7440-69-9

Basic information

• Product Name: Bismuth
• Synonyms: bismuth,elemental;Bismuth-209;BISMUTH METAL;BISMUTH METALLO-ORGANIC STANDARD;BISMUTH ICP STANDARD;BISMUTH ATOMIC ABSORPTION SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD;BISMUTH ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD;BISMUTH
• CAS NO: 7440-69-9
• Molecular Formula: Bi
• Molecular Weight: 208.98
• EINECS: 231-177-4
• Product Categories: Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Inorganics;FUNGICIDE;Bismuth;Metal and Ceramic Science;Metals;BismuthMetal and Ceramic Science;Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry;Chemical Synthesis;AAS;AAS CRMsAlphabetic;AASSpectroscopy;Application CRMs;B;BI - BZSpectroscopy;Matrix Selection;Nitrate;Spectroscopy;metal or element;#N/A
• Mol File: 7440-69-9.mol
• Article Data: 154

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 271 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 1560 °C(lit.)
• Appearance: Silver-white or red/shot
• Density: 9.8 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Pressure: <0.1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
• Storage Temp.: Flammables area
• Water Solubility: insoluble
• Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, nitrosyl fluoride, fused ammonium nitrate, interhalogen compoun
• Merck: 13,1256
• CAS DataBase Reference: Bismuth(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Bismuth(7440-69-9)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Bismuth(7440-69-9)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: F,C,Xi,O
• Statements: 34-11-36/37/38-8
• Safety Statements: 16-45-36/37/39-26
• RIDADR: UN 3264 8/PG 3
• WGK Germany: 1
• RTECS: EB2600000
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• PackingGroup: III
• Hazardous Substances Data: 7440-69-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

Bismuth is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal. It occurs naturally in the metallic state and in minerals such as bismite. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite, and countries such as Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major producers of bismuth. It is found as crystals in the sulphide ores of nickel, cobalt, silver, and tin. Bismuth is mainly produced as a by-product from lead and copper smelting. It is insoluble in hot or cold water. Bismuth explodes if mixed with chloric or perchloric acid. Molten bismuth explodes and bismuth powder glows red-hot on contact with concentrated nitric acid. It is flammable in powder form. Bismuth is used in the manufacture of low melting solders and fusible alloys; as key components of thermoelectric safety appliances, such as automatic shut-offs for gas and electric water-heating systems and safety plugs in compressed gas cylinders; in the production of shot and shotguns; in pharmaceuticals; in the manufacturing of acrylonitrile; and as the starting material for synthetic fibres and rubbers. Bismuth oxychloride is sometimes used in cosmetics. Also bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an anti-diarrhoeal and as a treatment of some other gastrointestinal diseases.

Chemical Properties

Bismuth is the fifth element in the nitrogen group, and its properties are the most metal-likeof the five. Elemental bismuth is a heavy, brittle, hard metal that can be polished to a brightgray-white coat with a pinkish hue. It is not found in this state very often because it is more likelyto be combined with other metals and minerals, such as tin, lead, iron and cadmium. These aremixtures with low melting points, making them useful in fire-detection devices. When heated in air, bismuth burns with a blue flame, giving off clouds of its yellow oxide.Bismuth’s melting point is 271.40°C, its boiling point is 1,564°C, and its density is 9.807 g/cm3.

Physical properties

Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. Bismuth is stable to both dry and moist air at ordinary temperatures. When red hot, it reacts with water to make bismuth(III) oxide. Bismuth forms trivalent and pentavalent compounds. The trivalent compounds are more common. Many of its chemical properties are similar to those of As and Sb, although they are less toxic than derivatives of those lighter elements. At elevated temperatures, the vapors of the metal combine rapidly with oxygen, forming the yellow trioxide, Bi2O3.

Isotopes

There are a total of 59 radioactive isotopes for bismuth, ranging in half-livesfrom a few milliseconds to thousands of years. At one time it was thought that there wasjust one stable isotope (Bi-209), but it was later found that Bi-209 is radioactive witha half-life of 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years. Such a long half-life means that Bi-209 has not completely disintegrated and is still found in nature, and is thus consideredstable. In this case, Bi-209 makes up 100% of Bismuth’s natural abundance.

Origin of Name

Bismuth was known and used by the ancient alchemists along with other metals both for chemical reactions and for medical purposes. The name comes from the German bismu, which had been changed from wismu, meaning “white.”

Occurrence

Bismuth is the 70th most abundant element, and it is widely spread over the Earth’s crust, butin very small amounts. There are no major concentrated sources. It occurs both in the free elementalstate and in several ores. The major ore, bismuthinite (B2S3), is found in South America.The United States gets most of its bismuth as a by-product from smelting ores of lead,silver, copper, and gold. It is also recovered from the refining of tin and tungsten ores.

Characteristics

Bismuth is more resistant to electrical current in its solid state than it is in its liquid form.Its thermal conductivity is the lowest of all metals, except mercury. Even though it is considereda metal-like element, it is a very poor conductor of heat and electricity.Bismuth has a characteristic similar to water. It expands when changing from the liquidphase to the solid phase. This factor makes it useful as an alloy in metals that are used to fillmolds, given that it will expand to the cast’s dimensions.

History

In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys that are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 7440-69-9 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Bismuth is used to make the drugs such as Pepto-Bismol for upset stomachs and diarrheaand in medicine to treat intestinal infections. Bismuth is used in the cosmetics industry toprovide the “shine” for lipsticks, eye shadow, and other products.It is added to steel and other metals as an alloy to make the metals easier to roll, press, pullinto wires, and turn on a lathe. It is also used in the semiconductor industry and to makepermanent magnets.Bismuth is similar to antimony in that it expands from the molten liquid state to the solidstate. This property makes it an excellent material to pour into molds and can produce finedetails in whatever is being molded, such as metallic printing type and similar fine castings.
2. Several bismuth compounds have been used medicinally. Some are used for gastrointestinal distress (Pepto-Bismol contains bismuth subsalicylate). Others are used as salves and, in rare cases, for treatment of parasites. In the past, bismuth was also used to treat syphilis and malaria. Commercially, bismuth is also used in the manufacture of permanent magnets, semiconductors, and thermoelectric materials; as a catalyst in making acrylonitrile; and as an additive to improve the machinability of steels and other metals. Bismuth is also frequently used in cosmetics, generally nail polish and lipstick.

Production Methods

Bismuth is obtained as a by-product in smelting and refining of lead, copper or tungsten ores. The metal is partially volatilized when the ore is smelted at the high temperature. Separation from copper is achieved by electrolytic refining, bismuth accumulating in the anode slimes with lead, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and other metal impurities. All throughout the smelting and refining operations bismuth accompanies lead. It finally is removed from lead by Betterton-Kroll or Betts processes. The Betterton-Kroll process involves the addition of calcium-lead alloy or magnesium metal to lead slime, thus converting bismuth to high-melting bismuthides of calcium or magnesium, Ca3Bi2 or Mg3Bi2, respectively. These bismuthides liquate from the bath and are separated as dross. Bismuth dross is then melted in kettles forming Bi7Mg6K9 which liquates to the top of the bath and is removed from the molten lead. Treatments with caustic soda finally produce the high quality bismuth.In a modified process, potassium substitutes for calcium to form Bi7Mg6Ca9 which liquates to the top of the bath and is removed from the molten lead. The Betts process is based on electrolytic refining using a solution of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid. While lead is deposited on the cathode, bismuth goes to the anode where it is collected with other impurity metals. It is then filtered, dried, smelted, and further refined, depending on the purity desired. Impurities are removed by adding molten caustic and zinc, and finally by chlorination.Bismuth may be obtained from other ores, too. The recovery process however, depends primarily on the chemical nature of the ores. For example, the sulfide ore requires smelting, carbon reduction, and the addition of iron (to decompose any bismuth sulfide present). Oxide ores, on the other hand, are treated with hydrochloric acid to leach bismuth from the mineral. The bismuth chloride solution is then diluted with water to precipitate bismuth oxy-chloride. The precipitate is roasted with lime and charcoal. Satisfactory recovery of the metal from its carbonate ore may be achieved by both the above techniques.Bismuth is sold in the form of rod, lump, powder, and wire.

Definition

Different sources of media describe the Definition of 7440-69-9 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. A brittle pinkish metallic element belonging to group 15 (formerly VA) of the periodic table. It occurs native and in the ores Bi2S3 and Bi2O3. The element does not react with oxygen or water under normal temperatures. It can be dissolved by concentrated nitric acid. Bismuth is widely used in alloys, especially low-melting alloys. The element has the property of expanding when it solidifies. Compounds of bismuth are used in cosmetics and medicines.
2. bismuth: Symbol Bi. A white crystallinemetal with a pinkish tinge belongingto group 15 (formerly VB) ofthe periodic table; a.n. 83; r.a.m.208.98; r.d. 9.78; m.p. 271.3°C; b.p.1560°C. The most important ores arebismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite(Bi2S3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia,and Canada are major producers. Themetal is extracted by carbon reductionof its oxide. Bismuth is the mostdiamagnetic of all metals and itsthermal conductivity is lower thanany metal except mercury. The metalhas a high electrical resistance and ahigh Hall effect when placed in magneticfields. It is used to make lowmelting-point casting alloys with tinand cadmium. These alloys expandon solidification to give clear replicationof intricate features. It is alsoused to make thermally activatedsafety devices for fire-detection andsprinkler systems. More recent applicationsinclude its use as a catalystfor making acrylic fibres, as a constituentof malleable iron, as a carrierof uranium–235 fuel in nuclearreactors, and as a specialized thermocouplematerial. Bismuth compounds(when lead-free) are used for cosmeticsand medical preparations. It is attackedby oxidizing acids, steam (athigh temperatures), and by moisthalogens. It burns in air with a blueflame to produce yellow oxide fumes.C. G. Junine first demonstrated that itwas different from lead in 1753.

General Description

All foils are mounted on a permanent support which cannot be removed without damaging the foil.

Hazard

Bismuth is flammable as a powder. The halogen compounds of bismuth are toxic wheninhaled or ingested. Some of the salts of bismuth can cause metallic poisoning in a mannersimilar to mercury and lead.At the beginning of the twentieth century, before penicillin, bismuth compounds wereused to treat some venereal diseases. However, the treatment was generally unsuccessful.

Health Hazard

Exposures to bismuth salts are associated primarily by ingestion. Bismuth is known to cause adverse health effects. The symptoms include, but are not limited to, irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, lungs, foul breath, metallic taste, and gingivitis. On ingestion, bismuth causes nausea, loss of appetite, weight, malaise, albuminuria, diarrhea, skin reactions, stomatitis, headache, fever, sleeplessness, depression, rheumatic pain, and a black line may form on gums in the mouth due to deposition of bismuth sulfi de. Prolonged exposure to bismuth causes mild but deleterious effects on the kidneys and high concentrations of bismuth result in fatalities. Occupational exposures to bismuth occur during the manufacture of cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Acute exposure with over dosage of bismuth-containing drugs causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and possibly a dry mouth and thirst. Bismuth also causes neurotoxicity. Bismuth pentafl uoride is highly toxic and causes irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, while bismuth subnitrate causes blurred vision.

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

Industrial uses

Bismuth (symbol Bi) is a brittle, crystallinemetal with a high metallic luster with a distinctivepinkish tinge. The metal is easily cast butnot readily formed by working. Within a narrowrange of temperature, around 225°C, it can beextruded. Its crystal structure is rhombohedral.It is one of the few metals that expand onsolidification; the expansion is 3.3%. The thermalconductivity of bismuth is lower than thatof any metal, with the exception of mercury.Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals(mass susceptibility of –1.35×106). It showsthe greatest Hall effect (increase in resistanceunder influence of a magnetic field). It also hasa low capture cross section for thermal neutrons(0.034 barn).Bismuth is playing an important role innuclear research. Its high density gives it excellentshielding properties for gamma rays whileits low thermal neutron capture cross sectionallows the neutrons to pass through. For investigationsin which it is desired to irradiateobjects, i.e., animals, with neutrons but protectthem from gamma rays, castings of bismuth areused as neutron windows in nuclear reactors.Bismuth has been proposed as a solventcoolantsystem for nuclear power reactors. Thebismuth dissolves sufficient uranium so that,when the solvent and solute are pumpedthrough a moderator (graphite), criticality isreached and fission takes place. The heat generatedfrom the fission reaction raises the temperatureof the bismuth. The heated bismuth isthen pumped to conventional heat exchangersproducing the steam power required for eventualconversion to electricity.

Potential Exposure

Bismuth is used as a constituent of tempering baths for steel alloys; in low Freezing/Melting point alloys which expand on cooling; in aluminum and steel alloys to increase machinability; and in printing type metal. Bismuth compounds are found primarily in pharmaceuticals as antiseptics, antacids, antiluetics, and as a medicament in the treatment of acute angina. They are also used as a contrast medium in roentgenoscopy and in cosmetics. For the general population the total intake from food is 5 20 μg with much smaller amounts contributed by air and water.

Carcinogenicity

An old lifetime study with rats fed 2% bismuth subcarbonate (BSC) in the diet did not show an increase of tumors or a decrease of survival.

Environmental Fate

The mechanism by which bismuth produces toxicity has not been identified. Interaction with thiol compounds has been proposed as a primary mechanism.

Shipping

UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1—Flammable solid.

Purification Methods

Melt it in an atmosphere of dry helium, then filter through dry Pyrex wool to remove any bismuth oxide present [Mayer et al. J Phys Chem 64 238 1960].

Toxicity evaluation

In aerated water, bismuth oxidizes; however, in an anaerobic aqueous environment, bismuth is unaffected. Similarly, in the atmosphere, bismuth is unaffected unless condensation or deposition of water occurs. Due to the inability for air and water to affect bismuth under most circumstances, bismuth tends to persist until wet or dry deposition, and therefore long-range transport is possible and likely.

Incompatibilities

Finely divided powder is highly flammable. Reacts with strong acids and strong oxidizers, chlorine, fused ammonium nitrates, iodine pentafluoride, and nitrosyl fluoride.

Waste Disposal

Dissolve in a minimum amount of concentrated HCl. Dilute with water until precipitate is formed. Redissolve in HCl. Then saturate with H2S. Filter, wash, dry and return to supplier.

InChI:InChI=1/Bi

Synthetic route

bismuth(III) oxide (1304-76-3) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With zinc In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; complete reduction at 500°C;;	100%
With Zn In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; complete reduction at 500°C;;	100%
With urea byproducts: H2O, CO2, N2; react. in a crucible over a low Meker flame, heating gently for 10 min; metal was extd. manually with a spatula;	71%

bismuth(III) sulfide → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) decomposition on heating above boiling temperature;; re-sulphuration on cooling down under exclusion of air; formation of Bi oxide in presence of air;;	100%
With sodium hydroxide In neat (no solvent) heating of Bi2S3 with NaOH at 400-500°C; thermodynamic calculations;;
With iron In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeS; heating of the sulfide with Fe; formation of Bi and Bi containing dross;; addition of alkaline or earth alkaline sulfides to the reaction mixture; separation from As and Sb containing speiss;;

bismuth(III) bromide (7787-58-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With calcium reduction with Ca at 220°C;;	100%
With magnesium In diethyl ether reduction in presence of ether at 25°C;;	100%
With Mg In diethyl ether reduction in presence of ether at 25°C;;	100%

bismuth(III) acetate oxide → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In acetic acid reduction at 150°C, 100 atm., 24 hours, 1,25n solution (acetic acid), 0.1n acetate;;	100%

vanadocene + (C6F5)3GeBi(C2H5)2 (69162-04-5) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + (C5H5)2VC2H5 + (C5H5)2VGe(C6F5)3

Conditions	Yield
In toluene mixt. held for 5 h at 20°C; org. layer decanted; solvent evapd. (vac.); extd. (hexane); recrystd. (toluene/hexane=8/1); ESR;	A 100% B 86% C 90%

triphenylbismuthane (603-33-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In xylene byproducts: C6H6; 60 atm, 124 h, 225°C;	99.4%
With hydrogen In xylene reduction of triphenyl Bi with H2 under a pressure of 60 at on heating at 250°C;;	99.4%
With hydrogen In xylene byproducts: C6H6; 60 atm, 124 h, 150°C;	6.9%

sodium octahydrotriborate tridioxanate + bismuth(III) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
In water room temp.; X-ray diffraction, gravimetric anal.;	99%

vanadocene + {(C6F5)3Ge}2BiC2H5 (69202-61-5) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + (C5H5)2VC2H5 + (C5H5)2VGe(C6F5)3

Conditions	Yield
In toluene mixt. held for 5 h at 20°C; org. layer decanted; solvent evapd. (vac.); extd. (hexane); recrystd. (toluene/hexane=8/1); ESR;	A 90% B 97% C 74%

benzene-d6 (1076-43-3) + triphenylbismuthane (603-33-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + biphenyl (92-52-4) + biphenyl-d10 (1486-01-7) + 2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuterio-biphenyl (20637-23-4)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene-d6 Irradiation (UV/VIS); 40-50°C, 150 h;	A n/a B 2.5% C 2.3% D 95.2%

(4-bromobenzoylseleno)bis(4-methylphenyl)bismuth → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tri(p-tolyl)bismuth (5142-75-6)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Se-(4-CH3C6H4) 4-bromobenzenecarboselenoate; Bi-compound under N2 in an ampoule was heated at 150°C for 2 h; ppt. was filtered (Bi), washed with diethyl ether and CH2Cl2, evapd., column chromy. on silica gel (hexane-diethyl ether);	A 1% B 95%

bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2) + triethylstannane (997-50-2) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + chlorotriethylstannane (994-31-0)

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: H2; heating dry powdered BiCl3 with (C2H5)3SnH under reflux;;	A n/a B 93%
byproducts: H2; heating dry powdered BiCl3 with (C2H5)3SnH under reflux;;	A n/a B 93%

(4-methylbenzoylseleno)bis(4-methylphenyl)bismuth → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tri(p-tolyl)bismuth (5142-75-6)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Se-(4-CH3C6H4) 4-methylbenzenecarboselenoate; Bi-compound under N2 in an ampoule was heated at 150°C for 2 h; ppt. was filtered (Bi), washed with diethyl ether and CH2Cl2, evapd., column chromy. on silica gel (hexane-diethyl ether);	A 1% B 93%

(4-methoxybenzoylseleno)bis(4-methylphenyl)bismuth → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tris(4-methoxyphenyl)bismuth (33397-21-6)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Se-(4-CH3C6H4)-4-methoxybenzenecarboselenoate; Bi-compound under N2 in an ampoule was heated at 150°C for 2 h; ppt. was filtered (Bi), washed with diethyl ether and CH2Cl2, evapd., column chromy. on silica gel (hexane-diethyl ether);	A 1% B 92%

(3-chloro-2,6-dimethoxybenzoylseleno)bis(4-methylphenyl)bismuth → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tri(p-tolyl)bismuth (5142-75-6)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Se-(4-CH3C6H4) 3-Cl-2,6-CH3Obenzenecarboselenoate; Bi-compound under N2 in an ampoule was heated at 150°C for 2 h; ppt. was filtered (Bi), washed with diethyl ether and CH2Cl2, evapd., column chromy. on silica gel (hexane-diethyl ether);	A 1% B 92%

bismuth(III) sulfide + bismuth(III) oxide (1304-76-3) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With carbon dioxide In neat (no solvent) byproducts: SO2, (BiO)2SO4; reaction in stream of CO2 under layer of salt;;	90%
With iron; pyrographite In melt melting with C in a flame- or crucible furnace; addition of Na2CO3 with formation of dross; complete reduction by addition of Fe;; removal of As and Sb as speiss;;
With pyrographite In melt melting an ore containing 25-30 % Bi with Fe oxide and C in a cupola furnace;; Bi with impurities of Sb, Pb, As and a small amount of Cu; Bi containing speiss, dross (0.2-0.6 % Bi) and further products;;

triphenylbismuthane (603-33-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + benzene (71-43-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium In ammonia	A n/a B 90%

bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2) + 5-aza-2,2,8,8-tetramethylnonane-3,7-dione (88686-46-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tris(4-aza-1,7-dioxa-2,6-ditert-butylhepta-2,5-dien-1,4,7-triyl)bismuth

Conditions	Yield
With (C2H5)3N In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C2H5)3NHCl; at -78 °C; extd. (pentane), crystd. from pentane at -28 °C;	A n/a B 90%

Yb(C4H8O)6(2+)*2(C6H5)3C(1-)=[Yb(C4H8O)6][(C6H5)3C]2 + triphenylbismuthane (603-33-8) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + 2C(C6H5)3(1-)*YbC6H5(C4H8O)3(2+)=(C(C6H5)3)2YbC6H5(C4H8O)3

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran Ph3Bi in THF was added to soln. of Yb-complex in THF, heated at 40-50°C for 24 h in evacuated sealed ampules; sepd. by centrifugation; elem. anal.;	A 90% B 68%

(benzoylseleno)bis(4-methylphenyl)bismuth → bismuth (7440-69-9) + tri(p-tolyl)bismuth (5142-75-6)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Se-(4-CH3C6H4) benzenecarboselenoate; Bi-compound under N2 in an ampoule was heated at 150°C for 2 h; ppt. was filtered (Bi), washed with diethyl ether and CH2Cl2, evapd., column chromy. on silica gel (hexane-diethyl ether);	A 1% B 90%

α-naphthol (90-15-3) + tri(naphthalen-1-yl)bismuth (33397-22-7) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
130°C, 3 h;	89.1%

bismuth(III) sulfide → bismuth (7440-69-9) + bismuth(III) sulfate

Conditions	Yield
reaction at 800 °C;;	A 87.41% B 4.83%
reaction at 800 °C;;	A 87.41% B 4.83%
reaction at 700 °C;;	A 74.63% B 7.61%

tris(pentafluorophenyl)bismuth (34422-57-6) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + bismuth hydroxide + Pentafluorobenzene (363-72-4) + decafluorobiphenyl (434-90-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water	A 0% B n/a C 87% D 0%
With H2O	A 0% B n/a C 87% D 0%
With water	A 0% B n/a C n/a D 0%

water (7732-18-5) + bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With Zn; HCl In water BiCl3 added to water with stirring, Zn powder added, stirred at room temp. for 2-4 h, mixture added to diluted aq. HCl for several min; ppt. filtered, washed (water), dried (vac., 60°C, 4 h); elem. anal.;	80%

triethylsilane (617-86-7) + bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + triethylsilyl chloride (994-30-9)

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: H2; heating dry powdered BiCl3 with triethyl silane under reflux;;	A n/a B 79%
byproducts: H2; heating dry powdered BiCl3 with triethyl silane under reflux;;	A n/a B 79%

bismuth(III) 2-ethylhexanoate → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
With 1-dodecylthiol In tetrahydrofuran-d8 byproducts: 2-ethylhexanoic acid, CH3(CH2)11SS(CH2)11CH3; Irradiation (UV/VIS); (N2); addn. of thiol deriv. to soln. of bismuth compd. in THF-d8, exposure to 365 nm light for 4 d at power of 7mW/cm**2; NMR monitoring;	75%
With 1-dodecylthiol In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: 2-ethylhexanoic acid, CH3(CH2)11SS(CH2)11CH3; Irradiation (UV/VIS); (N2); addn. of 3 equiv. of thiol deriv. to soln. of bismuth compd. in dry THF, exposure to ambient light at room temp. for 24 h or 2 wks; exposure to air, cenrifugation for 2 min at 9000 rpm, removing supernatant, suspending in THF, centrifugation, drying at room temp. in vac.;

tri(naphthalen-1-yl)bismuth (33397-22-7) + 2-hydroxyresorcinol (87-66-1) → bismuth (7440-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
130°C, 4 h;	70.5%
130°C, 3 h;	64.9%
130°C, 2 h;	49.9%
130°C, 1 h;	17.5%

praseodymium + bis[tris(pentafluorophenyl)germyl]mercury + {(C6F5)3Ge}2BiC2H5 (69202-61-5) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + praseodymium heptakis[tris(pentafluorophenyl)germanyl]dimercurate*3(dimethoxyethane) + mercury

Conditions	Yield
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane fivefold excess of compound I in evacuated ampul shaken for 5 h at 20°C; centrifugated, decanted, solvent removed (vac.), ppt. washed (toluene);dried (vac.);	A 70% B 263.6 % C 22.5%

diphenylbismuth(III) chloride (5153-28-6) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + Bi(3+)*C6H5(1-) + Bi(3+)*2C6H5(1-)

Conditions	Yield
other Radiation; on neutron radiation;	A 56.5% B 16.4% C 2.4%
other Radiation; on neutron radiation;	A 56.5% B 16.4% C 2.4%

Et2BiTeEt → bismuth (7440-69-9) + Bi2Te

Conditions	Yield
With (Z)-9-octadecen-1-amine at 100℃; for 14h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique;	A n/a B 55.4%

Li[Al(perfluoro-tertbutoxide)4] + Bi5(3+)*3AsF6(1-)*SO2=[Bi5](AsF6)3*SO2 + Hexamethylbenzene (87-85-4) → bismuth (7440-69-9) + [(C6Me6)H][Al(OC(CF3)3)4] (874445-84-8) + [Bi5(hexamethylbenzene)4][Al(OC(CF3)3)4]3 + [Bi4OF2Cl6(hexamethylbenzene)4][Al(OC(CF3)3)4]2*hexamethylbenzene

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane byproducts: LiAsF6; under N2, 1 equiv. of Li-compd., 1 equiv. of Bi-compd. and 2 equiv. of C6Me6 were stirred in CH2Cl2 for 4 h, 5 °C; soln. was concd., held at -24 °C for 2 d, crystals were sepd., another crop was given after 2 d at this temp., elem. anal.; keeping the mother liq. for 2 weeks, Bi, the Bi4OF2Cl6(2+) and C6Me6H(1+)-cation con tg. compds. were formed.;	A n/a B n/a C 55% D n/a

bismuth (7440-69-9) + aqueous H2 O2 + sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) + pyrographite (7440-44-0) + 2-butyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-imidazole (68283-19-2) + platinum (7440-06-4) → 2-butyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxaldehyde (68282-49-5)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water	100%
With sodium hydroxide In water	98.2%
With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water	94.5%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + iodine (7553-56-2) → bismuth(III) iodide (7787-64-6)

Conditions	Yield
In melt passing a stream of I2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiI3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of I2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiI3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of I2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiI3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + bromine (7726-95-6) → bismuth(III) bromide (7787-58-8)

Conditions	Yield
In melt passing a stream of Br2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiBr3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of Br2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiBr3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of Br2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiBr3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + nitrogen (7727-37-9) → bismuth nitride

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Electrochem. Process; cothodic pulverization within 10 hours of Bi under pure N2 (0.1 - 0.3 Torr), glow-discharge at 1000-1500 V; anode Fe; description of the aparatus given;; 359.8 mg BiN; deposition of 12.1 weight % on cathode, of 45.4 weight % on anode, 25.2 weight % on glass parts of the aparatus, 17.3 weight % on Fe- (or Al-) protecting ring of the aparatus;;	100%
In further solvent(s) Electric Arc; between Bi-cathode and Cu-anode in a liquid mixture of argon and nitrogen;;
In further solvent(s) Electric Arc; between Bi-cathode and Cu-anode in a liquid mixture of argon and nitrogen;;
In neat (no solvent) cathodic pulverization of Bi during glow discharge under N2 (0.1 - 0.3 torr);;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + sodium (7440-23-5) → sodium bismuthide

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating a mixture of Na and Bi (molar ratio 3 : 1) at 775°C under Ar;;	100%
determined by thermal analysis;;
determined by chemical methods;;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → bismuth(III) sulfide

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) under dry N2 atm. in vac. glovebox; mixt. of Bi and S was transferred inquartz tube, with was flame sealed under vac.; tube was heated to 650.d egree.C for 48 h; stayed at 650°C for 2 ds; cooled to 50°Cin 10 h; ground into powder;	100%
In melt by melting at possible min. temp.;
In melt addition of S to molten Bi at 600-700°C;; Bi content 1 - 2 %;;

disulfur dichloride (10025-67-9) + bismuth (7440-69-9) → bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2)

Conditions	Yield
heating Bi with S2Cl2 at 138.6°C, 10 hours;;	100%
addition of S2Cl2 to Bi;;
addition of S2Cl2 to Bi;;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + chlorine (7782-50-5) → bismuth(III) chloride (7787-60-2)

Conditions	Yield
In melt passing a stream of Cl2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiCl3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of Cl2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiCl3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%
In melt passing a stream of Cl2/inert gas into molten Bi with formation of volatile BiCl3; description of the aparatus given;;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + selenium (7782-49-2) → bismuth(III) selenide

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) under dry N2 atm. in vac. glovebox; mixt. of Bi and Se was transferred in quartz tube, with was flame sealed under vac.; tube was heated to 600°C for 48 h; stayed at 600°C for 2 ds; cooled to 50°C in 10 h; ground into powder;	100%
high pressure at 420°C;
on Al plate at 47-180°C; tempering under m.p. of Se; no reaction at 130°C without tempering;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + iodine(I) bromide (7789-33-5) → bismuth(III) bromide (7787-58-8)

Conditions	Yield
In melt	100%
In melt	100%
In melt addition of Bi powder to molten IBr;; extraction with CCl4;;
In melt addition of Bi powder to molten IBr;; extraction with CCl4;;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + tellurium → bismuth telluride

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Bi and Te ground, pressed at 650 K, homogenizing calcination (570 K, 400h) in evacuated quartz ampoules; single phase (X-ray- and electron-microprobe analyses);	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + selenium (7782-49-2) + tellurium → Bi(x)(Te0.9Se0.1)3 x:1.96-2.04;

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Bi, Se and Te ground, pressed at 650 K, homogenizing calcination (570 K, 400h) in evacuated quartz ampoules; single phase (X-ray- and electron-microprobe analyses);	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + selenium (7782-49-2) + tellurium → Bi(x)(Te0.8Se0.2)3 x:1.8-2.2;

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Bi, Se and Te ground, pressed at 650 K, homogenizing calcination (730 K, 400h) in evacuated quartz ampoules; single phase (X-ray- and electron-microprobe analyses);	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + potassium sulfide + bismuth(III) sulfide → Bi2K8S7

Conditions	Yield
differential thermal anal.;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + potassium (7440-09-7) + sulfur (7704-34-9) → potassium metathiobismuthite

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent)	100%
differential thermal anal.;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + silver perchlorate → bismuth(III) perchlorate

Conditions	Yield
In acetonitrile Electrolysis; electrolysis of AgClO4 in acetonitrile, Bi anode;; not isolated;;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + potassium sulfide + bismuth(III) sulfide → K2Bi4S7

Conditions	Yield
differential thermal anal.;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + bismuth(III) sulfide + potassium metathiobismuthite → Bi3KS5, low temperature

Conditions	Yield
annealing at 650°C; differential thermal anal.;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + bismuth(III) sulfide + potassium metathiobismuthite → Bi3KS5, high temperature

Conditions	Yield
quenching from 830°C; differential thermal anal.;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + europium → Eu4Bi3

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Ar atm.; stoichiometric ratio, heating (1100°C, 24-48 h);	100%
In neat (no solvent) induction heating at 1400°C of stoich. amounts of elements in a sealed tungsten crucible; XRD;
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) Electric Arc; Bi and Eu were arc-melted under Ar in silica ampules, heated to 700°C for 6 h, at 1050°C for 6 h, quenched to room temp., reheatedat 1100°C for 36 h, cooled to room temp. at 3°C/h;

bismuth (7440-69-9) + manganese (7439-96-5) + Yb → Yb14MnBi11

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: bismuth; manganese; Yb for 1h; Milling; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: at 1125 - 1225℃; for 96h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + selenium (7782-49-2) + caesium selenide + cadmium (7440-43-9) → Cs1.13Cd1.13Bi2.87Se6

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) at 750℃; for 48h; Inert atmosphere;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + tin (7440-31-5) + lithium sulfide + sulfur (7704-34-9) → Li0.97Sn2.06Bi4.97S10

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: bismuth; tin; lithium sulfide; sulfur at 800℃; under 0.00150015 Torr; for 10h; Inert atmosphere; Glovebox; Sealed tube; Stage #2: at 800℃; for 26h;	100%

bismuth (7440-69-9) + sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) → bismuth(III) sulfate

Conditions	Yield
In further solvent(s) H2SO4 was added to Bi in HNO3 with stirring and heating; more H2SO4 wasadded and suspn. was heated for 40 h; heated in a muffle furnace at 648K; elem. anal.;	99.8%
In sulfuric acid byproducts: SO2; by dissolving in boiling concd. H2SO4;;
In sulfuric acid byproducts: SO2; very weak reaction with diluted H2SO4.;;
In nitric acid Bi dissolved in HNO3 and treated with H2SO4, heated for several hours at 380 °C;;

Upstream product

• 7732-18-5 water 
• 7787-60-2 bismuth(III) chloride 
• 603-33-8 triphenylbismuthane 
• 7704-34-9 sulfur 
• 7440-31-5 tin 
• 7440-36-0 antimony 
• 5863-80-9 tris(trifluoromethyl)bismuth 
• 7787-61-3 bismuth(III) fluoride 
• 69162-04-5 (C₆F₅)3GeBi(C₂H₅)2 
• 69202-61-5 {(C₆F₅)3Ge}2BiC₂H₅ 
• 82783-70-8 tetramethyldibismuthane 
• 617-77-6 triethylbismuth 
• 7787-59-9 bismuth(III) oxide chloride 
• 5153-28-6 diphenylbismuth(III) chloride 

Downstream Products

• 12640-40-3 bismuth(II) oxide 
• 7787-58-8 bismuth(III) bromide 
• 7787-62-4 bismuth pentafluoride 
• 12048-27-0 BiLi, α 
• 7787-64-6 bismuth(III) iodide 
• 7787-61-3 bismuth(III) fluoride 
• 12010-41-2 Dy bismuthide 
• 88392-03-4 Bi⁽³⁺⁾*3(CF₃)3CO^(1-) = Bi{(CF₃)3CO}3 
• 2378-02-1 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)propan-2-ol 
• 217-59-4 triphenylene 
• 99516-61-7 1,6-dibismuthatriptycene 
• 21260-46-8 tris(dimethyldithiocarbamato)bismuth(III) 
• 7787-60-2 bismuth(III) chloride 
• 12688-64-1 nickel bismuthide 

Relevant articles and documents

Syntheses and characterizations of bismuth nanofilms and nanorhombuses by the structure-controlling solventless method

Substrate-free bismuth nanofilms with an average thickness of 0.6 nm (σ = ±14.1%) and monodisperse layered Bi nanorhombuses with an average edge length of 21.5 nm (σ = ±14.7%) and thickness of 0.9 nm (σ = ±25.8%) have been successively synthesized by structure-controlling solventless thermolysis from a new layered bismuth thiolate precursor with a 31.49 A spacing. The morphologies result from self-control at an atomic level by the layered Bi(SC12H 25)3 crystal structure. The formation of the Bi nanofilm intermediate provides significant substantiation for this synthesis method, and detailed evidence on the conversion progress has been obtained. Both the films and the rhombuses have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Special UV-vis electronic absorption spectra of the nanoproducts have been studied.

Effect of the surface configuration on the oxidation of bismuth nanowire

Incorporating nanoprocessing into the metal oxidation, it was a facile way to synthesize functional oxide with desired nanostructure. In this work, δ-Bi2O3 nanowires were successfully fabricated by the oxidation of electroplated Bi nanowires at 350 °C. δ-Bi2O3 is the high-temperature phase of Bi2O3 and only stable at 723-823 °C. Partially oxidized nanowires showed core-shell structure composed of metallic Bi and δ-Bi2O3. To investigate the mechanism of oxidation reaction, the Bi/Bi2O3 interface was characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). HRTEM images showed rapid growth of oxide layer on (2 over(1, ?) 0) plane of rhombohedral Bi metal. The coherency between (10 over(2, ?)) of metallic Bi and (1 0 0) of cubic Bi2O3 was observed. A schematic model was also used to describe the oxidation process. The coherency Bi and Bi2O3 and the stabilization of high-temperature (fluorite structure) Bi2O3 were also discussed based on this model.

Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structure analysis of bromodi(isopropenyl)bismuthane

Tri(isopropenyl)bismuthane (1) reacts with bromine to form bromodi(isopropenyl)bismuthane (2) and dibromo(isopropenyl)bismuthane (3). The single crystal X-ray structure determination of 2 (monoclinic, P21/c; a = 1058.6(3), b = 1127.0(3), c = 1561.3(4) pm, and β = 109.26(2)°; Z = 8 molecules; dc = 2.803 g/cm3; R = 0.059) shows two crystallographically independent molecules which are connected by Bi-Br...Bi bridges (Bi-Br 282.3(2) and 284.7(2); Br...Bi 302.9(2) and 303.6(2) pm) forming helical chains directed along the b-axis of the unit cell. Every turn of the helix (360°) consists of four molecules and corresponds to the length of the b-axis (1127.0(3) pm).

The kinetics of thermal decomposition of bismuth oxohydroxolaurate

The bismuth salt of lauric (dodecanic) acid Bi6O 4(OH)4(C11H23COO)6 was studied earlier. This salt has layer structure (the interlaminar distance=37.50 A), under heating this liquid-crystalline state has the mesomorphic transformation, turns to the amorphous state, decomposes stepwise with the formation of well-ordered layers of bismuth nanoparticles. DSC-curves were used for the study of the decomposition kinetics in the area of decomposition with small mass loss and exothermic effect (423-483 K). Springer-Verlag 2007.

A Room-Temperature Route to Bismuth Nanotube Arrays

A room-temperature aqueous-chemical route has been developed to synthesize a high proportion (above 80%) of bamboo-raft-like bismuth nanotube arrays using bismuth chloride and metallic zinc powder as reagents. The prepared Bi nanotubes have uniform diameters of approximately 3-5 nm and lengths from several hundred nanometers to several micrometers. HRTEM observations show that the axial direction of the prepared nanotubes is along the normal direction of the (012) lattice planes of the rhombohedral bismuth. The possible formation mechanism is discussed. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003.

The Subbromide Bi5Br4 – On the Existence of a Hidden Phase

Black and irregularly shaped crystals of the bismuth-rich bromide Bi5Br4 were obtained as a by-product of the reaction of CsBr, Bi, and BiBr3. X-ray diffraction on a single-crystal revealed its orthorhombic structure with the space group Pmmn (no. 59) and lattice parameters a = 1800.0(2) pm, b = 1476.1(1) pm, and c = 924.5(2) pm at 296 K. The structure is composed of Bi8 2+ and Bi9 5+ polycations and bromidobismuthate(III) anions according to the structured formula Bi5Br4 = Bi20Br16 = Bi8 2+Bi9 5+[BiBr5]2–[Bi2Br11]5–. Bi5Br4 is the bismuth-richest among the bismuth subhalides containing isolated polycations. Extensive differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that Bi5Br4 decomposes at 262 °C, i.e. one degree below the bismuth-rich eutectic at 263 °C. All attempts towards a rational synthesis yielded predominantly the neighboring phases BiBr and Bi6Br7.

The underpotential deposition of bismuth and tellurium on cold rolled silver substrate by ECALE

Thin-layer electrochemical studies of the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Bi and Te on cold rolled silver substrate have been performed. Different approaches have been employed to investigate the influence of silver oxide film on Bi UPD. As a result, the precedent deposition of a little bismuth can effectively prevent silver from surface oxidation. The voltammetric analysis of underpotential shift demonstrates that the first Te UPD on Bi-covered Ag and Bi UPD on Te-covered Ag fit UPD dynamics mechanism. Thin film of bismuth telluride was formed using an automated flow deposition system, by alternately depositing Te and Bi. The electrochemical conditions necessary to form Bi 2Te3 deposits of 50 cycles on cold rolled silver by ECALE are described here. X-ray diffraction indicated the deposits were Bi 2Te3. EDX quantitative analysis gave the 2:3 stoichiometric ratio of Bi to Te, which is consistent with XRD result. Electron probe microanalysis of the deposits showed a worm-like network structure. The map of Te and Bi element indicated the distribution of both Te and Bi is homogeneous and locates the same sites, which is favorable to Te-Bi binary system. The composition analysis of structural expanded image also showed the approximately constant composition of Te:Bi ≈ 3:2 has taken place.

Effect of Bi(III) concentration on the stripping voltammetric response of in situ bismuth-coated carbon paste and gold electrodes

The effect of Bi(III) concentration (over the wide concentration range of 10-7 to 10-4 M) on the determination of Pb and Cd metal ions (in the 10-8 to 10-5 M range), by means of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV

New single-source precursor for bismuth sulfide and its use as low-cost counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract One new homoleptic [Bi(dtc)3] (1) (dtc = 4-hydroxypiperdine dithiocarbamate) has been synthesized and characterized by microanalysis, IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The photoluminescence spectrum for the compound in DMSO solution was recorded. The crystal structure of 1 displayed distorted octahedral geometry around the Bi(III) center bonded through sulfur atoms of the dithiocarbamate ligands. TGA indicates that the compound decomposes to a Bi and Bi-S phase system. The Bi and Bi-S obtained from decomposition of the compound have been characterized by pXRD, EDAX and SEM. Solvothermal decomposition of 1 in the absence and presence of two different capping agents yielded three morphologically different Bi2S3 systems which were deployed as counter-electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).

Effects of polyethylene glycol and gelatin on the crystal size, morphology, and Sn2+-sensing ability of bismuth deposits

The influences of citric acid (CA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and gelatin on the deposition behavior of Bi were systematically investigated through the linear sweep voltammetric (LSV) analysis. Based on the LSV res

Core-Shell Au?SnO2 Nanostructures Supported on Na2Ti4O9 Nanobelts as a highly active and deactivation-resistant catalyst toward selective nitroaromatics reduction

Catalysis using gold (Au) nanoparticles has become an important field of chemistry. However, activity loss caused by aggregation or leaching of Au nanoparticles greatly limits their application in catalytic reaction. Herein, we report a facile and green synthesis of a core-shell Au?SnO2 nanocomposite, exhibiting excellent activity toward selective nitroaromatics reduction under mild conditions. The core-shell Au?SnO2 nanocomposite (Au size = ～50 nm; shell thickness = ca. 16 nm) is conceived and validated by a direct redox reaction between HAuCl4 and SnF2. Optimization of the core size, shell thickness, and dispersion of Au?SnO2 has been introduced by an alkaline surface supported by negatively charged metal oxide Na2Ti4O9. The as-obtained Au-Sn-Na2Ti4O9 catalyst with much smaller Au cores (ca. 5 nm) and thinner SnO2 nondensed shells (ca. 4 nm) exhibits highly improved catalytic activities for nitro reduction compared to most of the known Au-based catalysts. Moreover, the core-shell Au?SnO2 structure inhibits the leaching and agglomeration of Au nanoparticles and thus leads to superior catalytic durability.

In situ STM study of underpotential deposition of bismuth on Au(1 1 0) in perchloric acid solution

The underpotential deposition (UPD) of Bi on Au(1 1 0) was investigated in HClO4 solution using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. The UPD of Bi occurred in three steps. A 3011 structure, in which Bi atoms formed dimers, was found for the first UPD adlayer. A (1 × 1) image was obtained by STM at the second UPD peak. For the third UPD peak, Bi atoms formed an incommensurate adlayer, and stripes of Bi were observed on terraces. After the third UPD, a structural reconstruction caused by adsorbed Bi was observed.

Bismuth terephthalate induced Bi(0) for enhanced RhB photodegradation and 4-nitrophenol reduction

A facile reductive method was used to prepare the semimetal Bi(0) through reacting Bi(NO3)3 with NaI. The Bi(0) incorporated bismuth terephthalate hybrids were prepared from two different strategies with enhanced visible light photodegradation of RhB and reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The synergistic interaction between layered bismuth terephthalate and Bi(0) with SPR effects could induce the effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes that leading to the enhancement of their oxidation performance. In the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, bismuth terephthalate may act as an excellent supporter and as a precursor which in situ produces the semimetal Bi(0). The Bi(0) incorporated bismuth terephthalate reported in this work can be potentially applied in visible light photooxidation and reduction of organic compounds.

A novel technique to extract Bi from mechanochemically prepared Bi-Fe 3O4 nanocomposite

The solid-state reduction of Bi2O3 to bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles by high-energy ball milling of raw materials (Bi2O 3 and Fe) in air and argon atmospheres has been described. XRD results show that in addition to bismuth, a second phase of nanocrystalline magnetite is also formed. This is due to the formation of Fe2O 3 and the subsequent change to Fe3O4 in the course of ball milling. Mean particle sizes of the obtained Bi and Fe 3O4 particles were 22 and 18 nm, respectively, using Scherrer's formula. A saturation magnetization of 80 emu/g is achieved for magnetic phase (Fe3O4). As both Bi and magnetite were nanosized particles, it was not possible to separate these two phases by the magnetic separation technique. A novel technique based on different thermal expansions of the Bi and Fe3O4 was then used to extract metallic Bi from the as-milled powders.

Spin-Orbit Relaxation Rate of Bi(6p3, 2D3/2) following Photolysis of Bi(CH3)3 at λ = 193 nm

Rate coefficients for the collisional relaxation of the first excited spin-orbit state of (6p3, 2D3/2) have been measured at 295 K for Ar, CO2, SF6, H2, D2, HF, and DF.The excited Bi atoms were prepared by excimer laser photolysis of trimethylbismuth (TMB) at 193 nm and monitored directly in emission.The rate coefficient for quenching by the precursor TMB and a lower limit for removal by CH3 photofragments have also been established.Where applicable, our results are compared with the earlier work of Bevan and Husain and of Trainor.The suitability of long-range interaction models is discussed for those cases where isotopic substitution leads to markedly different quenching rates.

Unveiling Intrinsic Potassium Storage Behaviors of Hierarchical Nano Bi@N-Doped Carbon Nanocages Framework via In Situ Characterizations

Metallic bismuth has drawn attention as a promising alloying anode for advanced potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, serious volume expansion/electrode pulverization and sluggish kinetics always lead to its inferior cycling and rate properties for practical applications. Therefore, advanced Bi-based anodes via structural/compositional optimization and sur-/interface design are needed. Herein, we develop a bottom-up avenue to fabricate nanoscale Bi encapsulated in a 3D N-doped carbon nanocages (Bi@N-CNCs) framework with a void space by using a novel Bi-based metal-organic framework as the precursor. With elaborate regulation in annealing temperatures, the optimized Bi@N-CNCs electrode exhibits large reversible capacities and long-duration cyclic stability at high rates when evaluated as competitive anodes for PIBs. Insights into the intrinsic K+-storage processes of the Bi@N-CNCs anode are put forward from comprehensive in situ characterizations.

Thermal properties of Bi nanowire arrays with different orientations and diameters

The thermal properties of single-crystalline Bi nanowire arrays with different orientations and diameters were studied by differential scanning calorimeter and in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. Bi nanowires were fabricated by a pulsed electrodeposition technique within the porous anodic alumina membrane. The relationships between the orientation and diameter of Bi nanowires and the corresponding thermal properties are deduced solely from experimental results. It is shown that the melting point decreases with decreasing nanowire diameter, and there is an anisotropic thermal expansion property of Bi nanowires with different orientations and diameters. The transition of the thermal expansion coefficient from positive at low temperature to negative at high temperature for Bi nanowire arrays was analyzed and discussed.

Synthesis of bis(tricarbonylcyclopentadienylmolybdenum)-bismuth(III) chloride and its reaction with metals

Polynuclear organometallic compounds [CpMo(CO)3]2BiCl and [CpMo(CO)3]BiCl2 were prepared by reaction of bismuth with tricarbonylcyclopentadienylmoiybdenum chloride in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). [CpMo(CO)3/

N-Doped carbon encapsulating Bi nanoparticles derived from metal-organic frameworks for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Bismuth (Bi), as an alloy-based material, has been demonstrated as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the large volume change of the Bi anode during the sodiation/desodiation process results in poor cycling performance, which limits its practical application. In the present work, a simple one-step route was realized to fabricate Bi nanoparticles embedded into a N-doped carbon matrix (Bi@NC) by calcining Bi-containing metal-organic framework (Bi-MOF) precursors. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of Bi nanoparticles and the conductive N-doped carbon matrix, the composite can not only reduce the ion/electron diffusion pathways and enhance the reaction kinetics, but can also effectively alleviate the volume expansion during alloying/dealloying processes. As a result, the Bi@NC electrode displayed an excellent electrochemical performance with a superior rate capability of 86% capacity retention at 10 A g?1and a high capacity of 326.9 mA h g?1after 5000 cycles at 2 A g?1. Furthermore, the assembled full cell with a Na3V2(PO4)3cathode and a Bi@NC anode also delivered an impressive electrochemical performance with a high energy density of 125 W h kg?1(based on the total mass of cathode and anode materials). Furthermore, the sodium storage mechanism was also elucidated through in-depth fundamental investigation usingin situX-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Active bismuth mediated allylation of carbonyls/N-tosyl aldimines and propargylation of aldehydes in water

Abstract: Active bismuth is synthesized by the chemical reduction of bismuth trichloride using freshly prepared sodium stannite solution as the reducing agent at room temperature. The as-synthesized active bismuth is applied as a reagent for the synthesis of homoallyl alcohol/homopropargyl alcohol from allyl bromide/propargyl bromide and carbonyl compounds in water at 50°C. The homoallyl amines are also synthesized from N-tosyl aldimines and allyl bromide using active bismuth reagent in good yields. No assistance of organic co-solvent, co-reagent, phase transfer catalyst or inert atmosphere is required for this reaction. The waste bismuth material obtained after the completion of the organic reaction can be reduced to active bismuth by sodium stannite solution and successfully reused for mediating the allylation of aldehydes. Graphical Abstract:: Synopsis Active bismuth mediated allylation/crotylation of aldehydes is developed in water to get homoallyl alcohols. The method is also applied for the allylation of N-tosyl aldimines and propargylation of aldehydes in water to achieve the homoallyl amines and homopropargyl alcohols, respectively. The reactions do not require the assistance of organic co-solvent, co-reagent, phase transfer catalyst or inert atmosphere.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].