7646-78-8 Usage
Description
Tin tetrachloride, also known as stannic chloride (SnCl4), is a strong Lewis acid that appears as white crystals with a strong pungent chlorine odor. It is a colorless fuming liquid at room temperature, releasing fumes upon contact with air, and is corrosive to metals and tissue. Tin tetrachloride is soluble in cold water, alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, and kerosene. It was used as a chemical weapon during World War I and is now widely used as a promoter or catalyst in organic synthesis, as well as in various industrial applications.
Uses
1. Used in Textile Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used as a mordant for dyeing fabrics, which helps to fix the dye to the fabric and improve colorfastness.
2. Used in Soap Industry:
It serves as a stabilizer for perfume in soap, enhancing the longevity and quality of the fragrance.
3. Used in Silk Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used for weighting silk, providing a more substantial feel and appearance to the fabric.
4. Used in Ceramic Industry:
It is utilized in ceramic coatings to create a durable and protective layer on the surface of ceramic materials.
5. Used in Paper Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is employed in the manufacturing of blueprint papers, which are used for creating copies of documents and designs.
6. Used in Chemical Industry:
It is used to produce fuchsin, a red dye, and other tin salts, as well as in the preparation of organotin compounds such as tetralkyltin and dialkyldichlorotin(IV), which find applications as catalysts and polymer stabilizers.
7. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used as a conductive coating and a sugar bleach, and it also has applications in the development of drugs and pharmaceutical products.
8. Used in Sugar Industry:
It acts as a bleaching agent for sugar, improving its appearance and quality.
9. Used in Resin Industry:
Tin tetrachloride serves as a stabilizer for certain resins, enhancing their durability and performance.
10. Used in Soap Industry (again):
It is also used for bacteria and fungi control in soaps, providing added benefits to users.
11. Used in Glass Container Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used for making an external coating that toughens the glass, increasing its strength and durability.
12. Used in Chemical Reactions:
It is used in chemical reactions with fuming (90%) nitric acid for the selective nitration of activated aromatic rings in the presence of unactivated ones.
Preparation
Tin(II) chloride is prepared by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization.
Air & Water Reactions
Fumes in moist air. Reacts with water to form Hydrochloric Acid in dense white fumes [Merck 11th ed. 1989].
Reactivity Profile
Acidic salts, such as STANNIC CHLORIDE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions (ethylene oxide polymerization). Combination of the chloride with turpentine is strongly exothermic, and may lead to ignition, [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 7, 446].
Hazard
Evolves heat on contact with moisture. Corrosive liquid
Health Hazard
CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Fire Hazard
EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Safety Profile
Poison by
intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by
inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes,
and mucous membranes. Combustible by
chemical reaction. Upon contact with
moisture, considerable heat is generated.
Violent reaction with K, Na, turpentine,
ethylene oxide, alkyl nitrates. Dangerous;
hydrochloric acid is liberated on contact
with moisture or heat. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.
See also HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Potential Exposure
Tin tetrachloride is used in the production of blueprints and electroconductive readings, as a bleaching agent for sugar and resin stabilizer.
Purification Methods
SnCl4 fumes in moist air due to formation of a hydrate. Fractionate it in a ground glass still and store it in the absence of air. Possible impurities are SO2 and HCl [Baudler in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 729 1963]. It forms a solid pentahydrate [10026-06-9] which smells of HCl and is obtained when the anhydrous salt is dissolved in a small volume of H2O. Also reflux it with clean mercury or P2O5 for several hours, then distil it under (reduced) N2 pressure into a receiver containing P2O5. Finally redistil it. Alternatively, distil it from Sn metal under vacuum in an all-glass system and seal off in large ampoules. SnCl4 is available commercially as 1M solutions in CH2Cl2 or hexane. HARMFUL VAPOURS.
Incompatibilities
Slowly forms hydrochloric acid in cold water; fast reaction in hot water and steam. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, water, turpentine, potassium, sodium, ethylene oxide; nitrates, alcohols, amines, chlorine, strong acids; strong bases. Attacks metals, rubbers and some plastics in the resence of moisture.
Waste Disposal
SnCl4: Pour onto sodium bicarbonate; spray with ammonium hydroxide while adding crushed ice; when reaction subsides, flush down drain.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7646-78-8 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,6,4 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 7 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7646-78:
(6*7)+(5*6)+(4*4)+(3*6)+(2*7)+(1*8)=128
128 % 10 = 8
So 7646-78-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
7646-78-8Relevant articles and documents
Synthesis, structure, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of tetrakis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) dichloride and tetrakis(azepanium) hexabromostannate(IV) dibromide
Manonmani,Balakrishnan,Dhanalakshmi,Ahamed, S. Rafi,Vinitha,Sockalingam
, (2021)
The new organic-inorganic hybrids of tetrakis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) dichloride (1) and tetrakis(azepanium) hexabromostannate(IV) dibromide (2) crystals have been grown after slow evaporation of the solvent and characterized through single-crys
Metal-organic hybrids of tin(IV): Synthesis, crystal structure, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexahalostannate(IV)
Dhanalakshmi,Balakrishnan,Ahamed, S. Rafi,Vinitha,Parthiban
, (2021)
The self-assembled organic-inorganic hybrid materials such as bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexachlorostannate(IV) (1) and bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexabromostannate(IV) (2) have been synthesized for their huge applications in opto-non-line
Furman, N. H.
, p. 906 - 914 (1918)
Sherer, C. S.
, p. 1615 - 1619 (1972)
Amat, E.,March, J. G.,Grases, F.
, p. 1 - 8 (1986)
Booth, H. S.,Stillwell, W. D.
, p. 1531 - 1535 (1934)
Kelley, J.,Smith, E. F.
, p. 1096 - 1098 (1896)
Synthesis, structure, optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV)
Balakrishnan, C.,Dhanalakshmi, M.,Manonmani, M.,Markkandan, R.
, (2021/10/25)
The organic-inorganic hybrid material bis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) (BAHCS) has been synthesized from azepanium chloride at room temperature. The hybrid was characterized by IR, TG-DTA, UV-DRS and PL spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of the compound exhibited extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions among azepanium cation and SnCl62- anion. BVS of tin in BAHCS was calculated based on Sn-Cl bond distances obtained from X-ray structural analysis as 4.00, which is a formal oxidation state of 4+. This is the first report which established the formal oxidation state of tin in a hybrid material. The thermal analysis confirms the proposed formula of the compound.