1826-12-6

Basic information

• Product Name: 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole
• Synonyms: 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole;N-BENZYL-4-HYDROXY-4-PIPERIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
• CAS NO: 1826-12-6
• Molecular Formula: C₉H₇NS
• Molecular Weight: 161.22
• Mol File: 1826-12-6.mol
• Article Data: 14

Chemical Properties

• Boiling Point: 292.673 °C at 760 mmHg
• Flash Point: 135.402 °C
• Appearance: /
• Density: 1.173 g/cm³
• Vapor Pressure: 4.23E-08mmHg at 25°C
• Refractive Index: 1.607
• CAS DataBase Reference: 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole(1826-12-6)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole(1826-12-6)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 1826-12-6(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

General Description

4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H7NS. It is a heterocyclic aromatic compound that contains a thiazole ring with a phenyl group attached to it. 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole is commonly used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals and has been studied for its potential antitumor and antimicrobial properties. It also has applications in materials science, as it can be used as a building block for the synthesis of novel organic materials with specific electronic and optical properties. 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole is an important intermediate in organic synthesis and shows promise for a variety of industrial and medicinal applications.

InChI:InChI=1/C13H17NO3/c15-12(16)13(17)6-8-14(9-7-13)10-11-4-2-1-3-5-11/h1-5,17H,6-10H2,(H,15,16)

Synthetic route

2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Inert atmosphere;	95%
With sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere;	95%
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: N-chloro-succinimide / acetonitrile / 31 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere; Reflux 2: palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; sodium tetrahydroborate / tetrahydrofuran / 9 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere 3: N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; sodium tetrahydroborate; PdCl2(1,1′-bis(di-tertbutylphosphino)ferrocene) / tetrahydrofuran / 20 h / 65 °C / Inert atmosphere View Scheme

5-chloro-4-phenylthiazole (1403935-14-7) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; PdCl2(1,1′-bis(di-tertbutylphosphino)ferrocene) In tetrahydrofuran at 65℃; for 20h; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	95%
With sodium tetrahydroborate; dichloro[1,1′-bis[bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phosphino]ferrocene-P,P′]palladium; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In tetrahydrofuran at 65℃; for 20h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	95%

C22H17NOS → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With caesium carbonate In m-xylene at 150℃; for 40h; regioselective reaction;	95%

2-chloro-4-phenylthiazole (1826-23-9) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride; sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; for 20h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	93%
With sodium tetrahydroborate; dichloro(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene)palladium(II)*CH2Cl2; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 22h; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Inert atmosphere;	92%

2,5-dibromo-4-phenylthiazole (188585-15-1) → 5-bromo-4-phenylthiazole (59278-68-1) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 14h; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Inert atmosphere; regioselective reaction;	A 84% B 6%
With sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran for 14h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere; Overall yield = 90 %; regioselective reaction;

4-bromo-1,3-thiazole (34259-99-9) + phenylboronic acid (98-80-6) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); potassium carbonate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 100℃; for 18h; Suzuki Coupling; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	62%

2-Amino-4-phenylthiazole (2010-06-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With tetrahydrofuran; oxygen; nitrogen(II) oxide for 8h; Ambient temperature;	40%
With copper(I) oxide; sulfuric acid; hypophosphorous acid; sodium nitrite 1.) 0 deg C, 2.) H2O, from -5 deg C to RT; Yield given. Multistep reaction;
Stage #1: 2-Amino-4-phenylthiazole With sulfuric acid; trifluoroacetic acid; sodium nitrite In water at -15℃; Sandmeyer Reaction; Stage #2: With phosphoric acid In water at -15 - 20℃;

1,3-thiazole (288-47-1) + 2-methylmercapto-4-phenylthiazole (2103-86-8) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 2-methylthio-1,3-thiazole (5053-24-7)

Conditions	Yield
With carbonylhydridetris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I); 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphine)propane In 1,2-dichloro-benzene for 3h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	A 31% B 12%

ethyl acrylate (140-88-5) + 2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiazole (4072-63-3) + (E)-3-(4-Phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (111600-96-5)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; palladium diacetate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 130℃; for 24h; sealed tube;	A 22% B 6% C 19%

2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiazole (4072-63-3) + (E)-3-(4-Phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (111600-96-5)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; ethyl acrylate; palladium diacetate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 130℃; for 24h; sealed tube;	A 22% B 6% C 19%

4-deuterio-5-phenylisothiazole (284680-73-5) → 5-phenylthiazole (1826-13-7) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 3-phenylisothiazole (10514-34-8)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene for 0.5h; phototransposition; Irradiation;	A 19% B 8% C 9%

3-phenylisothiazole (10514-34-8) → 2-phenylthiazole (1826-11-5) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
In methanol for 3h; phototransposition; Irradiation;	A 4.9% B 16.8%

acrylonitrile (107-13-1) + 2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiazole (4072-63-3) + (E)-3-(4-Phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)-acrylonitrile (111600-97-6, 111600-98-7)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; palladium diacetate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 100℃; for 48h; sealed tube;	A 12% B 15% C 15%

2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiazole (4072-63-3) + (E)-3-(4-Phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)-acrylonitrile (111600-97-6, 111600-98-7)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; acrylonitrile; palladium diacetate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 100℃; for 48h; sealed tube;	A 12% B 15% C 15%

5-phenylisothiazole (1075-21-4) → 5-phenylthiazole (1826-13-7) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 3-phenylisothiazole (10514-34-8)

Conditions	Yield
With TEA In benzene for 0.5h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Reagents; Solvents; phototransposition; Irradiation;	A 14% B 2% C 5%

styrene (292638-84-7) + 2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole (57516-16-2) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4-phenyl-2-styrylthiazole (111600-99-8)

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; palladium diacetate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 100℃; for 48h; sealed tube;	A 7% B 5%

4-phenylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (59020-44-9) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

(4-phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine hydrochloride (17574-10-6) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With ethanol; mercury(II) oxide

formamide (77287-34-4, 77287-35-5, 60100-09-6) + 1-chloroacetophenone (532-27-4) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With piperidine; tetraphosphorus decasulfide

1,3-thiazole (288-47-1) → 5-phenylthiazole (1826-13-7) + 2-phenylthiazole (1826-11-5) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With dibenzoyl peroxide Further byproducts given;

2-phenylthiazole (1826-11-5) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 3-phenylisothiazole (10514-34-8)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol Heating;
In ethanol Irradiation;

5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolylium; bromide (6094-68-4) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium thiophenolate In methanol for 1h; Heating;

formaldehyd (50-00-0) + α-bromoacetophenone (70-11-1) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
(i) P2S5, dioxane, (ii) /BRN= 606474/; Multistep reaction;

2-phenylthiazole (1826-11-5) → 5-phenylisothiazole (1075-21-4) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 3-phenylisothiazole (10514-34-8)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene for 7h; Product distribution; Mechanism; Irradiation; other phenylthiazoles and phenylisothiazoles; phototransposition and photodeuteration;	A n/a B 26 % Chromat. C 7 % Chromat.

N-(1-phenylethylidene)methanamine (6907-71-7) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfur dioxide; soda-lime; zirconium(IV) oxide at 450℃;	26 % Spectr.

4-Phenyl-isothiazole (936-46-9) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With TEA In methanol for 0.5h; Irradiation;	82 % Chromat.
With TEA In cyclohexane Product distribution; Quantum yield; Irradiation; other solvents, bases; photochemistry of 4-substituted isothiazoles; effect of reaction conditions; trapping of intermediate species; mechanism; sensitized irradiation;

2-nitrosoimino-4-phenyl-thiazoline → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With ethanol

4-phenylthiazole-2(3H)-thione (2103-88-0) + ammonia (7664-41-7) + Raney nickel → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + acetophenone (98-86-2)

2-bromo-5-chloro-4-phenylthiazole (1403935-16-9) → 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; sodium tetrahydroborate / tetrahydrofuran / 9 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere 2: N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; sodium tetrahydroborate; PdCl2(1,1′-bis(di-tertbutylphosphino)ferrocene) / tetrahydrofuran / 20 h / 65 °C / Inert atmosphere View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: sodium tetrahydroborate; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; palladium diacetate; triphenylphosphine / tetrahydrofuran / 9 h / 25 °C / Inert atmosphere 2: sodium tetrahydroborate; dichloro[1,1′-bis[bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phosphino]ferrocene-P,P′]palladium; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine / tetrahydrofuran / 20 h / 65 °C / Inert atmosphere View Scheme

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + Bis(trimethylsilyl)ethyne (14630-40-1) → 3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)thiophene (156642-32-9)

Conditions	Yield
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 325℃; for 144h;	92%
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 325℃; for 144h;	92 % Turnov.

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + diphenyl acetylene (501-65-5) → 3,4-diphenylthiophene (16939-13-2)

Conditions	Yield
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 325 - 340℃;	83%
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 340℃; for 60h;	83 % Turnov.

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-bromobenzene (2635-13-4) → C16H11NO2S

Conditions	Yield
With bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0); lithium tert-butoxide In 1,4-dioxane at 80℃; for 48h; regioselective reaction;	78%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + bromobenzene (108-86-1) → 2,4-diphenylthiazole (1826-14-8)

Conditions	Yield
With bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0); lithium tert-butoxide In 1,4-dioxane at 80℃; for 48h; regioselective reaction;	77%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + iodobenzene (591-50-4) → 4,5-diphenylthiazole (1826-15-9)

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 80℃; for 36h; regioselective reaction;	77%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + para-iodoanisole (696-62-8) → 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylthiazole (1384515-65-4)

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 80℃; for 36h; regioselective reaction;	75%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 2-methylthio-1,3-thiazole (5053-24-7) → 2-methylmercapto-4-phenylthiazole (2103-86-8) + 2,5-di(methylthio)thiazole

Conditions	Yield
With carbonylhydridetris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I); 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphine)propane In 1,2-dichloro-benzene for 3h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	A 74% B 10%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-hexyne (3844-94-8) → 3-n-butyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)thiophene

Conditions	Yield
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 325 - 340℃;	73%
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 330℃; for 168h;	73 % Turnov.

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 1,12-diiodododecane (24772-65-4) → C30H38N2S2(2+)*2I(1-)

Conditions	Yield
In acetonitrile for 72h; Heating;	72%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 5-bromo-1,3-xylene (556-96-7) → C17H15NS

Conditions	Yield
With bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0); lithium tert-butoxide In 1,4-dioxane at 100℃; for 48h; regioselective reaction;	72%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4-tolyl iodide (624-31-7) → 5-(4-methylphenyl)-4-phenylthiazole (1384515-66-5)

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 80℃; for 36h; regioselective reaction;	69%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 2-Bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene (5111-65-9) → C20H15NOS

Conditions	Yield
With bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0); lithium tert-butoxide In 1,4-dioxane at 100℃; for 48h; regioselective reaction;	68%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene (637-87-6) → C15H10ClNS

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 80℃; for 36h; regioselective reaction;	66%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + trimethylsilylacetylene (1066-54-2) → 3-(trimethylsilyl)thiophene (18245-17-5)

Conditions	Yield
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 325 - 340℃;	65%
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 340℃; for 48h;	65 % Turnov.

2-bromo-5-methyl thiophene (765-58-2) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) → C14H11NS2

Conditions	Yield
With bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0); lithium tert-butoxide In 1,4-dioxane at 80℃; for 48h; regioselective reaction;	62%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + diphenyl acetylene (501-65-5) → (E)-5-(1,2-diphenylvinyl)-4-phenylthiazole

Conditions	Yield
With acetic acid; bis(dibenzylideneacetone)-palladium(0); tricyclohexylphosphine In N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 130℃; for 14h; Inert atmosphere; Glovebox; stereoselective reaction;	61%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 1-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene (2675-79-8) → 4-phenyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole (1384515-68-7)

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 100℃; for 18h; regioselective reaction;	60%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 4-Iodobenzotrifluoride (455-13-0) → C16H10F3NS

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 80℃; for 36h; regioselective reaction;	59%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + acrylic acid n-butyl ester (141-32-2) → (E)-butyl 3-(4-phenylthiazol-5-yl)acrylate

Conditions	Yield
With 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline; copper diacetate; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate; dimethyl sulfoxide In tert-Amyl alcohol at 100℃; for 12h; Inert atmosphere; regioselective reaction;	55%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + methyl 4-iodobenzoate (619-44-3) → C17H13NO2S

Conditions	Yield
With tert-Amyl alcohol; di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate at 100℃; for 18h; regioselective reaction;	49%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + iodobenzene (591-50-4) → 4-phenyl-2-phenylselenothiazole

Conditions	Yield
With selenium; potassium carbonate; copper dichloride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 150℃; for 24h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere;	40%

4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + 2-methylmercaptobenzothiazole (615-22-5) → 2-methylmercapto-4-phenylthiazole (2103-86-8)

Conditions	Yield
With carbonylhydridetris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I); 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphine)propane In chlorobenzene for 3h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	36%

4-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole (15803-02-8) + 4-phenyl-thiazole (1826-12-6) + bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (121-46-0) → 2-(cis-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-4-phenylthiazole

Conditions	Yield
With copper(l) iodide; palladium diacetate; caesium carbonate; bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether In 1,4-dioxane at 130℃; for 16h; Glovebox; Inert atmosphere;	36%

Upstream product

• 59020-44-9 4-phenylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid 
• 17574-10-6 (4-phenyl-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine hydrochloride 
• 77287-34-4 formamide 
• 532-27-4 1-chloroacetophenone 
• 288-47-1 1,3-thiazole 
• 1826-11-5 2-phenylthiazole 
• 6094-68-4 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolylium; bromide 
• 50-00-0 formaldehyd 
• 70-11-1 α-bromoacetophenone 
• 2010-06-2 2-Amino-4-phenylthiazole 
• 6907-71-7 N-(1-phenylethylidene)methanamine 
• 107-13-1 acrylonitrile 
• 57516-16-2 2-bromo-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole 
• 140-88-5 ethyl acrylate 

Downstream Products

• 130862-65-6 3-benzyl-4-phenyl-thiazolium; bromide 
• 3704-42-5 4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-thiazole 
• 125509-49-1 4-phenylthiazole-DDQ 
• 16939-13-2 3,4-diphenylthiophene 
• 1092533-15-7 8-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol 
• 1826-14-8 2,4-diphenylthiazole 
• 1826-15-9 4,5-diphenylthiazole 
• 1384515-66-5 5-(4-methylphenyl)-4-phenylthiazole 
• 1384515-65-4 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylthiazole 
• 1384515-68-7 4-phenyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole 
• 2104-11-2 2,4,5-triphenylthiazole 
• 120332-29-8 (diphenylthiazolyl)toluene 
• 70031-89-9 4-(4,5-diphenyl-thiazol-2-yl)-pyridine 

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