548-62-9

Basic information

• Product Name: Crystal Violet
• Synonyms: PYOKTANIN BLUE;S NO 785;VIOLET 7B;BASIC VIOLET 3;BRILLIANT VIOLET;CALCOZINE VIOLET 6BN;GRAM STAIN NO 1;GRAM STAIN
• CAS NO: 548-62-9
• Molecular Formula: C₂₅H₃₀N₃*Cl
• Molecular Weight: 407.99
• EINECS: 208-953-6
• Product Categories: Dyes and Pigments;Colours, Dyes, Indicators & Pigments;Analytical Chemistry;Indicator (pH);Ion Association;pH Indicators;Microscopy Reagents and Kits;Staining Solutions;Staining Solutions for Simple Stains of Bacteria;Hematology and Histology;Histology Special Stains;Indicator SolutionsTitration;Indicators;Indicators for non-aqueous titrations;Titration;G-H-I;Stains and Dyes;Stains&Dyes, A to;Amines;Aromatics;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;GVS;Triphenylmethane
• Mol File: 548-62-9.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 205 °C (dec.)(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 560.86°C (rough estimate)
• Flash Point: 40 °C
• Appearance: S. No.: 785/Solid
• Density: 1.19 g/cm3 (20℃)
• Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
• Refractive Index: 1.6010 (estimate)
• Storage Temp.: Store at RT.
• Solubility: water: soluble50g/L at 27°C
• PKA: 9.4(at 25℃)
• Water Solubility: 16 g/L (25 ºC)
• Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Light-sensitive. Combustible.
• Merck: 14,4395
• BRN: 4077708
• CAS DataBase Reference: Crystal Violet(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Crystal Violet(548-62-9)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Crystal Violet(548-62-9)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xn,N,T,C
• Statements: 52/53-50/53-45-41-22-40-34-10-36/37/38-23/25-51/53-68
• Safety Statements: 61-60-53-45-46-36/37/39-26-39-36/37-16-22
• RIDADR: UN 3077 9/PG 3
• WGK Germany: 3
• RTECS: BO9000000
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 9
• PackingGroup: III
• Hazardous Substances Data: 548-62-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

1. Used in Microbiology and Cell Lines:
Crystal Violet is used as a biological stain for the Gram staining technique, which differentiates between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is also used as a component of CV cytotoxicity assays.
2. Used in Textile Industry:
Crystal Violet is used as a dye for wood, silk, and paper. It is also utilized in the production of paints and printing inks.
3. Used in Chemical Analysis:
Crystal Violet can be used as an acid-base indicator with a coloring range from pH 0.5 (green) to 2.0 (blue). It can form a colored chelate with thallium in the hydrobromic acid medium, making it a thallium sensitivity reagent. Additionally, it can be used for the determination of other metal ions such as zinc, antimony, titanium, cadmium, tungsten, gold, and mercury.
4. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Crystal Violet can be used as an antiseptic for inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, and some fungi. Its 1% aqueous solution, commonly known as "purple syrup," is used for the prevention and treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections. Its enteric-coated tablets can be used as an orally administered anti-pinworm medicine.
5. Used in Other Industries:
Crystal Violet is also used as an alcohol denaturant and an indicator for copper salts.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Crystal Violet is also known as "purple", "methyl violet", "gentian violet." It belongs to triphenylmethane type alkaline dyes. Scientific name:"hexamethyl chloride rose aniline." It appears as dark green powder with metallic luster. It is soluble in water, alcohol and chloroform, but insoluble in ether. Its solubility in water is 1.68% and its solubility in 95% ethanol is 13.87%. However, the solubility of its iodide in two solvents is only 0.035% and 1.78% respectively. Both its aqueous solution and alcohol solution are purple. The structural formula of its chloride is:

Preparation

It is manufactured through using N, N-dimethylaniline as raw materials, followed by condensation, addition, chlorination and other reactions. Alternatively, it can be synthesized through the reaction between Michler ketone and N, N-dimethylaniline reaction in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, followed by azeotropic reaction with hydrochloric acid. Recrystallization in hot water will generate compound containing nine crystal water molecules.

Essential oil composition

A number of bitter compounds present in gentian are primarily amarogentin (strongly bitter), gentiopricin (approximately 1.5% in fresh root), swertiamarin and gentiopricroside. The leaves and flowers contain mainly xanthones. Secoiridoids and flavonoids were also detected. In the phase of flowering, leaves are rich with compounds possessing C-glycoside structures while O-glycoside structures accumulate mainly before flowering.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Crystal Violet are not available, however, Crystal Violet is probably combustible.

Flammability and Explosibility

Notclassified

Biochem/physiol Actions

Crystal violet can be used for DNA visualization in agarose gels. The dye is used only in the presence of high concentrations of DNA. Crystal violet is also used for the staining of bacteria in gram staining technique. It is also used for the staining of plant chromosomes. Crystal Violet also helps in colorimetric measurement of cell viability.

Clinical Use

Gentian violet is variously known as hexamethyl-p-rosanilinechloride, crystal violet, methyl violet, and methylrosanilinechloride. It occurs as a green powder or greenflakes with a metallic sheen. The compound is soluble inwater (1:35) and alcohol (1:10) but insoluble in nonpolar organicsolvents. Gentian violet is available in vaginal suppositoriesfor the treatment of yeast infections. It is also used asa 1% to 3% solution for the treatment of ringworm and yeastinfections. Gentian violet has also been used orally as an anthelminticfor strongyloidiasis (threadworm) and oxyuriasis.

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes, An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. A human sktn irritant. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO, and Cl-.

TEST ITEMS

SPECIFICATION

HEAT RESISTANCE

200 °C min

WATER SOLUBILITY AT 25 °C

16 g/L min

WEIGHT METAL TOTAL

50ppm max

Purification Methods

Crystallise the dye from water (20mL/g), the crystals being separated from the chilled solution by centrifugation, then wash them with chilled EtOH (solubility is 1g in 10 mL of hot EtOH) and diethyl ether and dry under vacuum. It is soluble in CHCl3 but insoluble in Et2O. The carbinol is precipitated from an aqueous solution of the dye-hydrochloride, using excess NaOH, then dissolve in HCl and recrystallise it from water as the chloride [UV and kinetics: Turgeon & La Mer J Am Chem Soc 74 5988 1952]. The carbinol base has m 195o (needles from EtOH). The diphthalate (blue and turns red in H2O) crystallises from H2O, m 153-154o(dec at 185-187o)[Chamberlain & Dull J Am Chem Soc 50 3089 1928]. [Beilstein 13 H 233, 13 IV 2284.]

InChI:InChI=1/C25H30N3.ClH/c1-26(2)22-13-7-19(8-14-22)25(20-9-15-23(16-10-20)27(3)4)21-11-17-24(18-12-21)28(5)6;/h7-18H,1-6H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

Synthetic route

4,4'-methylene-bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (101-61-1) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; chloranil In ethanol; water at 65℃; for 5h; Reagent/catalyst;	95.7%

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + 4-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde (100-10-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With aniline hydrochloride at 90℃; for 0.05h; Irradiation;	86%
Stage #1: N,N-dimethyl-aniline; 4-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde With acetic acid at 100℃; for 8h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: With chloranil; sodium nitrite In acetic acid at 50℃; for 12h;	80%

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (366-29-0) + crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With bentonitic clay for 1h; Microwave irradiation;	A 21% B 70%

aniline (62-53-3) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) → 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol (119-58-4) + N-methylene>aniline (26514-42-1) + crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone With potassium In tetrahydrofuran Stage #2: aniline In tetrahydrofuran for 24h;	A 35% B 58% C n/a

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (366-29-0) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + 4,4'-methylene-bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (101-61-1)

Conditions	Yield
With bentonitic clay for 0.416667h; Microwave irradiation;	A 19% B 36% C 34%

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9) + N-methylaniline (100-61-8)

Conditions	Yield
With anthracene; iron(III) chloride at 85℃; for 30h; Product distribution; other time 5h, various aromatic compounds (or graphit) as ligand;	A 15% B n/a

tris[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane (603-48-5) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With air; C6H5COC6H4CH2N(C2H5)3(1+)*Br(1-) In acetonitrile Product distribution; Mechanism; Irradiation; further benzophenone derivatives, salt effect;
With 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile); oxygen; lithium chloride In hydrogenchloride at 60℃; for 0.333333h; Rate constant; initiator or inhibitor of the oxidation, different solvents, 80 deg C;
With oxygen; copper dichloride In ethanol at 50℃; for 1h; Rate constant; Mechanism; in the presence of LiCl; in the presence of CuCl and HCl;

crystal violet carbinol base (467-63-0) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride Geschwindigkeit der Bildung;
In water Equilibrium constant;

chlorothio-trichloro-methane (594-42-3) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → bis(N,N-dimethylanilin-4-yl)sulfide (13604-44-9) + crystal violet (548-62-9)

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With aluminium trichloride at 100 - 110℃;

phosgene (75-44-5) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + (E)-3-Ureido-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (5435-44-9, 22243-66-9) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

phosgene (75-44-5) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With zinc(II) chloride at 50℃;
With aluminium trichloride at 20 - 30℃;

phenyl chlorodithioformate (16911-89-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9) + trithiocarbonic acid diphenyl ester (2314-54-7)

Conditions	Yield
at 100℃;

oxalyl dichloride (79-37-8) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → 4-(dimethylamino)benzoyl chloride (4755-50-4) + 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzil (17078-27-2) + crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
je nach Reaktionsbedingungen;

oxalyl dichloride (79-37-8) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With aluminium trichloride

carbonyl bromide chloride (7726-12-7) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

1,1-Dichloroethylene (75-35-4) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + chlorobis<4-(dimethylamino)phenyl> carbenium chloride (50284-04-3) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

dichloro-bis-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-methane (6483-79-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With 1,2-dichloro-ethane

phosgene (75-44-5) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With phosgene
With aluminium trichloride
With phosphorus trichloride

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + (E)-3-Ureido-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (5435-44-9, 22243-66-9) + trichloromethyl chloroformate (503-38-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + trichloromethyl chloroformate (503-38-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
With aluminium trichloride
With zinc(II) chloride
With aluminium trichloride
With zinc(II) chloride

(S,S)-dimethyl trithiocarbonate (2314-48-9) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

Conditions	Yield
(i) Me2SO4, (ii) /BRN= 507140/, Py, AcOH; Multistep reaction;

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + aluminium trichloride (7446-70-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

phosgene (75-44-5) + aluminium trichloride (7446-70-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

aluminium trichloride (7446-70-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

phosphorus pentachloride (10026-13-8, 874483-75-7) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) + trichlorophosphate (10025-87-3, 12599-09-6, 63736-95-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone (90-94-8) + phosphorus trichloride (7719-12-2, 52843-90-0) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

aluminium trichloride (7446-70-0) + N,N-dimethyl-aniline (121-69-7) + trichloromethyl chloroformate (503-38-8) → crystal violet (548-62-9)

crystal violet (548-62-9) + potassium cyanide (151-50-8) → tris(4',4'',4'''-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl) acetonitrile (4439-06-9)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In water	94%

C27H27N5O8S2 + crystal violet (548-62-9) → 2C25H30N3(1+)*C26H21N5O8S2(4-)*Cu(2+)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: C27H27N5O8S2 With ammonia; copper(II) sulfate In water; 2,2'-iminobis[ethanol] at 98℃; for 4h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: crystal violet In ethanol; water; 2,2'-iminobis[ethanol] at 20 - 25℃;	92%

crystal violet (548-62-9) → tris[(4-dimethylamino)phenyl]methyl iodide

Conditions	Yield
With potassium iodide In dichloromethane; water at 20℃; for 4h;	92%
With Amberlite CG-400 ion exchange resin iodide form In ethanol	88%

C30H34N6O9S2 + crystal violet (548-62-9) → C25H30N3(1+)*C30H31N6O9S2(3-)*Cu(2+)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: C30H34N6O9S2 With sodium acetate In water at 96℃; for 1h; Stage #2: With copper(II) sulfate at 96℃; for 1h; Stage #3: crystal violet In ethanol; water at 20 - 45℃; for 2h;	89%

sodium tungstate (VI) dihydrate (10213-10-2) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → [crystal violet]2[W6O19]

Conditions

Yield

In acetic anhydride; N,N-dimethyl-formamide heating soln. of tungsten compd. in acetic anhydride and dmf (7.5/5.5) at 100-105°C for 3 h, addn. of acetic anhydride, aq. HCl and dmf, stirring, hot filtration, cooling to room temp., filtration, addn. of crystal violet salt in methanol; filtration, washing twice with methanol by shaking for 20 min and centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min, filtration, washing with ethanol and diethyl ether, elem. anal.;

88%

crystal violet (548-62-9) → crystal violet bromide (3571-43-5)

Conditions	Yield
With Amberlite CG-400 ion exchange resin bromide form In ethanol	87%

sodium cyanide (773837-37-9) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → tris(4',4'',4'''-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl) acetonitrile (4439-06-9)

Conditions	Yield
In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; for 24h;	85%

iron(III)phthalocyanine chloride (14285-56-4) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + 1,2-dichloro-benzene (95-50-1) → 0.5C6H4Cl2*C25H30N3(1+)*C32H16Cl2FeN8(1-)

Conditions	Yield
at 80℃; for 24h;	72%

crystal violet (548-62-9) + dipyrazino[2,3-f:20,30-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (105598-27-4) → C25H30N3(1+)*C18N12(1-)

Conditions	Yield
With erbium In 1,2-dichloro-benzene at 80℃; for 24h; Reagent/catalyst;	72%

Methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide (934-72-5) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → 4-(1,1-bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-2-(ethanesulfinyl-p-tolyl))-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: Methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide With lithium diisopropyl amide In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at 0℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: crystal violet In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at 0 - 20℃; for 14h; Further stages.;	68%

phthalocyaninatotin(II) (15304-57-1) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + 1,2-dichloro-benzene (95-50-1) → C32H16Cl2N8Sn(1-)*0.4C6H4Cl2*C25H30N3(1+)

Conditions	Yield
at 80℃; for 24h;	67%

crystal violet (548-62-9) + bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium (90076-65-6) → C25H30N3(1+)*C2F6NO4S2(1-)

Conditions	Yield
In acetone at 20℃; for 3h;	60%

sodium molybdate dihydrate (7631-95-0) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → [crystal violet]2[Mo6O19]

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride addn. of aq. HCl to q. soln. of molybdenum compd., addn. of soln. of crystal violet salt in aq. HCl, heating at 85°C for 1 h; collecting crystals, washing twice with methanol by shaking for 20 min and centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min, filtration, washing with ethanol and ether, elem. anal.;	45%

pentacyanocyclopentadienyl anion sodium salt + crystal violet (548-62-9) → C10N5(1-)*C25H30N3(1+)

Conditions	Yield
In water for 0.166667h;	37%

crystal violet (548-62-9) + iron (7439-89-6) + diquinoxalino [2,3-a:2’,3’-c] phenazine (214-83-5) + 1,2-dichloro-benzene (95-50-1) → C24H12N6*6Cl(1-)*2C25H30N3(1+)*3.5C6H4Cl2*2Fe(2+)

Conditions	Yield
at 80℃; for 24h;	30%

triiron dodecarbonyl (17685-52-8) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + diquinoxalino [2,3-a:2’,3’-c] phenazine (214-83-5) + 1,2-dichloro-benzene (95-50-1) → C24H12N6*6Cl(1-)*2C25H30N3(1+)*3.5C6H4Cl2*2Fe(2+)

Conditions	Yield
at 80℃; for 24h;	28%

crystal violet (548-62-9) + C26H12Cl8O6P(1-)*C12H27N*H(1+) → [tris(para-dimethylaminophenyl)methylium] bis(tetrachlorobenzenediolato)mono((R,R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diolato)phosphate(V)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane for 0.0833333h;	25%

diazomethane (186581-53-3, 908094-01-9) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → tris[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane (603-48-5)

Conditions	Yield
With acetone

diazomethane (186581-53-3, 908094-01-9) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + acetone (67-64-1) → tris[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane (603-48-5)

methanol (67-56-1) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-methoxy-methane (32582-44-8)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide
With sodium methylate

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → crystal violet carbinol base (467-63-0)

ethanol (64-17-5) + crystal violet (548-62-9) + sodium ethanolate (141-52-6) → ethoxy-tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-methane

ethanol (64-17-5) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → ethoxy-tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-methane

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide

i-Amyl alcohol (123-51-3) + crystal violet (548-62-9) → tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-isopentyloxy-methane

Conditions	Yield
With sodium

Upstream product

• 56-23-5 tetrachloromethane 
• 121-69-7 N,N-dimethyl-aniline 
• 75-44-5 phosgene 
• 5435-44-9 (E)-3-Ureido-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester 
• 7446-70-0 aluminium trichloride 
• 90-94-8 bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone 
• 10026-13-8 phosphorus pentachloride 
• 10025-87-3 trichlorophosphate 
• 7719-12-2 phosphorus trichloride 
• 503-38-8 trichloromethyl chloroformate 
• 79-37-8 oxalyl dichloride 
• 60-29-7 diethyl ether 
• 15219-34-8 Oxalyl bromide 
• 2976-38-7 p-tolyltrichloromethylsulfide 

Downstream Products

• 467-63-0 crystal violet carbinol base 
• 596-49-6 ethyl violet 
• 90-94-8 bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanone 
• 649729-26-0 tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-methanethiol 
• 802592-90-1 4,4',4''-tris-dimethylamino-trityl-amine 
• 603-48-5 tris[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane 
• 4439-06-9 tris(4',4'',4'''-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl) acetonitrile 
• 858452-91-2 tris-[4-(methyl-nitro-amino)-3,5-dinitro-phenyl]-methanol 
• 328010-96-4 1,1,1-tris(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-phenylethane 
• 117878-46-3 4,4,4-tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-but-1-ene 
• 93522-25-9 1,1,1-tris-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-butane 

Relevant articles and documents

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The invention discloses a method for preparing a triarylmethane dye. 4,4'-N,N-disubstituted aminodiphenylmethane (bass) and aromatic amines or substituted aromatic amines, phenols or substituted phenols are dissolved in a solvent, metal complexes and tetrachlorobenzoquinone are used as catalysts and oxygen is used as oxidant, the mixture reacts for 5-8 hours at acid conditions and a certain temperature, so that the product triarylmethane dye is obtained in one step, and the commercialized product is obtained through further treatment, so as to meet the application requirement in different fields. The method is simple and safe, and has high yield and less three-wastes.

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The presence of sodium dodecylsulfate micelles was found to displace the equilibrium between crystal violet and sulfite ion in the direction of the former and lead to complete recovery of the dye. The underlying mechanism for this anomalous behaviour was elucidated and the rate of the reversal process determined.

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Potassium diphenylketyl and benzophenone dianion react with aniline to afford N-(diphenylmethylene) aniline. Under analogous conditions, the corresponding sodium and lithium derivatives undergo disproportionation with formation of triphenylmethanol, benzo

Oxidative coupling-type mechanism of N,N-dialkylanilines in solvent-free conditions forming crystal violet derivatives. A clay-mediated and microwave-promoted approach

In the clay-mediated reaction of N,N-disubstituted anilines using microwave radiation as an energy source in the absence of solvent, crystal violet and derivatives, diphenylmethanes, and biphenyls were isolated along with intermediates supporting an oxidative coupling-type mechanism.

Carbenium ion-carbinol equilibration for basic triarylmethane dyes: Relative reactivities of dyes in aq. solutions

Equilibria and kinetics of carbenium ion-to-carbinol base reactions for a set of selected basic triarylmethane dyes in aq. buffer solutions of low ionic strength have been measured spectrophotometrically.Relative reactivities of the dyes towards nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ion, on the basis of both equilibrium constant and forward rate constant of the reaction, have been found to follow the same order: malachite green (MG)> brillant green (BG)>> Victoria pure blue BO(VB)> methyl violet (MV) = crystal violet (CV)> ethyl vioet (EV).A fairly good correlation between elec trophilicities of the dyes and ?R+ parameters of their 4-alkylamino substituents has been obtained

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMPLEXES OF AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARRBONS WITH IRON(III) CHLORIDE IN THE OXIDATIVE DEMETHYLATION OF DIMETHYLANILINE

The effect of the structure of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and graphite in the coordination sphere of iron(III) chloride in the oxidative demethylation of dimethylaniline was established.A linear relation was obtained between the yield of Crystal violet and the calculated reactivity indices, defined as the ratio of the localization centers of the positive charge and the radical in the ? system of the hydrocarbon to the product of thenumber of nuclei and ligands in the complexes.

MECHANISM OF THE OXIDATION OF THE LEUCO BASE OF CRYSTAL VIOLET IN THE Cu(II)-O2 SYSTEM

The kinetics of the oxidation of the leuco base of crystal violet in the Cu(II)-O2 system were investigated by a spectrophotometric method in ethanol solution at 50 deg C.A mechanism involving the reversible stage of reaction of the leuco base or its monoprotonated form with Cu(II) is proposed.The radical of the dye, which is formed at the first stage, is then oxidized by oxygen to form the dye.

MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF LEUCO BASES OF TRIARYLMETHANE DYES BY OXYGEN

The kinetics of the oxidation of the leuco bases of triarylmethane dyes by oxygen were investigated.It was established that the oxidating agent was the peroxy radicals of the solvent.The leuco base is oxidized in the protonated form.A mechanism which involves the formation of a complex between the protonated leuco base and the peroxy radical is proposed.The decomposition of the complex in the controlling stage of the process leads to the formation of the dye.