F+:Highly flammable;
110-00-9Relevant articles and documents
Catalytic conversion of cellulose over mesoporous y zeolite
Park, Young-Kwon,Jun, Bo Ram,Park, Sung Hoon,Jeon, Jong-Ki,Lee, See Hoon,Kim, Seong-Soo,Jeong, Kwang-Eun
, p. 5120 - 5123 (2014)
Mesoporous Y zeolite (Meso-Y) was applied, for the first time, to the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose which is a major constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, to produce high-quality bio-oil. A representative mesoporous catalyst Al-MCM-41 was also used t
Mesoporous mixed CuCo oxides as robust catalysts for liquid-phase furfural hydrogenation
Nguyen-Huy, Chinh,Lee, Hojeong,Lee, Jihyeon,Kwak, Ja Hun,An, Kwangjin
, p. 118 - 126 (2019)
A series of highly ordered mesoporous CuCo oxide catalysts with a controlled composition are successfully synthesized by nanocasting from mesoporous silica, KIT-6 template. Liquid-phase furfural (FAL) hydrogenation is carried out to find the optimal composition of the CuCo oxide catalysts to achieve the best catalytic performance. As-prepared mesoporous mixed CuCo oxides exhibit a high surface area (60?135 m2 g?1) and a well-defined ordered mesostructure with homogenous dispersion of Cu and Co. Among various compositions of CuxCoy oxides (x = 1–9, y = 1–x) studied, the Cu1Co5 oxide catalyst shows the highest conversion in the hydrogenation of FAL, which is superior to those achieved with mesoporous monometallic oxides, CuO and Co3O4. While 2-methylfuran is produced from furfuryl alcohol via aldehyde hydrogenation and subsequent hydrogenolysis, the formation of 2-methylfuran increased with a decrease in the Cu/Co ratio of the CuCo oxide catalyst. The mixed CuCo oxide catalyst is readily reduced under the reaction environment to produce metallic CuCo as the active species. The synergistic interactions between Cu and Co in the mixed CuCo oxide catalysts play an important role in the outstanding catalytic performance for FAL hydrogenation, which could not be achieved with either of the monometallic catalysts or their physical mixtures. The excellent stability and recyclability of mesoporous mixed CuCo oxide catalysts as well as the exceptionally high activity, surpassing those of the monometallic oxides, render them promising as a low-cost and efficient catalyst for the industrial upgrading of biomass-derived FAL.
Effects of thiol modifiers on the kinetics of furfural hydrogenation over Pd catalysts
Pang, Simon H.,Schoenbaum, Carolyn A.,Schwartz, Daniel K.,Will Medlin
, p. 3123 - 3131 (2014)
Thiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were used to block specific active sites on Pd/Al2O3 during the hydrogenation of furfural to elucidate site requirements for each process involved in this complex reaction network. Reactions were performed on uncoated, 1-octadecanethiol (C18) coated, and benzene-1,2-dithiol (BDT) coated catalysts. Selectivity among key reaction pathways was sensitive to the SAM modifier, with increasing sulfur density strongly suppressing furfural decarbonylation, less strongly suppressing furfural hydrogenation, and minimally affecting furfuryl alcohol hydrodeoxygenation to methylfuran. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with CO was used to characterize site availability on the catalysts. The presence of a C18 modifier restricted the availability of Pd terrace sites, while accessibility to Pd edges and steps was practically unaffected with respect to the uncoated catalyst. The BDT modifier further restricted terrace accessibility but additionally restricted adsorption at particle edges and steps. Comparison between reaction rates and site availability suggested that decarbonylation occurred primarily on terrace sites, while hydrodeoxygenation occurred on particle steps and edges. Aldehyde hydrogenation, and its reverse process of alcohol dehydrogenation, was found to occur on both terrace or edge sites, with the dominant pathway dependent on surface coverage as determined by reaction conditions. The results of a detailed kinetic study indicate that in addition to changing the availability of specific sites, thiol monolayers can strongly affect reaction energetics and decrease the coverage of strongly adsorbed furfural-derived intermediates under reaction conditions. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments indicated that the metal-sulfur bonds were not changed appreciably under reaction conditions. The results of this work show that HDO is not appreciably affected even with drastic decreases in the density of available sites as measured by CO adsorption, providing opportunities to design isolated catalyst sites for selective reaction.
Maleimide-dimethylfuran exo adducts: Effective maleimide protection in the synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates
Sanchez, Albert,Pedroso, Enrique,Grandas, Anna
, p. 4364 - 4367 (2011)
The reaction of maleimide-containing compounds with 2,5-dimethylfuran gives a mixture of exo and endo isomers from which the exo cycloadduct can be easily isolated taking advantage of its stability in concentrated aqueous ammonia. Bifunctional compounds incorporating a dimethylfuran-protected maleimide (exo adduct) have been attached to resin-linked oligonucleotide chains. Removal of protecting groups masking oligonucleotide functionalities followed by retro-Diels-Alder maleimide deprotection affords maleimido-oligonucleotides suitable for conjugation, as assessed by their reaction with different thiols.
Factors affecting thermally induced furan formation
Fan, Xuetong,Huang, Lihan,Sokorai, Kimberly J. B.
, p. 9490 - 9494 (2008)
Furan, a potential carcinogen, can be induced by heat from sugars, ascorbic acid, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of pH, phosphate, temperature, and heating time on furan formation. Heat-induced furan formation from free sugars, ascorbic acid, and linoleic acid was profoundly affected by pH and the presence of phosphate. In general, the presence of phosphate increased furan formation in solutions of sugars and ascorbic acid. In a linoleic acid emulsion, phosphate increased the formation of furan at pH 6 but not at pH 3. When an ascorbic acid solution was heated, higher amounts of furan were produced at pH 3 than at pH 6 regardless of phosphate's presence. However, in linoleic acid emulsion, more furan was produced at pH 6 than at pH 3. The highest amount of furan was formed from the linoleic acid emulsion at pH 6. In fresh apple cider, a product with free sugars as the major components (besides water) and little fatty acids, ascorbic acid, or phosphate, small or very low amounts of furan was formed by heating at 90-120 °C for up to 10 min. The results indicated that free sugars may not lead to significant amounts of furan formation under conditions for pasteurization and sterilization. Importantly, this is the first report demonstrating that phosphate (in addition to pH) plays a significant role in thermally induced furan formation.
Thermal Decomposition of 3′-Azidothymidine
Nedel'ko,Korsunskii,Chukanov,Larikova,Korchevskaya,Malin,Shcherbinin,Ostrovskii
, p. 727 - 730 (2003)
The kinetics of thermal decomposition of 3′-azidothymidine (AZT) in melt at 140-201°C were studied by the thermogravimetric and manometric methods. The process follows the first-order kinetics and is decribed by the Arrhenius equation: k = 1014.7±0.5
Selective hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol over Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts
Sang, Shengya,Wang, Yuan,Zhu, Wei,Xiao, Guomin
, p. 1179 - 1195 (2017)
A series of nickel-based catalysts (with 2O3, x represents the Ni loading amount) were synthesized by the impregnation method, which was successfully applied for the catalytic hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, nickel loading amount, solvent, and hydrogen pressure on conversion of furfural alcohol as well as selectivity for tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol were investigated systematically. The conversion of furfural alcohol over 15?wt% Ni/γ-Al2O3 was up to 99.8?% with a selectivity of 99.5?% toward tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, when the reaction was carried out at 353?K with an initial H2 pressure of 4.0?MPa and reaction time of 2?h. In addition, there was an increase of turnover frequency (TOF) value with the decrease of Ni particle size. The features of the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were investigated by characterization of XRD, TPR, BET, and SEM.
Structure-Reactivity Relations in Ruthenium Catalysed Furfural Hydrogenation
Durndell, Lee J.,Zou, Guchu,Shangguan, Wenfeng,Lee, Adam F.,Wilson, Karen
, p. 3927 - 3932 (2019)
Furfural is an abundant and low-cost bio-derived platform chemical, obtained by xylose dehydration, and an important precursor to furfuryl alcohol and furan resins. The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol was systematically investigated over silica supported Ru nanoparticles to elucidate structure-reactivity relations and obtain mechanistic insight. Furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol is weakly structure sensitive for Ru nanoparticles spanning 2 to 25 nm, and the dominant reaction pathway reaching 95 % selectivity under our conditions (2 and 100–165 °C). In contrast, furfural decarbonylation to furan exhibits a strong structure sensitivity, being favoured over sub-10 nm particles. Increasing pH2 from 10 to 25 bar resulted in a modest increase in C=O hydrogenation, while higher temperatures promoted ring-opening of furfuryl alcohol.
Selective Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Furfural: Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Pd?Cu Alloy Nanoparticles in Porous Polymer
Salnikova, Ksenia E.,Larichev, Yurii V.,Sulman, Esther M.,Bykov, Alexey V.,Sidorov, Alexander I.,Demidenko, Galina N.,Sulman, Mikhail G.,Bronstein, Lyudmila M.,Matveeva, Valentina G.
, p. 1697 - 1703 (2020)
Here, the development of a new catalyst is reported for the selective furfural (FF) hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol (FA) based on about 7 nm sized Pd?Cu alloy nanoparticles (NPs) formed in inexpensive, commercially available micro/mesoporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS). A comparison of the catalytic properties of as-synthesized and reduced (denoted “r”) catalysts as well as Pd?Cu alloy and monometallic palladium NPs showed a considerable enhancement of the catalytic performance of Pd?Cu/HPS-r compared to other catalysts studied, resulting in about 100 percent FF conversion, 95.2 percent selectivity for FA and a TOF of 1209 h?1. This was attributed to the enrichment of the NP surface with copper atoms, disrupting the furan ring adsorption, and to the presence of both zerovalent and cationic palladium and copper species, resulting in optimal hydrogen and FF adsorption. These factors along with exceptional stability of the catalyst in ten consecutive catalytic cycles make it highly promising in practical applications.
The Generation and Trapping of a Novel Dewar Furan
Pitt, Ian G.,Russel, Richard A.,Warrener, Ronald N.
, p. 1466 - 1467 (1984)
2,4,7-Trimethyl-7-aza-3-oxatricyclo2,4>oct-1(5)-ene-6,8-dione (7), a derivative of the rarely observed Dewar furan ring-system, has been prepared by Zn-TiCl4 debromination of dibromide (6) and trapped in situ with furan.
