66-22-8 Usage
Description
Uracil is a pyrimidine base and a fundamental component of RNA where it binds to adenine via hydrogen bonds. It is converted into the nucleoside uridine through the addition of a ribose moiety, then to the nucleotide uridine monophosphate by the addition of a phosphate group.
Uses
Used in Biochemical Research:
Uracil is used as a nitrogenous base on RNA nucleosides for biochemical research, playing a crucial role in the structure and function of RNA molecules.
Used in Antineoplastic Applications:
Uracil is used as an antineoplastic agent, contributing to the development of cancer treatments by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids in cancer cells and inhibiting their growth.
Used in Drug Synthesis:
Uracil is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate for the synthesis of various drugs, including antiviral medications, due to its unique chemical properties and interactions with other molecules.
Used in Organic Synthesis:
Uracil is used in organic synthesis for the creation of various chemical compounds, taking advantage of its reactivity and ability to form stable bonds with other molecules.
Used in RNA Nucleosides:
Uracil is used as a nitrogenous base on RNA nucleosides, essential for the proper formation and function of RNA, which is vital for various cellular processes, including protein synthesis and gene regulation.
Organic alkali
Uracil is an organic alkali, and is one of the four major bases in RNA. It is a major component of the pyrimidine composition in ribonucleic acid (RNA) as well as in various kinds of uridines. It can connect with ribose to generate UMP whose triphosphate compound being UTP. UTP is the precursor form of uracil in RNA biosynthesis. UTP also acts as a coenzyme to be involved in the biosynthesis of certain sugars. Uracil can block the degradation effect of tegafur, and thus increasing the concentration of fluorouracil which enhance the anti-cancer effects. Fluorouracil has similar clinical indications as uracil. It is mainly used for treating digestive cancer, breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Combination with mitomycin has a good efficacy on treating advanced gastric cancer. Laboratory synthesizes uracil through the cyclization reaction between ethyl malonyl and urea for pharmaceutical and biochemical research.
Uracil has tautomerism effect:
Keto (2,4-2 CPCC) enol (2,4-2-hydroxy pyrimidine) in mainly exist in the form of ketone inside biological cells.
Nature uracil is presented mainly in marine organisms, particulate matter and sea lysate. It is treated as life indicator in the field of organic geochemistry.
Pyrimidine refers to the hexaheterocyclic compound with two nitrogen atoms in 1,3-position of the benzene ring, and it, together with pyridazine and pyrazine, are isomers of each other. Pyrimidine has a unique UV spectrum due to the presence of conjugated double bonds in its structure. Pyrimidine has a lower basicity and a weaker lectrophilic substitution reaction than pyridine. But it is more prone to have nucleophilic substitution. Derivatives of pyrimidine are widely distributed in nature, including vitamin B1, uracil, thymine, and cytosine which all containing a pyrimidine structure.
Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil, briefly referred as FU, is currently one of the most commonly used anti-cancer drug. It is white crystals with pKa = 8.1, m.p.282~283 °C. It is slightly soluble in water (12mg/ml at 25 °C) and ethanol, but insoluble in chloroform and ether. It is easily soluble in diluted acid and alkali. It is hydrolyzed in the presence of strong base but is stable in normal saline. Due to the introduction of a strong electrically fluorine atoms, the acidity of Fu is 30 times higher than its parent, uracil. The injection of Fu usually is an aqueous solution with pH 9.0 adjusted by sodium hydroxide. It is sensitive to light and easy to crystallize when stored at low temperatures or prolonged room temperature.
According to the stronger ability of tumor tissue of rats in utilizing pyrimidine than normal tissue n, in 1957, Duschinsky and Heidelbergere designed and replace the 5-hydrogen in uracil to fluorine with similar size and generated Fu, as an anti-metabolite of uracil to achieve selective anticancer effects. FU has inhibitory effects on many kinds of animal transplanted tumors such as mouse leukemia L1210, L615, and adenocarcinoma 755. Tumor cells has no cross-resistance to it and other commonly used anti-cancer drugs such as cytarabine, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, and carmustine.
FU is converted into 5-fluoro-deoxy-uridine monophosphate (FDUMP) and 5-fluorouracil nucleoside triphosphate (FUTP) in tissues. FDUMP inhibits the thymidylate synthase (TS) via forming compound with TS and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, thus resulting in a lack of intracellular thymine nucleotide and further inhibition of DNA synthesis, finally leading to cell death. On the other hand, FUTP is incorporated into RNA as the substrate of RNA polymerase substrate and affect the normal synthesis and function of RNA. In tissue culture, supplement of thymidine (TdR) can reverse the FU cytotoxicity, so that it has been realized for many years that the impact on DNA is the primary growth-inhibitory mechanism of FU. However, it was found that TdR didn’t completely reverse the cytotoxicity of FU, and the combination of FU and TdR significantly improved the FU’s incorporation into RNA and its anti-cancer effect. After culturing together of L1210 leukemia cells with 6-H3-5FU for 22 hours, it was found the existence of 80 fmol of FDUMP-TS-5,10CH2-H4 folic acid complexes in 106 cell while 400 fmol of FU bound to RNA. This emphasizes the importance of FU’s incorporation into RNA FU for its anti-tumor effect. FU is a cell cycle-specific drug which playing the significant role at S-phase.
Reference: China Medical Encyclopedia Editing Committee; editor: Liang Huang; Chinese Medical Encyclopedia.
The above information is edited by the lookchem of Dai Xiongfeng.
Chemical property
White or light yellow crystalline needle. Melting point 338 °C; easily soluble in water, soluble in diluted ammonia, slightly soluble in cool water, insoluble in alcohol and ether.
Production methods
It is produced through the reaction of malate, sulfuric acid and urea.
Safety Profile
Moderately toxic by
intraperitoneal route. An experimental
teratogen. Experimental reproductive
effects. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation
data reported. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Purification Methods
Uracil crystallises from water (m 339-341o) and m 338o after sublimation in high vacuum. Its solubility in H2O at 20o is 1g/300mL. [Beilstein 24 H 312, 24 I 312, 24 II 169, 24 III/IV 1193.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 66-22-8 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 6 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 66-22:
(4*6)+(3*6)+(2*2)+(1*2)=48
48 % 10 = 8
So 66-22-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C4H4N2O2/c7-3-1-2-5-4(8)6-3/h1-2H,(H2,5,6,7,8)
66-22-8Relevant articles and documents
Two-dimensional 17O multiple quantum magic-angle spinning NMR of organic solids
Wu,Dong
, p. 9119 - 9125 (2001)
We report two-dimensional (2D) 17O multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) NMR spectra for four 17O-labeled organic compounds: [17O2]-D-alanine (1), potassium hydrogen [17O4]dibenzoat
The Peculiar Case of the Hyper-thermostable Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus**
Kaspar, Felix,Neubauer, Peter,Kurreck, Anke
, p. 1385 - 1390 (2021/01/29)
The poor solubility of many nucleosides and nucleobases in aqueous solution demands harsh reaction conditions (base, heat, cosolvent) in nucleoside phosphorylase-catalyzed processes to facilitate substrate loading beyond the low millimolar range. This, in turn, requires enzymes that can withstand these conditions. Herein, we report that the pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus is active over an exceptionally broad pH (4–10), temperature (up to 100 °C) and cosolvent space (up to 80 % (v/v) nonaqueous medium), and displays tremendous stability under harsh reaction conditions with predicted total turnover numbers of more than 106 for various pyrimidine nucleosides. However, its use as a biocatalyst for preparative applications is critically limited due to its inhibition by nucleobases at low concentrations, which is unprecedented among nonspecific pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases.
Green preparation method of uracil
-
Paragraph 0024-0026, (2021/01/25)
The invention relates to a green preparation method of uracil, which comprises the following steps: proportionally mixing acetate, alkali and a benzene solvent in a reaction bottle to obtain a mixed solution, introducing carbon monoxide, pressurizing to generate aldehyde, adding a hydrogen chloride alcohol solution into the reaction bottle, and carrying out condensation reaction on aldehyde and the hydrogen chloride alcohol solution to obtain acetal, and adding urea into the reaction bottle, reacting acetal with urea to obtain a condensate, adding alkali into the reaction bottle, reacting alkali with the condensate to generate uracil sodium salt, adding acidic water into the reaction bottle, crystallizing, cooling, and filtering to obtain uracil. Carbon monoxide and acetate are innovatively used as raw materials, alkali such as sodium methoxide is used for one-pot catalytic synthesis of uracil, the synthesis method in the whole process is mild in condition, simple in process and high in yield and purity, the purposes of few three wastes and environmental protection are achieved, and the method has a good large-scale application prospect.