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Sulfuric acid

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Name

Sulfuric acid

EINECS 231-639-5
CAS No. 7664-93-9 Density 2.2 g/cm3
PSA N/A LogP N/A
Solubility miscible with water Melting Point 10 °C
Formula H2O4S Boiling Point 330.001 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight 98.0795 Flash Point 11°C
Transport Information UN 3264 8/PG 3 Appearance clear colorless oily liquid
Safety 26-30-45-36/37-16 Risk Codes 36/38-35-39-23/24/25-11
Molecular Structure Molecular Structure of 7664-93-9 (Sulfuric(VI) acid) Hazard Symbols CorrosiveC
Synonyms

Dihydrogen sulfate;Dipping acid;NSC 248648;Oil of vitriol;Sulphuric acid;Vitriol brown oil;Sulfuricacid;

Article Data 1730

Sulfuric acid Synthetic route

7446-09-5

sulfur dioxide

7553-56-2

iodine

A

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

B

10034-85-2

hydrogen iodide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
0 - 25 °C; part of a Mg-S-I water splitting cycle;A 100%
B 100%
7446-09-5

sulfur dioxide

A

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

B

7704-34-9

sulfur

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 170-180°C; in very dilute soln. complete decompn. in 2 h, incomplete decompn. in concd. solns.;A n/a
B 100%
byproducts: H2S4O6;
sodium thiosulfate In water 100°C;
463-58-1

carbon oxide sulfide

7722-84-1

dihydrogen peroxide

A

124-38-9

carbon dioxide

B

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

C

7732-18-5

water

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium sulfate; potassium hydrogensulfate; potassium peroxomonosulfate In water Kinetics; oxidation of OCS studied in round-bottom Pyrex bulbs, acid-water mixtures introduced into bulbs and degassed, bulb reactors filled with with a gas mixture slightly above 1 atm total pressure with a typical mixing ratio of OCS:Ar:He=40:60:700 Torr; gas chromy. and mass spectroscopy applied for determination of product content;A 100%
B n/a
C n/a
With sulfuric acid In water Kinetics; oxidation of OCS studied in round-bottom Pyrex bulbs, acid-water mixtures introduced into bulbs and degassed, bulb reactors filled with with a gas mixture slightly above 1 atm total pressure with a typical mixing ratio of OCS:Ar:He=40:60:700 Torr; gas chromy. and mass spectroscopy applied for determination of product content;A 100%
B n/a
C n/a
7446-09-5

sulfur dioxide

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid; ammonia absorption of dild. SO2 in aq. soln. of NH3, eliberation with H2SO4, O2 from water electrolysis, 3-layer contact bed, heat exchanger, 3 H2SO4 absorbers, coke filter, tail gas recirculation, 528-682°C;99.5%
With NH3; H2SO4; catalyst: V compd. absorption of dild. SO2 in aq. soln. of NH3, eliberation with H2SO4, O2 from water electrolysis, 3-layer contact bed, heat exchanger, 3 H2SO4 absorbers, coke filter, tail gas recirculation, 528-682°C;99.5%
ferric hydroxide In not given 125-130°C, Fe(OH)3 on pumice or asbestos;
7704-34-9

sulfur

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With air moist air introductions into four-stage contact furnace, 2-stage drum absorber, washing of tail gas in Venturi app.; 93-95 % acid concn.;99%
With air moist air introductions into four-stage contact furnace, 2-stage drum absorber, washing of tail gas in Venturi app.; 93-95 % acid concn.;99%
With catalyst: V compd. moist S roaster gas, absorption in concd. acid;
13445-49-3

Marshall's acid

tin(ll) chloride

A

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

B

7646-78-8

tin(IV) chloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;A n/a
B 99%
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;A n/a
B 99%
7789-31-3

bromic acid

A

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

B

7726-95-6

bromine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulphurous acid byproducts: H2O;A n/a
B 99%
With H2SO3 byproducts: H2O;A n/a
B 99%
7446-09-5

sulfur dioxide

A

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

B

7704-34-9

sulfur

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 0.208 mg/l SO2 soln.;A 98.16%
B 70.87%
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 0.420 mg/l SO2 soln.;A 98.52%
B 74.28%
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 1.123 mg/l SO2 soln.;A 98.86%
B 74.2%

pyrite

7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
3-stage contact with heat exchangers, for pyrite roaster gas;98%
With air burning at 820°C in rotating furnace, elec. filter, washing, air addn., wet elec. filter, drying, heat exchanger, two-stage inner cooling, cooler, absorption, cooling;
With nitric acid formation of H2SO4 by reaction of HNO3 with pyrite; faster reaction at 100 °C than at higher temperature;;
With air; catalyst: V2O5 - K2O - SiO2 burning at 820°C in rotating furnace, elec. filter, washing, air addn., wet elec. filter, drying, heat exchanger, two-stage inner cooling, cooler, absorption, cooling;

Sulfuric acid History

The discovery of sulfuric acid is credited to the 8th century Muslim chemist and alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber). The acid was later studied by 9th century Persian physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who obtained the substance by dry distillation of minerals including iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4·7H2O, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4·5H2O.
In the 17th century, the German-Dutch chemist Johann Glauber prepared sulfuric acid by burning sulfur together with saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3), in the presence of steam
Sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck's process only approached a 35–40% concentration.
Later refinements to the lead-chamber process by French chemist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist John Glover improved the yield to 78%.
Throughout the 18th century, this could only be made by dry distilling minerals in a technique similar to the original alchemical processes.
In 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the contact process, which was a far more economical process for producing sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. Today, nearly all of the world's sulfuric acid is produced using this method.

Sulfuric acid Consensus Reports

Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

Sulfuric acid Standards and Recommendations

OSHA PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3
ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 mg/m3; STEL 3 mg/m3; Suspected Human Carcinogen (Contained in strong inorganic mists); (Proposed: TWA 0.2 mg/m3; Suspected Human Carcinogen (Contained in strong inorganic mists))
DFG MAK: 1 mg/m3
NIOSH REL: (Sulfuric Acid) TWA 1 mg/m3
DOT Classification:  8; Label: Corrosive

Sulfuric acid Analytical Methods

 Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) ,its occupational chemical analysis uses OSHA: #ID-113 or NIOSH: Acids, inorganic, 7903.

 

Sulfuric acid Specification

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), with the cas number 7664-93-9, is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2 SO4. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations.Sometimes, it may be dark brown as dyed during its industrial production process in order to alert people to its hazards.

Physical properties about Sulfuric acid are: (1)ACD/LogP: -1.114; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -5.61; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -5.61; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)#H bond acceptors: 4; (7)#H bond donors: 2; (8)Index of Refraction: 1.537; (9)Molar Refractivity: 13.925 cm3; (10)Molar Volume: 44.58 cm3; (11)Polarizability: 5.52 10-24cm3; (12)Surface Tension: 124.13500213623 dyne/cm; (13)Density: 2.2 g/cm3; (14)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 62.935 kJ/mol; (15)Boiling Point: 330.001 °C at 760 mmHg

Preparation of Sulfuric acid: The manufacture of Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) by the lead chamberprocess involves oxidation of sulfur to sulfur dioxide by oxygen, further oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide with nitrogen dioxide, and, finally, hydrolysis of sulfur trioxide.

S + O2 → SO2
2NO + O2→ 2NO2
SO2 + NO2 → SO3 + NO
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

Modifications of the process include towers to recover excess nitrogen oxides and to increase the final acid concentration from 65% (chamber acid) to 78% (tower acid).
The contact process has evolved to become the method of choice for sulfuric acid manufacture because of the ability of the process to produce stronger acid.

S + O2 → SO2
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

In the process, sulfur and oxygen are converted to sulfur dioxide at 1000 °C and then cooled to 420 °C. The sulfur dioxide and oxygen enter the converter, which contains a catalyst such as vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). About 60 to 65% of the sulfur dioxide is converted by an exothermic reaction to sulfur trioxide in the first layer with a 2 to 4-second contact time. The gas leaves the converter at 600°C and is cooled to 400°C before it enters the second layer of catalyst. After the third layer, about 95% of the sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide. The mixture is then fed to the initial absorption tower, where the sulfur trioxide is hydrated to sulfuric acid after which the gas mixture is reheated to 420 °C and enters the fourth layer of catalyst that gives overall a 99.7% conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. It is cooled and then fed to the final absorption tower and hydrated to sulfuric acid. The final sulfuric acid concentration is 98 to 99% (1 to 2% water). A small amount of this acid is recycled by adding some water and recirculating into the towers to pick up more sulfur trioxide.

Uses of Sulfuric acid: Although Sulfuric acid is the common starting raw material, other sources of Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) can be used, including iron, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc sulfides. Hydrogen sulfide, a by-product of petroleum refining and natural gas refining, can be burned to sulfur dioxide. Gypsum (CaSO4) can also be used but needs high temperatures to be converted to sulfur dioxide. Other uses for it include the manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals, inorganic pigments, petroleum refining, etching, as a catalyst in alkylation processes, in electroplating baths, for pickling and other operations in iron and steel production, in rayon and film manufacture, in the making of explosives, and in nonferrous metallurgy.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;
Never add water to this product;
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);?
Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves;

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4);
(2)InChIKey=QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesS(=O)(=O)(O)O;

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
guinea pig LC50 inhalation 18mg/m3 (18mg/m3) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES Medicina del Lavoro. Industrial Medicine. Vol. 45, Pg. 590, 1954.
 
human TCLo inhalation 1mg/m3/3H (1mg/m3) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES Inhalation Toxicology. Vol. 9, Pg. 731, 1997.
human TCLo inhalation 3mg/m3/24W (3mg/m3) MUSCULOSKELETAL: CHANGES IN TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 18, Pg. 63, 1961.
 
man LDLo unreported 135mg/kg (135mg/kg)   "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970.
mouse LC50 inhalation 320mg/m3/2H (320mg/m3)   "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 107, 1982.
rat LC50 inhalation 510mg/m3/2H (510mg/m3)   "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 107, 1982.
rat LD50 oral 2140mg/kg (2140mg/kg)   American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 30, Pg. 470, 1969.