The different terminal ligands of 7, 8, and 9 shift the energy of the MLCT and the π-π* transition of the bridging ligand. These shifts in the spectra are discussed in the context of density functional theory (DFT). A model is proposed suggesting that low-lying orbitals of the bridging ligand accept electron density from the metal center which can facilitate electron transfer to nanoparticles like single walled carbon nanotubes and colloidal gold.

About trihalides with TiI3 chain structure: Proof of pair forming of cations in β-RuCl3 and RuBr3 by temperature dependent single crystal X-ray analyses

Single-crystal X-ray studies on β-RuCl3 and RuBr 3 at different temperatures verified, that both compounds are dimorphic and show reversible phase transitions at 206 K resp. 384 K. In the HT-forms the Aristo-type of the hexagonal TiI3-structure with space group P63/m c m (Z = 2, β-RuCl3 at 293(2) K: a = 6.121(2) A, c =5.655(2) A, RuBr3 at 423(3) K: 6.5215(12) A, c = 5.8851(13) A) has been found, in the LT-forms the RuBr 3-type structure, an orthorhombic distorted variant with space group Pmmn (Z = 4, β-RuCl3 at 170(3) K: a = 10.576(2) A, b = 5.634(1) A, c = 6.106(1) A, RuBr3 at 293(2) K: a =11.2561(16) A, b = 5.8725(12) A, c = 6.4987(9) A). A hexagonal closest packing of X- anions forms the basis of an arrangement of infinite chains with face-connected [RuX6/2] octahedra. While in the chains of the hexagonal HT-forms the Ru-Ru-distances are identical (d(Ru-Ru) = 2.8275(10) A for β-RuCl3, d(Ru-Ru) = 2.9425(6) A for RuBr 3), in the orthorhombic structures the chains are distorted through pairing of the ruthenium(III) atoms (d(Ru-Ru) = 2.6328(14) A / 3.0010(15) A for β-RuCl3 at 170(3) K, d(Ru-Ru) = 2.765(1) A / 3.108(1) A for RuBr3 at 293(2) K). The hexagonal metric with a/c= √3 holds also for the orthorhombic LT-forms. Large crystals and the final products of the phase transition from HT- to LT-forms are pseudomerohedral twins of three twin domains with nearly equal amounts complicating proof and analysis of the LT-forms.

Electronic properties of the narrow-band material α-RuCl3

X-ray angle-integrated and ultraviolet angle-resolved photoemission spectra of the low-spin compound t2g5 α-RuCl3 show that Ru 4d and Cl 3p states contribute to the valence-band structure of this magnetic material. The energy distribution curves measured along the azimuthal directions Γ-M′-π and Γ-K-M using He I radiation indicate an uppermost nearly dispersionless structure of Ru 4d origin, and two dispersive features obtained from Cl 3p-derived bands. The photoemission results, together with the optical and magnetic properties described by ligand-field theory, support the view of localized 4d states forming a very narrow Ru 4d band in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. The main 4d emission structure has been thus assigned to 4d4 unscreened hole states, where the band gap corresponds to intersite d-d transitions, and α-RuCl3 can be classified as a Mott-Hubbard compound in consideration of its electronic and magnetic characteristics. The inconsistency between the photoemission results and the transport properties, describing this material as a conventional band-gap semiconductor, is finally discussed.

Influence of solvent on aromatic interactions in metal tris-bipyridine complexes

The conformational properties of a series of iron(II) and ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridine complexes have been investigated in a range of solvents. The complexes are equipped with pendant aromatic esters attached by flexible aliphatic linkers, and aromatic i