518-82-1 Usage
Physical and chemical properties
Emodin, also known by the Chemical name 1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone with a molecular formula of C15H10O5 and a molecular weight of 270.24, exists in the form of free emodin or emodin glycosides in rhizomes and roots of Rheum palmatum L, Rheum officinale Baill, and Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. in the family Polygonaceae. In a form of orange-yellow crystals of melting point of 256-257℃ that can sublimate under a vacuum of 1,600 Pa, the compound is soluble in ethanol, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and aqueous ammonia, slightly soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and benzene, and almost insoluble in water. Its form as emodin triacetate is yellow crystals of melting point of 197℃, and the form of emodin 3-methyl ether (also known as physcion) is dark-red needle crystals of melting point of 207 ℃. The compound can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by extraction from plants.
Aloe-emodin is one of the main components of aloe essential oil, present in the form of aloe-emodin in aloe, or present in the form of glycosides in rhubarb, senna and aloe.
Chemical properties
Orange needles of melting point of 256-257℃ (259-260℃); soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, chloroform and benzene, and insoluble in water. The solution color would become cherry red when it is dissolved in aqueous caustic solutions, aqueous solution of sodium carbonate or ammonia solution.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 518-82-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 1. The product can be used as a laxative. As it is susceptible to oxidative damage within the body, its diarrhea activity is actually very weak. However, it can be compounded with glucose to form a glycoside with diarrhea activity. Both emodin-1-O-β-D-glucoside and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside are glycosides formed through combination of emodin and glucose.? The only different between the two are the binding sites.? The two glycosides coexist in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.
2. intermediate;health products material.
2. Occurs mostly as the rhamnoside (see Frangulin) in rhubarb root. Cathartic.
3. antibacterial, antineoplastic, cathartic, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4. Emodin has been used:to investigate its regulatory mechanisms on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in myocarditisas a reference standard for the development and validation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array (PDA) assay methodto inhibit Tau aggregationfor direct binding assay
Radix et Rhizoma Rhei
Radix et Rhizoma Rhei is the dry root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L, Rheum officinale Baill, and Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. in the genus Rheum of the family Polygonaceae. Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf has slender pinnate leaves with three deep lobes and dense inflorescence branches, often erect, clinging to the stem, which are the main difference of it from Rheum palmatum L. The main difference between Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. and the other two species mentioned above are its lobed leaves with big serrate or broadly triangular margin, large and yellow-white flowers, oval-shaped flower buds and patulous branches. There are about 60 Rheum species all over the world, of which about 50 are in China.
Morphological Characteristics: herbaceous perennial about two meters high. Rhizomes and roots are fleshy and yellowish-brown in color. The stem is erect, smooth, hairless and hollow. The basal leaf has a fleshy, long and sturdy petiole, about as long as the leaf blade. The leaf blade is broadly ovate or nearly round in shape, up to 40 cm in diameter, palmate-cleft with three to five (or to seven) lobes and each lobe sometimes also palmate-cleft or serrate. The leaf base is slightly heart-shaped. The stem leaf is small, shortly stalked. The ocrea is membranous and densely pubescent.
Habitat and distribution: Grow in mountain areas, forest margins or grassland, wild or cultivated and distributed in Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, Qinghai, western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and Eastern Tibet.
Cultivation: suitable for growing in places with cool and moist climate and with deep soil layer that contains humus-rich sandy loam or calcareous loam, rather than growing in cold places with high temperature and humidity.
Harvest: harvest during September to October, select plants that have grown more than three years, dig up the rhizomes and roots, remove the leaves, stems, rootlets, scrape the bark and buds, and then dried in air or in an oven, or sliced and dried.
Figure 1 is an image of the Radix et Rhizoma Rhei
Chemical constituents
There have been more than 130 compounds isolated and characterized from a variety species of Rheum, including anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides, anthrones, bianthrones and bianthrone glycosides, stilbenes and stilbene glycosides, gallate, naphthalene derivatives, chromanones and chromanone glycosides, banzylethylketone, tannins and so on. Among them the anthraquinones are the most important and representative ingredients. Free anthraquinones mainly include rhein, emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol. And anthraquinone glycosides mainly include chrysophanol-1-glucoside, chrysophanol-8-glucoside, emodin-1-glucoside, emodin-8-glucoside, physcion-8-glucoside, physcion-8-gentiobiosiden, aloe-emodin-8-glucoside, aloe-emodin-3-glucoside, and rhein-8-glucoside. Bianthrone glycosides include sennosides A, B, C, D, E, and F. Stilbenes and stilbene glycosides include rhaponticin, rhapontigenin and de-oxyrhaponticin.
Radix et Rhizoma Rhei contains a variety of tannins, both hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins[4]. Hydrolyzable tannins and its related compounds contain a variety of pentagalloylglucose and 1-O-galloyl-6-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose. Condensed tannins and its related compounds contain catechin, epicatechin and its polymers. In addition, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei also contains a variety of banzylethylketone glycosides.
Production method
Emodin is a plant laxative widely present in plant organs such as roots of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, bark and root bark of buckthorn and cassia seeds. Emodin can be extracted from roots and rhizomes of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. It also can be obtained by synthesis, for example, using 2-methyl-anthraquinone, or 3, 5-nitro-phthalic anhydride and m-cresol as the raw material.
Antitumor effect
Pharmacological studies have found that anthraquinone derivatives in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, rhein, emodin and aloe-emodin showed obvious inhibitory effect on cancers, especially on cancers such as melanoma, P388 leukemia and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The polysaccharides contained in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei could markedly inhibit the cells of sarcoma S180. And a concentration of 10 μg/ml emodin could reduce the maximum growth density and the mitotic index of human lung cancer cell line A-549, and apparently decreased the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and the level DNA content. It was also found that the drug could relatively increase the number of cells at the G1 and S stages and decreased the number of aneuploid cells as well as the number of cells at the G2/M phase, with a sinistral displacement of the peak in the DNA histogram. These results suggested that emodin has an obvious inhibitory effect on human lung cancer A-549 cells. The antitumor mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei is presently considered to be the inhibition of respiration and DNA biosynthesis of cancer cells. It is also believed that rhein and emodin may destroy the cancer cells directly.
Diuretic effect
Both rhein and emodin have evident diuretic effect. The urine volume increased to peak two to four hours after dosing, and in the meanwhile the amounts of Na+ and K+ discharges were also reached to the peak. Aloe-emodin and chrysophanol were less effective in diuretic property as compared with rhein and emodin. The mechanism is contributed to the inhibitory effect of rhein and emodin on renal medullary Na+, K+-ATPase. The Na+ re-absorption in renal tubules is mainly active transport which needs energy from ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the Na+, K+-ATPase. When the enzyme is inhibited, Na+ re-absorption would decrease because of insufficient energy supply, which leads to water discharge increase along with the increase of Na+ discharge. When distal convoluted tubule Na+ increases, promote Na+-K+ exchange would be promoted, resulting in increase in K+ discharge.
General Description
Orange needles or powder.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Emodin may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to light. Probably a weak acid due to the phenolic functional groups.
Health Hazard
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition Emodin emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Emodin are not available; however, Emodin is probably combustible.
Biological Activity
Naturally occurring anthraquinone that displays a range of biological activities. Exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor and neuroprotective effects.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Cell permeable: yes
Purification Methods
Archin forms orange needles from EtOH, Et2O, *C6H6, toluene or pyridine. It sublimes above 200o at 12mm. [Tutin & Clewer J Chem Soc 99 946 1911, IR: Bloom et al. J Chem Soc 178 1959, UV: Birkinshaw Biochem J 59 495 1955, Raistrick Biochem J 34 159 1940.] 1R,2S-(-)Ephedrine see (-)-ephedrine (1R,2S-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropanol) in “Miscellaneous” in Chapter 6.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 518-82-1 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 5,1 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 518-82:
(5*5)+(4*1)+(3*8)+(2*8)+(1*2)=71
71 % 10 = 1
So 518-82-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C15H10O5/c1-6-2-8-12(10(17)3-6)15(20)13-9(14(8)19)4-7(16)5-11(13)18/h2-5,16-18H,1H3
518-82-1Relevant articles and documents
ANTHRAQUINONES FROM CASSIA SOPHERA HEARTWOOD
Malhotra, Swadesh,Misra, Krishna
, p. 197 - 200 (1982)
From the heartwood of Cassia sophera two new isomeric anthraquinones, 1,2,7-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl- and 1,2,6-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methylanthraquinone have been isolated along with 1-octadecanol and quercetin.Key Word Index - Cassia sophera; Leguminosae; heartwood; 1,2,7-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3-methylanthraquinone; 1,2,6-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methylanthraquinone.
PRENYLATED BIANTHRONES AND VISMIONE FROM PSOROSPERMUM FEBRIFUGUM
Botta, B.,Monache, F. Delle,Monache, G. Delle,Bettolo, G. B. Marini,Msonthi, J. D.
, p. 827 - 830 (1985)
Psorospermum febrifugum; Guttiferae; geranyloxyemodin; 2-geranylemodin; vismiones D and F; bianthrones.The roots of Psorospermum febrifugum collected in Malawi contained together with the known vismione D and geranyloxyemodin four new compounds: vismione F and the three bianthrones A1, A3a and A3b.All the isolated compounds contained C- or O-geranyl substituents and showed a close biogenetic relationship.
Enhancement of emodin production by medium optimization and KH2PO4 supplementation in submerged fermentation of marine-derived aspergillus favipes HN4-13
Qiu, Xiaohan,Gong, Lizhi,Xin, Xiujuan,An, Faliang
, (2021)
Emodin is a widely distributed anthraquinone derivative with a variety of biological activities, one that can be efficiently produced by marine-derived fungus Aspergillus favipes HN4-13. However, its relatively low fermentation yield limits further development and pharmaceutical research work. In this study, Plaekett–Burman design and central composite design were adopted to optimize the fermentation conditions of A. favipes HN4-13. Optimal fermentation conditions in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask with 50 mL of medium were 59.3 g/L soluble starch, 10 g/L yeast extract paste, 30 g/L seawater salt, 1.04 g/L KH2PO4, 0.05 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 0.01 g/L FeSO4·7H2O, seed culture 24 h, pH 5, inoculum size 18%, culture temperature 32?C, and shaking at 160 rpm/min for 7 days. The production of emodin could achieve 132.40 ± 3.09 mg/L, with no significant difference from the predicted value (132.47 mg/L). Furthermore, KH2PO4 supplementation strategy was employed to regulate the mycelial morphology, upregulate the transcriptional level of biosynthesis gene cluster, and enhance emodin production (185.56 ± 4.39 mg/L).
Intertwined Biosynthesis of Skyrin and Rugulosin A Underlies the Formation of Cage-Structured Bisanthraquinones
Bai, Wei,Ding, Chun Xia,Han, Yun Bin,Liang, Jie,Tan, Ren Xiang,Wu, Shao-Hua
supporting information, p. 14218 - 14226 (2021/09/13)
Skyrin and rugulosin A are bioactive bisanthraquinones found in many fungi, with the former suggested as a precursor of hypericin (a diversely bioactive phytochemical) and the latter characterized by its distinct cage-like structure. However, their biosynthetic pathways remain mysterious, although they have been characterized for over six decades. Here, we present the rug gene cluster that governs simultaneously the biosynthesis of skyrin and rugulosin A in Talaromyces sp. YE3016, a fungal endophyte residing in Aconitum carmichaeli. A combination of genome sequencing, gene inactivation, heterologous expression, and biotransformation tests allowed the identification of the gene function, biosynthetic precursor, and enzymatic sets involved in their molecular architecture constructions. In particular, skyrin was demonstrated to form from the 5,5′-dimerization of emodin radicals catalyzed by RugG, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase evidenced to be potentially applicable for the (chemo)enzymatic synthesis of dimeric polyphenols. The fungal aldo-keto reductase RugH was shown to be capable of hijacking the closest skyrin precursor (CSP) immediately after the emodin radical coupling, catalyzing the ketone reduction of CSP to inactivate its tautomerization into skyrin and thus allowing for the spontaneous intramolecular Michael addition to cyclize the ketone-reduced form of CSP into rugulosin A, a representative of diverse cage-structured bisanthraquinones. Collectively, the work updates our understanding of bisanthraquinone biosynthesis and paves the way for synthetic biology accesses to skyrin, rugulosin A, and their siblings.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of emodin and its derivatives against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Chalothorn, Thidarat,Rukachaisirikul, Vatcharin,Phongpaichit, Souwalak,Pannara, Sakawrat,Tansakul, Chittreeya
supporting information, (2019/08/08)
Synthesis of the antibacterial emodin was improved using Friedel-Crafts acylation as a key step leading to 37% overall yield. In addition, 21 analogues were synthesized by structural modification of the hydroxyl and methyl groups, as well as the aromatic ring of emodin. Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cytotoxicity against noncancerous Vero cells were evaluated. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study indicated that the hydroxyl groups and the methyl group in the emodin skeleton were crucial for anti-MRSA activity. Furthermore, the presence of an iodine atom or ethylamino group on the aromatic ring enhanced the anti-MRSA activity with higher selectivity indices, while derivatives containing bromine, chlorine atoms or quaternary ammonium salt were as active as emodin. The quaternary ammonium group on the aromatic ring also led to non-cytotoxicity against Vero cells.