Xi:刺激性物质‖F;
7440-31-5Relevant articles and documents
Reduction of tin oxide by hydrogen radicals
Wallinga,Arnoldbik,Vredenberg,Schropp,Van Der Weg
, p. 6219 - 6224 (1998)
The effect of a reducing hydrogen ambient on textured tin oxide thin films on glass substrates has been investigated. Hydrogen treatments were done at 230 and 430 °C by hot wire (HW) and rf plasma-decomposed hydrogen with pure H2 as source gas. By these treatments the possible reduction of the substrate during the deposition of a-Si:H for solar cells is simulated. Ion beam techniques revealed that the exposure to HW-decomposed H-radicals leads to the formation of a tin-rich surface layer of 40 nm in 1 min at both 230 and at 430 °C. The loss of oxygen is higher for the high-temperature treatment. The optical transmission at a wavelength of 800 nm is reduced from 80% to less than 20%, while the sheet resistance increases from 6 to 8 Ω/□. At both temperatures the reduction of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) by a HW-treatment occurs faster than by rf plasma-decomposed H. The H radical concentration, which is higher for the HW-decomposed hydrogen as compared to rf plasma-decomposed hydrogen, is the most important factor in determining the rate of the reduction process. For short exposures to H radicals, the transparency and conductivity of the tin oxide may be completely restored by means of reoxidation in air at 400 °C. In contrast, prolonged exposure to H-radicals induces irreversible loss of transparency and conductivity, concomitant with formation of granule-like particles of metallic tin on the surface. A thin plasma-deposited a-Si:H-layer was found to effectively protect the FTO-layer against reduction due to HW-generated H-radicals.
Bimodal microstructure and reaction mechanism of Ti2SnC synthesized by a high-temperature reaction using Ti/Sn/C and Ti/Sn/TiC powder compacts
Li, Shi-Bo,Bei, Guo-Ping,Zhai, Hong-Xiang,Zhou, Yang
, p. 3617 - 3623 (2006)
High purity of titanium tin carbide (Ti2SnC) powder was fabricated by pressureless sintering two types of mixtures of Ti/Sn/C and Ti/Sn/TiC powders under different conditions. A bimodal microstructure of Ti2SnC with plate-like and rod-like forms was first observed, which is determined by the grain growth rate in different planes, the C particle's size, and the growth environment. Based on the microstructure observation, a reaction model was proposed to understand the reaction mechanism for the formation of Ti2SnC. Further investigation of the thermal stability of Ti2SnC demonstrates that Ti2SnC decomposes to TiC and Sn in vacuum atmosphere at 1250 C.
SrSn4: A Superconducting Stannide with Localized and Delocalized Bond Character
Hoffmann, Stefan,Faessler, Thomas F.
, p. 8748 - 8754 (2003)
The title compound is the tin-richest phase in the system Sr-Sn and is obtained by stoichiometric combination of the elements, SrSn4 peritecticly decomposes under formation of SrSn3 and Sn at 340 °C. The structure determined from a single crystal shows a new structure type with a novel structure motive in tin chemistry. It can be described by a corrugated, distorted quadratic net of tin atoms as the only building unit. The nets intersect at common Sn atoms, and the resulting channels host the Sr atoms, The structure can alternatively be described as an intergrowth structure of the AlB2-type and W-type. The atoms that are connected by the two shortest Sn-Sn distances (2,900 and 3.044 A) form a two-dimensional net consisting of hexagons of tin atoms. The hexagons have boat conformation in contrast to the rather similar α-As structure type, where hexagons have a chair conformation. Further tin atoms connect the two-dimensional net of Sn hexagons. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements show that SrSn4 is superconducting with Tc = 4.8 K at 10 G. LMTO band structure and density of states calculations verify the metallic behavior of SrSn4. An analysis of the electronic structure with the help of the electron localization function (ELF) shows that localized covalent bonds beside delocalized bonds coexist in SrSn4.
Electrochemical nitriding of Sn in LiCl-KCl-Li3N systems
Goto, Takuya,Ito, Yasuhiko
, p. 418 - 421 (2005)
Electrochemical nitriding of a liquid phase tin metal has experimentally been confirmed by using the oxidation of nitride ions in molten LiCl-KCl-Li 3N melts according to the following reactions:N3-=Nads+3e-Nads+Sn= SnNx From the XPS analysis, N 1s signal and Sn 3d signals are observed, which corresponds to the formation of SnNx, after conducting argon ion sputtering for 1000 s. This showed that a thick and stable nitride film was formed by electrochemical nitriding.
Preparation and characterization of three-dimensional tin thin-film anode with good cycle performance
Du, Zhijia,Zhang, Shichao,Jiang, Tao,Bai, Zhiming
, p. 3537 - 3541 (2010)
Three-dimensional tin thin-film anode was prepared by electroless plating tin onto three-dimensional (3D) copper foam (which served as current collector), and characterized physically by SEM, EDS and XRD. Its electrochemical property and mechanism were studied by charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SEM and EDS results indicated that tin film with 500 nm thickness was formed over the whole surface of copper branches. The XRD results suggested that a new phase of Cu6Sn5 was formed between copper and tin. Besides the tin microflake structure of 500 nm thickness, the interaction effects of the copper foam and Cu6Sn5 phase formed between copper and tin resulted in good cycle performance with first discharge capacity of 737 mAh g-1, 97% capacity retention after 20 cycles and still 84% after 40 cycles.
Thermolysis specifics of Tin(IV) and Tin(II) complex derivatives: Thermolysis of (Acac)2SnX2 (X = Cl, N3), (CO)5MSnCl2(thf) (M = Cr, Mo, W), (CO) 5MSn(Acac)2, (CO)5MSn
Dobrokhotova,Koroteev,Novotortsev,Egorov,Nefedov
, p. 1109 - 1119 (2007)
Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry are used to study the thermolysis of following complexes: (Acac)2Sn(N3)Cl (1); (Acac)2SnCl2 (2); (CO)5MSn(Acac) 2 with M = Cr (3) or W
Development of lead free pulse electrodeposited tin based composite solder coating reinforced with ex situ cerium oxide nanoparticles
Sharma, Ashutosh,Bhattacharya, Sumit,Das, Siddhartha,Fecht,Das, Karabi
, p. 609 - 616 (2013)
Pure Sn and Sn-CeO2 nanocomposite films have been pulse electrodeposited from an aqueous electrolyte containing stannous chloride (SnCl2-2H2O) and triammonium citrate (C6H 17N3O7). The codeposition is achieved by adding different amounts of ball milled CeO2 nanopowders (1-30 g/L) with a mean particle size of ～30 nm to the electrolyte. Microstructural characterizations have been carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructural observations show that a uniform microstructure is obtained at a concentration of ～6 wt% CeO 2 in the deposits corresponding to 15 g/L CeO2 in electrolyte. Thus, incorporation of an optimum amount of CeO2 in a composite provides better mechanical, and wear and friction properties, without sacrificing the electrical resistivity significantly.
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF TIN ONTO A WELL-DEFINED Pt(111) SURFACE FROM AQUEOUS HBr SOLUTIONS: STUDIES BY LEED AND AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY.
Stickney,Schardt,Stern,Wieckowski,Hubbard
, p. 648 - 650 (1986)
The authors report on instance in which the energetic driving force for electrosorption, in this case the substantial affinity of tin-oxygen monolayers for the Pt surface, was sufficient to cause spontaneous deposition of monolayer quantities of material upon immersion (of Pt into Sn(II) solutions) at open circuit. Since the electrodeposition of Sn species occurred without flow of current in the external circuit, the deposited species were detected, identified, and quantitated by Auger electron spectroscopy.
Electrodeposited tin coating as negative electrode material for lithium-ion battery in room temperature molten salt
Fung,Zhu
, p. A319-A324 (2002)
A new room temperature molten salt (RTMS) [1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium/AlCl3/SnCl2 (3:2:0.5)] was developed for depositing tin on a copper electrode. Different tin crystallites were deposited at different temperatures, giving widely different performances of the assembled lithium cell [Sn (Cu)/LiCl buffered MEICl-AlCl3 RTMS/lithium]. Tin film deposited at 50°C or higher gave a more desirable crystal structure and an improved performance than films obtained at lower temperatures. Both cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling show the formation of three major lithium-tin alloy phases corresponding to the phase transition of LiSn/Li7Sn3, Li13Sn5/Li7Sn2, and Li7Sn2/Li22Sn5. Increases in the charging and discharging capacities were found with the deposition of higher lithium-rich tin alloys, though at the degradation of the irreversible capacity at the first cycle. The discharging capacity decreased rapidly, producing loose, expanded, and irregular crystallites upon cycling at a high current density (cd) (1.0 mA/cm2). However, an average capacity of 140 mAh/g, coulombic efficiency around 85%, and more than 200 cycles were obtained at a low cd (0.4 mA/cm2). The improvement is attributed to the deposition of small and regular tin crystallites that allows reversible insertion and removal of lithium from a more stable crystal structure without a significant volume change during cycling.
Amorphous Sn/Crystalline SnS2 Nanosheets via In Situ Electrochemical Reduction Methodology for Highly Efficient Ambient N2 Fixation
Li, Pengxiang,Fu, Wenzhi,Zhuang, Peiyuan,Cao, Yudong,Tang, Can,Watson, Angelica Blake,Dong, Pei,Shen, Jianfeng,Ye, Mingxin
, (2019)
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) as a new strategy for synthesizing ammonia has attracted ever-growing attention, due to its renewability, flexibility, and sustainability. However, the lack of efficient electrocatalysts has hampered the development of such reactions. Herein, a series of amorphous Sn/crystalline SnS2 (Sn/SnS2) nanosheets by an L-cysteine-based hydrothermal process, followed by in situ electrochemical reduction, are synthesized. The amount of reduced amorphous Sn can be adjusted by selecting electrolytes with different pH values. The optimized Sn/SnS2 catalyst can achieve a high ammonia yield of 23.8 μg h?1 mg?1, outperforming most reported noble-metal NRR electrocatalysts. According to the electrochemical tests, the conversion of SnS2 to an amorphous Sn phase leads to the substantial increase of its catalytic activity, while the amorphous Sn is identified as the active phase. These results provide a guideline for a rational design of low-cost and highly active Sn-based catalysts thus paving a wider path for NRR.
