- Multitarget Biological Profiling of New Naphthoquinone and Anthraquinone-Based Derivatives for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
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Two series of naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derivatives decorated with an aromatic/heteroaromatic chain have been synthesized and evaluated as potential promiscuous agents capable of targeting different factors playing a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. On the basis of the in vitro biological profiling, most of them exhibited a significant ability to inhibit amyloid aggregation, PHF6 tau sequence aggregation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) B. In particular, naphthoquinone 2 resulted as one of the best performing multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) experiencing a high potency profile in inhibiting β-amyloid (Aβ40) aggregation (IC50 = 3.2 μM), PHF6 tau fragment (91% at 10 μM), AChE enzyme (IC50 = 9.2 μM) jointly with a remarkable inhibitory activity against MAO B (IC50 = 7.7 nM). Molecular modeling studies explained the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around the binding modes of representative compound 2 in complex with hMAO B and hAChE enzymes, revealing inhibitor/protein key contacts and the likely molecular rationale for enzyme selectivity. Compound 2 was also demonstrated to be a strong inhibitor of Aβ42 aggregation, with potency comparable to quercetin. Accordingly, atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the most promising naphthoquinones 2 and 5 and anthraquinones 11 and 12 were able to impair Aβ42 fibrillation, deconstructing the morphologies of its fibrillar aggregates. Moreover, the same compounds exerted a moderate neuroprotective effect against Aβ42 toxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that these molecules may represent valuable chemotypes toward the development of promising candidates for AD therapy.
- Campora, Marta,Canale, Claudio,Gatta, Elena,Tasso, Bruno,Laurini, Erik,Relini, Annalisa,Pricl, Sabrina,Catto, Marco,Tonelli, Michele
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p. 447 - 461
(2021/02/01)
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- N-skatyltryptamines-dual 5-ht6r/d2r ligands with antipsychotic and procognitive potential
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A series of N-skatyltryptamines was synthesized and their affinities for serotonin and dopamine receptors were determined. Compounds exhibited activity toward 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6, and D2 receptors. Substitution patterns resulting in affinity/activity switches were identified and studied using homology modeling. Chosen hits were screened to determine their metabolism, permeability, hepatotoxicity, and CYP inhibition. Several D2 receptor antagonists with additional 5-HT6R antagonist and agonist properties were identified. The former combination resembled known antipsychotic agents, while the latter was particularly interesting due to the fact that it has not been studied before. Selective 5-HT6R antagonists have been shown previously to produce procognitive and promnesic effects in several rodent models. Administration of 5-HT6R agonists was more ambiguous-in naive animals, it did not alter memory or produce slight amnesic effects, while in rodent models of memory impairment, they ameliorated the condition just like antagonists. Using the identified hit compounds 15 and 18, we tried to sort out the difference between ligands exhibiting the D2R antagonist function combined with 5-HT6R agonism, and mixed D2/5-HT6R antagonists in murine models of psychosis.
- Bojarski, Andrzej J.,Bugno, Ryszard,Cie?lik, Paulina,Duszyńska, Beata,Handzlik, Jadwiga,Hogendorf, Adam S.,Hogendorf, Agata,Kaczorowska, Katarzyna,Kurczab, Rafa?,Latacz, Gniewomir,Lenda, Tomasz,Sata?a, Grzegorz,Staroń, Jakub,Szewczyk, Bernadeta
-
-
- The benzyl can be selectively removed by visible light or near visible light. Method for protecting allyl and propargyl group
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The invention provides a method for selectively removing benzyl, allyl and propargyl protecting groups by visible light or near visible light, namely a substrate containing benzyl, allyl or propargyl protecting groups. The method has the advantages of simple operation, safe and clean visible light or near visible light as excitation conditions, cheap and easily available reagents, high reaction yield, high reaction chemistry and regional selectivity, and is suitable for selective removal of benzyl, allyl and propargyl protecting groups in various substrates.
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Paragraph 0021
(2021/10/16)
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- Concerning the preparation of 6-bromotryptamine
-
Most of the previous syntheses of the marine natural product 6-bromotryptamine have almost certainly led to partial debromination resulting in an impure product containing tryptamine. We show that loss of bromine occurs when lithium aluminum hydride is employed as a reducing agent in the final reaction step leading to 6-bromotryptamine. Reductive-debromination is also likely to intrude during some of the syntheses of 6-bromoindole, the typical precursor to 6-bromotryptamine. None of the seven described syntheses of 6-bromotryptamine that involve a reduction sequence from 6-bromoindole have reported elemental analyses as a measure of purity.
- Scott Wiens,Johnson, Jerry L.,Gribble, Gordon W.
-
-
- 1-BENZYLSPIRO[PIPERIDINE-4,1′-PYRIDO[3,4-b]indole] ‘co-potentiators’ for minimal function CFTR mutants
-
We previously identified a spiro [piperidine-4,1-pyrido [3,4-b]indole] class of co-potentiators that function in synergy with existing CFTR potentiators such as VX-770 or GLGP1837 to restore channel activity of a defined subset of minimal function cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutants. Here, structure-activity studies were conducted to improve their potency over the previously identified compound, 20 (originally termed CP-A01). Targeted synthesis of 37 spiro [piperidine-4,1-pyrido [3,4-b]indoles] was generally accomplished using versatile two or three step reaction protocols with each step having high efficiency. Structure-activity relationship studies established that analog 2i, with 6′-methoxyindole and 2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl substituents, had the greatest potency for activation of N1303K-CFTR, with EC50 ～600 nM representing an ～17-fold improvement over the original compound identified in a small molecule screen.
- Son, Jung-Ho,Phuan, Puay-Wah,Zhu, Jie S.,Lipman, Elena,Cheung, Amy,Tsui, Ka Yi,Tantillo, Dean J.,Verkman, Alan S.,Haggie, Peter M.,Kurth, Mark J.
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-
- Reductive aromatization of oxindoles to 3-substituted indoles
-
A practical and scalable approach for the synthesis of 3-substituted indoles is delineated via hydride nucleophilic addition to 3-substituted-2-oxindoles. The reaction proceeds through reductive aromatization involving indolinium ion intermediate. A wide range of 3-functionalized indoles have been synthesized. The method is employed for the synthesis of 3,3?-bis-indoles and a dimeric 3-indole derivative. Moreover, this protocol is used to obtain naturally occuring amino acid tryptamine.
- Mandal, Tirtha,Chakraborti, Gargi,Dash, Jyotirmayee
-
supporting information
(2020/06/21)
-
- Histidine triad nucleotide-binding proteins HINT1 and HINT2 share similar substrate specificities and little affinity for the signaling dinucleotide Ap4A
-
Human histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 2 (hHINT2) is an important player in human mitochondrial bioenergetics, but little is known about its catalytic capabilities or its nucleotide phosphoramidate prodrug (proTide)-activating activity akin to the cytosolic isozyme hHINT1. Here, a similar substrate specificity profile (kcat/Km) for model phosphoramidate substrates was found for hHINT2 but with higher kcat and Km values when compared with hHINT1. A broader pH range for maximum catalytic activity was determined for hHINT2 (pK1?=?6.76?±?0.16, pK2?=?8.41?±?0.07). In addition, the known hHINT1-microphthalmia-inducing transcription factor-regulating molecule Ap4A was found to have no detectable binding to HINT1 nor HINT2 by isothermal titration calorimetry. These results demonstrate that despite differences in their sequence and localization, HINT1 and HINT2 have similar nucleotide substrate specificities, which should be considered in future proTide design and in studies of their natural function.
- Strom, Alexander,Tong, Cher Ling,Wagner, Carston R.
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p. 1497 - 1505
(2020/02/25)
-
- Facile in Vitro Biocatalytic Production of Diverse Tryptamines
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Tryptamines are a medicinally important class of small molecules that serve as precursors to more complex, clinically used indole alkaloid natural products. Typically, tryptamine analogues are prepared from indoles through multistep synthetic routes. In the natural world, the desirable tryptamine synthon is produced in a single step by l-tryptophan decarboxylases (TDCs). However, no TDCs are known to combine high activity and substrate promiscuity, which might enable a practical biocatalytic route to tryptamine analogues. We have now identified the TDC from Ruminococcus gnavus as the first highly active and promiscuous member of this enzyme family. RgnTDC performs up to 96 000 turnovers and readily accommodates tryptophan analogues with substituents at the 4, 5, 6, and 7 positions, as well as alternative heterocycles, thus enabling the facile biocatalytic synthesis of >20 tryptamine analogues. We demonstrate the utility of this enzyme in a two-step biocatalytic sequence with an engineered tryptophan synthase to afford an efficient, cost-effective route to tryptamines from commercially available indole starting materials.
- McDonald, Allwin D.,Perkins, Lydia J.,Buller, Andrew R.
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p. 1939 - 1944
(2019/07/08)
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- Organocatalytic Decarboxylation of Amino Acids as a Route to Bio-based Amines and Amides
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Amino acids obtained by fermentation or recovered from protein waste hydrolysates represent an excellent renewable resource for the production of bio-based chemicals. In an attempt to recycle both carbon and nitrogen, we report here on a chemocatalytic, metal-free approach for decarboxylation of amino acids, thereby providing a direct access to primary amines. In the presence of a carbonyl compound the amino acid is temporarily trapped into a Schiff base, from which the elimination of CO2 may proceed more easily. After evaluating different types of aldehydes and ketones on their activity at low catalyst loadings (≤5 mol%), isophorone was identified as powerful organocatalyst under mild conditions. After optimisation many amino acids with a neutral side chain were converted in 28–99 % yield in 2-propanol at 150 °C. When the reaction is performed in DMF, the amine is susceptible to N-formylation. This consecutive reaction is catalysed by the acidity of the amino acid reactant itself. In this way, many amino acids were efficiently transformed to the corresponding formamides in a one-pot catalytic system.
- Claes, Laurens,Janssen, Michiel,De Vos, Dirk E.
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p. 4297 - 4306
(2019/08/26)
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- Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation and Reductive Deuteration of Nitriles: a Simple Access to α,α-Dideutero Amines
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A simple and efficient continuous flow methodology has been developed for hydrogenation and reductive deuteration of nitriles to yield primary amines and also valuable α,α-dideutero analogues. Raney nickel proved to be a useful catalyst for the transformation of a wide range of nitriles under reasonably mild conditions with excellent deuterium incorporation (>90 %) and quantitative conversion. Among known model compounds, three new deuterated primary amines were prepared. The large-scale synthesis of deuterated tryptamine was also carried out to deliver 1.1 g product under flow conditions.
- Mészáros, Rebeka,Peng, Bai-Jing,?tv?s, Sándor B.,Yang, Shyh-Chyun,Fül?p, Ferenc
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p. 1508 - 1511
(2019/11/03)
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- Trimethoxyphenyl-containing evodiamine derivative and application thereof
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According to the invention, the evodiamine compound is modified and optimized; wherein benzenetrimethoxy is introduced into an evodiamine skeleton; therefore, evodiamine and derivatives thereof are linked through amido bonds, and in-vitro and in-vivo antitumor activity screening experiments are carried out, so that a series of trimethoxyphenyl-containing evodiamine derivatives are synthesized, andhigh-efficiency and low-toxicity antitumor candidate drugs are screened out. The range of existing anticancer compounds is broadened, and the compounds can be used as lead compounds for continuous optimization; meanwhile, the compound has small toxic and side effects, does not have inhibitory activity on normal cells of a human body while inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, and is safer to use.
- -
-
Paragraph 0044; 0045; 0047
(2019/12/02)
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- Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tryptamine salicylic acid derivatives as potential antitumor agents
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A series of tryptamine salicylic acid derivatives were synthesized and their antiproliferative activity against MGC-803, MCF-7, HepG2, A549 and HeLa cell lines was evaluated. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that different substitutions of the C5 and C3′-C5′ positions have certain effects on the anti-proliferation activity. The growth assay revealed that N-[2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-benzamide (E20) showed the most potent and broad-spectrum anticancer inhibition of all the cell lines evaluated, and was only more potent than 5-Fu for the gastric cancer cell line. Preliminary studies indicated that compound E20 could inhibit colony formation and migration of MGC-803 cells. The flow cytometry (FCM) results showed that compound E20 arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis of MGC-803 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the western blot results showed that E20 can down-regulate the expression of hexokinase 2. Our studies suggest that the framework of N-[2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-benzamide may be consider as a new type of chemical for designing effective anti-cancer drugs targeting gastric cancer cells.
- Xiong, Runde,He, Dongxiu,Deng, Xiangping,Liu, Juan,Lei, Xiaoyong,Xie, Zhizhong,Cao, Xuan,Chen, Yanming,Peng, Junmei,Tang, Guotao
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p. 573 - 583
(2019/04/30)
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- 2D-2D Nanocomposite of MoS2-Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Multifunctional Catalyst for Sustainable Synthesis of C3-Functionalized Indoles
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A nanocomposite of two-dimensional MoS2 supported on graphitic C3N4 nanosheets has been prepared by a facile ultrasonication method followed by demonstrating its ability to catalyze the synthesis of several indole derivatives. The as-prepared nanocomposite catalyst was characterized in detail by using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to understand its structure and physicochemical properties. Subsequently, this nanocomposite catalyst was used as a heterogeneous multifunctional catalyst to synthesize several C3-functionalized indoles in the aqueous medium. The employed strategy also provided very good catalyst recyclability and versatility for the synthesis of various precursors of medicinally significant indoles, such as serotonin, melatonin, and various β-carboline alkaloids. In addition, a natural product derivate has been prepared on the gram-scale by using this methodology. Furthermore, high atom economy (100 %) and lower E-factor (0.042) makes this strategy a sustainable approach for the synthesis of C3-functionalized indoles.
- Bahuguna, Ashish,Kumar, Ashwani,Kumar, Suneel,Chhabra, Tripti,Krishnan, Venkata
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p. 3121 - 3132
(2018/07/29)
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- Synthesis method of tryptamine and derivative thereof
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The invention discloses a synthesis method of tryptamine and derivative thereof. The method includes the steps of: (1) in the presence of an acid anhydride compound, subjecting chromamine andits derivatives, including the following steps: (1) in the presence of anhydride compounds, and subjecting aryl sulfoxide shown as structural formula (I) and an alpha-tin substituted nitrile compoundshown as structural formula (II) to rearrangement reaction to synthesize an intermediate A shown as structural formula (III); (2) under the action of magnesium powder and alkali, subjecting the intermediate A to alkali hydrolysis to obtain an intermediate B shown as structural formula (IV); (3) in a tetrahydrofuran solution of the intermediate B, and adding triethyl silicane, trimethylchlorosilane and palladium chloride in order for reaction to obtain an intermediate C shown as structural formula (V); and (4) under the action of lithium aluminum hydride, carrying out reduction reaction on theintermediate C so as to obtain tryptamine or derivative thereof shown as structural formula (VI). The method provided by the invention has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, good selectivity, high yield, easy separation of product, simple operation and the like.
- -
-
Paragraph 0043; 0044; 0065; 0066; 0067; 0068
(2018/07/30)
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- Beta- tetrahydro-carboline antifungal drug and preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a beta-tetrahydro-carboline antifungal compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The structure of the compound is shown as the general formula I, wherein n is 1to 3; R1 is hydrogen or monosubstituted acetylene or polysubstituted acetylene in any optional position on the benzene ring, X is O or NH, R2 is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic ring; or X is NR3, R2 and R3 are individually lower alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic ring; or X is N, R2 and X composes substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the compound and the application of the compound in preparation of antifungal drugs. The compound has the characteristic of well antifungal activity, the result of partial compound is better than that of the control drug fluconazole, and the compound can be utilized to prepare antifungal drugs. The experiment result also show that the combined usage of the partial compound and fluconazole has good synergistic effect to clinically isolated fluconazole-resistant candida albicans.
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- C4?H alkoxylation of 6-bromoindole and its application to the synthesis of breitfussin B
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Subjecting 6-bromoindole to an iridium-catalysed triborylation-diprotodeborylation sequence followed by Chan-Evans-Lam coupling gives 6-bromo-4-methoxyindole in good overall yield. This indole C4?H alkoxylation process was used in a formal synthesis of the natural product breitfussin B.
- Nabi, Ardalan A.,Liyu, Jessica,Lindsay, Ashley C.,Sperry, Jonathan
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p. 1199 - 1202
(2017/11/13)
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- Rice histone deacetylase 10 and Arabidopsis histone deacetylase 14 genes encode N-acetylserotonin deacetylase, which catalyzes conversion of N-acetylserotonin into serotonin, a reverse reaction for melatonin biosynthesis in plants
-
In plants, melatonin production is strictly regulated, unlike the production of its precursor, serotonin, which is highly inducible in response to stimuli, such as senescence and pathogen exposure. Exogenous serotonin treatment does not greatly induce the production of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin in plants, which suggests the possible existence of one or more regulatory genes in the pathway for the biosynthesis of melatonin from serotonin. In this report, we found that NAS was rapidly and abundantly converted into serotonin in rice seedlings, indicating the presence of an N-acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC). To clone the putative ASDAC gene, we screened 4 genes that were known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes, but encoded proteins targeted into chloroplasts or mitochondria rather than nuclei. Of 4 recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing these genes, one E.?coli strain expressing the rice HDAC10 gene was found to be capable of producing serotonin in response to treatment with NAS. The recombinant purified rice HDAC10 (OsHDAC10) protein exhibited ASDAC enzyme activity toward NAS, N-acetyltyramine (NAT), N-acetyltryptamine, and melatonin, with the highest ASDAC activity for NAT. In addition, its Arabidopsis ortholog, AtHDAC14, showed similar ASDAC activity to that of OsHDAC10. Both OsHDAC10 and AtHDAC14 were found to be expressed in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ASDAC homologs were present in archaea, but not in cyanobacteria, which differs from the distribution of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT). This suggests that SNAT and ASDAC may have evolved differently from ancestral eukaryotic cells.
- Lee, Kyungjin,Lee, Hyoung Yool,Back, Kyoungwhan
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-
- Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, which has a structural general formula shown as a formula (I). The invention also discloses a preparation method and application of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. The invention provides the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid as well as the preparation method and application of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. The monoterpenoid indole alkaloid provided by the invention has the characteristics of high efficiency and low toxicity. Compared with full synthesis of a natural product, the preparation method provided by the invention has the characteristics that simplicity is realized and the operation is easy. The goal can be achieved through one-step or several-step limited reaction; extreme reaction of high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and strong alkali does not exist; the reaction raw materials are simple and can be easily obtained; the method is suitable for mass industrial production. The obtained monoterpenoid indole alkaloid can be applied to anti-tumor medicine preparation. The formula (I) is shown in the specification.
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- Indole derivative and uses thereof
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The present invention relates to an indole derivative and uses thereof, wherein the compound and the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound can be used for antagonizing orexin receptors. The present invention further relates to a method for preparing the compound and the pharmaceutical composition, and uses of the compound and the pharmaceutical composition in treatment or prevention of diseases associated with orexin receptors.
- -
-
Paragraph 0204; 0205
(2017/09/01)
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- New insights into the catalytic reduction of aliphatic nitro compounds with hypophosphites under ultrasonic irradiation
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This work describes an efficient process for the reduction of nitro compounds to the corresponding amines with a catalytic amount of Pd/C (0.6 mol%), and a mixture of sodium hypophosphite and hypophosphorous acid as a reducing agent in H2O/2-MeTHF at 60 °C. The reaction was optimized under silent conditions. The conditions for the in situ production of H2 using the mixture NaH2PO2/H3PO2 were studied. The influence of ultrasonic activation was investigated both in terms of efficiency and kinetics. The reaction was shown to be efficient in water, at 70 °C with a quantitative conversion and a maximal yield in only 15 min thanks to the ultrasonic activation. Finally, ultrasound was proved to act as a physical agent of phase transfer.
- Letort,Lejeune,Kardos,Métay,Popowycz,Lemaire,Draye
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p. 4583 - 4590
(2017/10/13)
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- An environmentally friendly protocol for oxidative halocyclization of tryptamine and tryptophol derivatives
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An environmentally friendly and efficient protocol (KX/oxone) for oxidative halocyclization of tryptamine/tryptophol derivatives was developed and demonstrated with 28 examples and concise total synthesis of cyclotryptamine alkaloid protubonines A and B. The distinct advantage of this protocol over all previous methods is that no organic byproduct is generated from a halogenating agent or oxidant, thus greatly reducing the environmental impact of halocyclization and facilitating the post-reaction purification.
- Xu, Jun,Tong, Rongbiao
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p. 2952 - 2956
(2017/07/24)
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- Discovery of tetrahydro-?-carboline derivatives as a new class of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors
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Abstract: Phosphodiesterase 4 is the primary enzyme responsible for degradation of the second messenger cAMP in many of the cells releasing proinflammatory mediators. Inhibition of this enzyme could help in the management of various inflammatory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, and psoriasis. In this study, two novel series of tetrahydro-β-carbolines were designed by combining the pharmacophoric features of both tadalafil and piclamilast. Twenty-two compounds were synthesized and assessed for Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition, four of them showed superior activity to the reference compound IBMX. Docking studies showed that the prepared compounds interact with the crucial Gln443 with variable interactions with the hydrophobic pocket Q2. This is the first report of tetrahydro-β-carbolines as a scaffold for Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition. Currently, further optimization of the substituents is carried out to fine-tune the hydrophobic interactions and enhance the potency of this novel series of inhibitors.
- Abdelwaly, Ahmad,Salama, Ismail,Gomaa, Mohamed S.,Helal, Mohamed A.
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p. 3173 - 3187
(2017/10/06)
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- ?-CARBOLINE, DIHYDRO-?-CARBOLINE AND TETRAHYDRO-?-CARBOLINE ALKALOID DERIVATIVES AND PREPARATION METHODS SAME AND USE IN ASPECTS OF PREVENTING AND TREATING PLANT VIRUSES, FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES
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The present invention relates to β-carboline, dihydro-β-carboline and tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloid derivatives (I) and a method for preparing same and the use in the aspects of preventing and treating plant viruses, fungicides and insecticides. For the meaning of each group in formula (I) see the description. The β-carboline, dihydro-β-carboline and tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloid derivatives of the present invention show a particularly ourstanding anti-plant virus activity, and also have fungicidal and insecticidal activities.
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-
Paragraph 0099-0100
(2016/11/28)
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- Screening of NOS activity and selectivity of newly synthesized acetamidines using RP-HPLC
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Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) inhibitors could play a powerful role in inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, novel acetamidine derivatives of NOS were synthesized and the inhibitor activity was evalued. To screen the activity and selectivity, the l-citrulline residue, after the enzymatic NOS assay, was derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde/N-acetyl cysteine (OPA/NAC) and then evaluated by RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection.All compounds did not affect the activity of endothelial and neuronal isoforms, while nine of them possessed a percentage of iNOS activity at 10 μM lower than 50%, and were selected for IC50 evaluation. Among them, a compound emerged as a very potent (IC50 of 53 nM) and selective iNOS inhibitor.
- Fantacuzzi, Marialuigia,Maccallini, Cristina,Di Matteo, Mauro,Ammazzalorso, Alessandra,Bruno, Isabella,De Filippis, Barbara,Giampietro, Letizia,Mollica, Adriano,Amoroso, Rosa
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p. 419 - 424
(2016/02/16)
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- PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IDALOPIRDINE
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Disclosed herein is a process for the preparation of idalopirdine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- -
-
Page/Page column 0089
(2016/07/05)
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- Asymmetric dearomatization of indoles through a Michael/Friedel-Crafts-Type cascade to construct polycyclic spiroindolines
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A highly efficient asymmetric dearomatization of indoles was realized through a cascade reaction between 2-isocyanoethylindole and alkylidene malonates catalyzed by a chiral N,N-dioxide/MgII catalyst. Fused polycyclic indolines containing three stereocenters were afforded in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities through a Michael/Friedel-Crafts/Mannich cascade. When 2-substituted 2-isocyanoethylindoles were used, spiroindoline derivatives were obtained through a Michael/Friedel-Crafts reaction.
- Zhao, Xiaohu,Liu, Xiaohua,Mei, Hongjiang,Guo, Jing,Lin, Lili,Feng, Xiaoming
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p. 4032 - 4035
(2015/03/30)
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- PRODUCTION METHOD FOR COMPOUND COMPRISING AMINO GROUP AND/OR HYDROXYL GROUP
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Disclosed is a method for producing a compound having an amino group and/or a hydroxyl group from a substrate compound having an atomic group containing CO or CS by eliminating said atomic group. The substrate compound having an atomic group containing CO or CS (for example, an amide, a carbamate, or the like) is allowed to react with a compound expressed by formula (I) below, at a temperature of 120°C or lower, preferably in the presence of an ammonium salt, to eliminate said atomic group containing CO or CS. In formula (I) A may not be present, and in a case where A is present, A represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. ????????H2N-A-NH2?????(I)
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-
Paragraph 0040-0041; 0045
(2015/01/18)
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- Investigation of a substrate-specifying residue within Papaver somniferum and Catharanthus roseus aromatic amino acid decarboxylases
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Plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) catalyze the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids with either benzene or indole rings. Because the substrate selectivity of AAADs is intimately related to their physiological functions, primary sequence data and their differentiation could provide significant physiological insights. However, due to general high sequence identity, plant AAAD substrate specificities have been difficult to identify through primary sequence comparison. In this study, bioinformatic approaches were utilized to identify several active site residues within plant AAAD enzymes that may impact substrate specificity. Next a Papaver somniferum tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) was selected as a model to verify our putative substrate-dictating residues through mutation. Results indicated that mutagenesis of serine 372 to glycine enables the P. somniferum TyDC to use 5-hydroxytryptophan as a substrate, and reduces the enzyme activity toward 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (dopa). Additionally, the reverse mutation in a Catharanthus roseus tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) enables the mutant enzyme to utilize tyrosine and dopa as substrates with a reduced affinity toward tryptophan. Molecular modeling and molecular docking of the P. somniferum TyDC and the C. roseus TDC enzymes provided a structural basis to explain alterations in substrate specificity. Identification of an active site residue that impacts substrate selectivity produces a primary sequence identifier that may help differentiate the indolic and phenolic substrate specificities of individual plant AAADs.
- Torrens-Spence, Michael P.,Lazear, Michael,Von Guggenberg, Renee,Ding, Haizhen,Li, Jianyong
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-
- Identification of a neuroprotective and selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor derived from the natural alkaloid evodiamine
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Two sets of carbamates based on the natural alkaloid evodiamine were desined, synthesized and evaluated as potential butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Althouh a set of carbamates of 3-hydroxyevodiamine (10a-f) is inactive both at AChE and BChE, carbamates of 5-deoxo-3-hydroxyevodiamine (11a-f) exhibit much better potency with selectivity toward BChE. The heptyl carbamate of 5-deoxo-3-hydroxyevodiamine (11c) shows the best potency with an IC50 value of 77 nM and very ood selectivity over AChE. ORAC and cell-based assays indicate 11c owns pronounced antioxidant properties with 1.75 Trolox equivalents and stron neuroprotection even from 1 μM onwards. These combined activities miht enable compound 11c to be a potential candidate for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
- Huan, Uozhen,Klin, Beata,Darras, Fouad H.,Heilmann, J?r,Decker, Michael
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supporting information
p. 15 - 21
(2014/06/09)
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- Electron transfer reduction of nitriles using SmI2-Et 3N-H2O: Synthetic utility and mechanism
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The first general reduction of nitriles to primary amines under single electron transfer conditions is demonstrated using SmI2 (Kagan's reagent) activated with Lewis bases. The reaction features excellent functional group tolerance and represents an attractive alternative to the use of pyrophoric alkali metal hydrides. Notably, the electron transfer from Sm(II) to CN functional groups generates imidoyl-type radicals from bench stable nitrile precursors.
- Szostak, Michal,Sautier, Brice,Spain, Malcolm,Procter, David J.
-
supporting information
p. 1092 - 1095
(2014/03/21)
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- Total synthesis and biological activity of marine alkaloid eudistomins Y1-Y7 and their analogues
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Eudistomin Y class compounds are a series of β-carbolines which was originally isolated from a marine turnicate or ascidian near the South Korea Sea. These compounds contain bromo-substituted groups, which is one of the typical characters of marine natural products. We report herein the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of seven new β-carboline-based metabolites, Eudistomins Y1-Y7, and their hydroxyl-methylated phenyl derivatives. Using bromo-substituted tryptamines and bromo-substituted phenylglyoxals as the key intermediates, Eudistomins Y 1-Y7 and their derivatives were synthesized via the acid-catalyzed Pictet-Spengler reaction and fully characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Biological studies revealed that all of the compounds showed moderate growth inhibitory activity against breast carcinoma cell line MDA-231 with IC50 of 15-63 μM and the inhibitory activities of hydroxyl-methylated phenyl products were higher than that of the corresponding natural products Eudistomins Y 1-Y7.
- Jin, Huijuan,Zhang, Puyong,Bijian, Krikor,Ren, Sumei,Wan, Shengbiao,Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A.,Jiang, Tao
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p. 1427 - 1439
(2013/07/11)
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- Reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitro groups to anilines and amines with hypophosphites associated with Pd/C
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The reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitro groups to anilines and amines is performed with good yield and selectivity in short reaction times. A mixture of sodium hypophosphite and phosphinic acid is used in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst 2.5 mol% of Pd/C (5%) in a biphasic water/2-MeTHF system.
- Baron, Marc,Metay, Estelle,Lemaire, Marc,Popowycz, Florence
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p. 1006 - 1015
(2013/07/26)
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- Design and bio-evaluation of indole derivatives as potent Kv1.5 inhibitors
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the common arrhythmias that threaten human health. Kv1.5 potassium channel is reported as an efficacious and safe target for the treatment of AF. In this paper, we designed and synthesized three series of compounds through modifying the lead compound RH01617 that was screened out by the pharmacophore model we reported earlier. All of the compounds were evaluated by the whole-patch lamp technology and most of them possessed potent inhibitory activities against Kv1.5. Compounds IIIi and IIIl were evaluated for the target selectivity as well as the pharmacodynamic effects in an isolated rat model. Due to the promising pharmacological behavior, compound IIIl deserves further pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluations.
- Guo, Xiaoke,Yang, Qian,Xu, Jing,Zhang, Li,Chu, Hongxi,Yu, Peng,Zhu, Yingying,Wei, Jinglian,Chen, Weilin,Zhang, Yaozhong,Zhang, Xiaojin,Sun, Haopeng,Tang, Yiqun,You, Qidong
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p. 6466 - 6476
(2013/10/22)
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- Kinetic mechanism of human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1
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Human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1) is a member of a ubiquitous and ancient branch of the histidine triad protein superfamily. hHint1 is a homodimeric protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of model substrates, phosphoramidate and acyl adenylate, with a high efficiency. Recently, catalytically inactive hHint1 has been identified as the cause of inherited peripheral neuropathy [Zimon, M., et al. (2012) Nat. Genet. 44, 1080-1083]. We have conducted the first detailed kinetic mechanistic studies of hHint1 and have found that the reaction mechanism is consistent with a double-displacement mechanism, in which the active site nucleophile His112 is first adenylylated by the substrate, followed by hydrolysis of the AMP-enzyme intermediate. A transient burst phase followed by a linear phase from the stopped-flow fluorescence assay indicated that enzyme adenylylation was faster than the subsequent intermediate hydrolysis and product release. Solvent viscosity experiments suggested that both chemical transformation and diffusion-sensitive events (product release or protein conformational change) limit the overall turnover. The catalytic trapping experiments and data simulation indicated that the true koff rate of the final product AMP is unlikely to control the overall kcat. Therefore, a protein conformational change associated with product release is likely rate-limiting. In addition, the rate of Hint1 adenylylation was found to be dependent on two residues with pKa values of 6.5 and 8, with the former pKa agreeing well with the nuclear magnetic resonance titration results for the pKa of the active site nucleophile His112. In comparison to the uncatalyzed rates, hHint1 was shown to enhance acyl-AMP and AMP phosphoramidate hydrolysis by 106-108-fold. Taken together, our analysis indicates that hHint1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoramidate and acyl adenylate with high efficiency, through a mechanism that relies on rapid adenylylation of the active residue, His112, while being partially rate-limited by intermediate hydrolysis and product release associated with a conformational change. Given the high degree of sequence homology of Hint proteins across all kingdoms of life, it is likely that their kinetic and catalytic mechanisms will be similar to those elucidated for hHint1.
- Zhou, Xin,Chou, Tsui-Fen,Aubol, Brandon E.,Park, Chin Ju,Wolfenden, Richard,Adams, Joseph,Wagner, Carston R.
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p. 3588 - 3600
(2013/07/28)
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- UVA photoinduced yeast protein modifications by methylene blue and naproxen
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UVA photosensitization by methylene blue (MB) or by naproxen (NAP) towards cell proteins in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated in order to compare this system with two simpler models, such as free Trp in solution and as a component of bovine and human serum albumin. The process was studied by monitoring protein tryptophan (Trp) residue integrity. The sensitized photodegradation of proteins resulted in different degrees of Trp damage with different Trp (photo)-products. Indeed, many of these Trp derivatives are diagnostic for the photosensitization mechanism and some of them were obtained from cells by UVA photosensitization for the first time in this work. The analysis of quantum yields of photoproduct distribution allowed us to weigh up the type I/II contribution on a UVA photosensitization mechanism. The UVA mediated generation of these Trp derivatives is consistent with the occurrence of singlet oxygen formation (almost dominant in MB), and photoionization (significant in NAP) within the protein matrix. The results obtained in the case of this more complex system (cell) are in agreement with the two simpler models recently studied in our lab. The quantum yields of Trp photoinduced degradation, as well as of its photoproducts formation, decrease with increasing the complexity of the investigated target. The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies 2013.
- Bracchitta, Giuseppina,Catalfo, Alfio,De Guidi, Guido
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p. 967 - 973
(2013/09/12)
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- Synthesis and structureactivity relationship of novel conformationally restricted analogues of serotonin as 5-HT6 receptor ligands
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5-Hydroxytryptamine 6 receptors (5-HT6R) are being perceived as the possible target for treatment of cognitive disorders as well as obesity. The present article deals with the design, synthesis, in vitro binding and structureactivity relationship of a novel series of tetracyclic tryptamines with the rigidized N-arylsulphonyl, N-arylcarbonyl and N-benzyl substituents as 5-HT6 receptor ligands. The chiral sulphonyl derivatives 15a and 17a showed high affinity at 5-HT6R with the Ki of 23.4 and 20.5nM, respectively. The lead compound from the series 15a has acceptable ADME properties, adequate brain penetration and is active in animal models of cognition like Novel Object Recognition Task (NORT) and water maze.
- Nirogi, Ramakrishna V.S.,Kambhampati, Ramasastri,Kothmirkar, Prabhakar,Konda, Jagadishbabu,Bandyala, Thrinath Reddy,Gudla, Parandhama,Arepalli, Sobhanadri,Gangadasari, Narasimhareddy P.,Shinde, Anil K.,Deshpande, Amol D.,Dwarampudi, Adireddy,Chindhe, Anil K.,Dubey, Pramod Kumar
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p. 443 - 450
(2012/08/28)
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- Microwave-assisted deacylation of unactivated amides using ammonium-salt-accelerated transamidation
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Easy does it! The chemoselective oxidative ?-C(sp3)H alkylation/cyclization reaction of N-benzyl carbamates using simple mono-, di-, and trisubstituted olefins provides functionalized N-heterocycles such as oxazinones (see picture). A TEMPO oxoammonium salt serves as the oxidant, making it possible to carry out the reaction at low temperatures. Neither a metal catalyst nor preactivation in the ?-position to the nitrogen group are needed.
- Shimizu, Yuhei,Morimoto, Hiroyuki,Zhang, Ming,Ohshima, Takashi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 8564 - 8567
(2012/09/11)
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- Enantioselective total synthesis of eudistomidins G, H, and I
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Asymmetric first total synthesis of eudistomidins G, H, and I, tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloids from the Okinawan marine tunicate Eudistoma glaucus, has been accomplished with the Bischler-Napieralski reaction and the Noyori catalytic asymmetric hydrogen-transfer reaction. The absolute configurations of eudistomidins G, H, and I were confirmed from comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR, and CD spectral data of synthetic and natural eudistomidins G, H, and I, respectively.
- Ishiyama, Haruaki,Yoshizawa, Kazuaki,Kobayashi, Jun'ichi
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p. 6186 - 6192
(2012/08/27)
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- A biomolecule-compatible visible-light-induced azide reduction from a DNA-encoded reaction-discovery system
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Using a system that accelerates the serendipitous discovery of new reactions by evaluating hundreds of DNA-encoded substrate combinations in a single experiment, we explored a broad range of reaction conditions for new bond-forming reactions. We discovered reactivity that led to a biomolecule-compatible, Ru(II)-catalysed azide-reduction reaction induced by visible light. In contrast to current azide-reduction methods, this reaction is highly chemoselective and is compatible with alcohols, phenols, acids, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, alkyl halides, alkyl mesylates and disulfides. The remarkable functional group compatibility and mild conditions of the reaction enabled the azide reduction of nucleic acid and oligosaccharide substrates, with no detectable occurrence of side reactions. The reaction was also performed in the presence of a protein enzyme without the loss of enzymatic activity, in contrast to two commonly used azide-reduction methods. The visible-light dependence of this reaction provides a means of photouncaging functional groups, such as amines and carboxylates, on biological macromolecules without using ultraviolet irradiation.
- Chen, Yiyun,Kamlet, Adam S.,Steinman, Jonathan B.,Liu, David R.
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experimental part
p. 146 - 153
(2012/02/17)
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- LABORATORY SCALE CONTINUOUS FLOW HYDROGENATION PROCESS
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A process for hydrogenating a sample in a pressure range below supercritical pressure values includes supplying at least a solvent of the sample to be hydrogenated by a feed pump with a constant volume rate into a flow path to create a base solution; adding the sample being dissolved into the flow path; feeding hydrogen into the flow path through a valve configured to transmit hydrogen only into a single direction; leading the dissolved sample in the presence of a catalyst through a hydrogenation reactor, where the reactor is inserted into a section of the flow path located after the hydrogen feeding position; maintaining the pressure of the reaction in a given pressure range by element of a pressure-adjusting unit, and collecting a hydrogenate formed within the hydrogenation reactor in a product receptacle connected to the end of the flow path.
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Page/Page column 6
(2011/02/26)
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- Integrating carbon-halogen bond formation into medicinal plant metabolism
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Halogenation, which was once considered a rare occurrence in nature, has now been observed in many natural product biosynthetic pathways. However, only a small fraction of halogenated compounds have been isolated from terrestrial plants. Given the impact that halogenation can have on the biological activity of natural products, we reasoned that the introduction of halides into medicinal plant metabolism would provide the opportunity to rationally bioengineer a broad variety of novel plant products with altered, and perhaps improved, pharmacological properties. Here we report that chlorination biosynthetic machinery from soil bacteria can be successfully introduced into the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). These prokaryotic halogenases function within the context of the plant cell to generate chlorinated tryptophan, which is then shuttled into monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolism to yield chlorinated alkaloids. A new functional group-a halide-is thereby introduced into the complex metabolism of C. roseus, and is incorporated in a predictable and regioselective manner onto the plant alkaloid products. Medicinal plants, despite their genetic and developmental complexity, therefore seem to be a viable platform for synthetic biology efforts.
- Runguphan, Weerawat,Qu, Xudong,O'Connor, Sarah E.
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experimental part
p. 461 - 467
(2012/06/01)
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- Composition for Topical Use
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The use, as a dermatological or cosmetic medicament, of compounds capable of transiently interacting with the AhR receptor (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) as agents for modulating skin functions such as sebaceous function, skin healing, skin atrophy termed “dermatoporosis”, estrogen deprivation and defense against infection, without inducing other toxic effects of the TCDD type. The compounds that interact with the AhR receptor are chosen in that they have a metabolism favorable to the dissociation of these effects, in particular by virtue of in situ production from a precursor and/or metabolization modulated in situ.
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- The discovery of tetrahydro-β-carbolines as inhibitors of the kinesin Eg5
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A series of tetrahydro-β-carbolines were identified by HTS as inhibitors of the kinesin Eg5. Molecular modeling and medicinal chemistry techniques were employed to explore the SAR for this series with a focus of removing potential metabolic liabilities and improving cellular potency.
- Barsanti, Paul A.,Wang, Weibo,Ni, Zhi-Jie,Duhl, David,Brammeier, Nathan,Martin, Eric,Bussiere, Dirksen,Walter, Annette O.
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scheme or table
p. 157 - 160
(2010/04/02)
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- New synthetic technologies for the construction of heterocycles and tryptamines
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New synthetic methods for the construction of novel heterocycles and tryptamines are described. Thus, N-Boc anilines (I) are sequentially converted to heterocycles II ((3-(2-aminophenyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol) derivatives),III (substituted 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrospirobenzo[d][1,3]oxazine-4,3'-pyrrol idines), and VI (2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)aniline) derivatives through a route involving t-BuLi induced ortho-metalation/ LaCl3 2LiCl metalexchange, reaction with N-Boc pyrrolidin-3-one (5), and subsequent deca rboxylative fragmentation. Labile intermediates VI are effectively converted to tryptamines Xa and Xb under controlled proticacidconditions.Inadditiontoprovidingexpedientaccesstothe2-oxo- 1,2-dihydrospirobenzo[d][1,3]oxazine-4,3'-pyrrolidines (III), the method is applicable to the synthesis of the corresponding 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrospirobenzo[d] [1,3]oxazine-4,3'-piperidine series of spirocycles (e.g., 42) and their precursors (3-(2-aminophenyl)piperidin-3-ol derivatives, e.g., 43) by using N-Boc-protected piperidin-3-one (40). Applications of the developed synthetic technologies to the synthesis of regioisomeric spirocycles 87 and 90, tryptamines 88 and 91, Corey's aspidophytine tryptamine (97), and efavirenz (1) are also described.
- Nicolaou, K. C.,Krasovskiy, Arkady,Majumder, Utpal,Trepanier, Vincent E.,Chen, David Y.-K.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3690 - 3699
(2009/09/24)
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- Instantaneous deprotection of tosylamides and esters with Sml 2/amine/water
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Sml2/amine/water mediates instantaneous cleavage of tosyl amides and tosyl esters. Highly hindered, sensitive and functionalized substrates were successfully deprotected in near quantitative yield.
- Ankner, Tobias,Hilmersson, Goeran
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 503 - 506
(2009/07/11)
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- Deprotection of N-BOC compounds
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Organic compounds having nitrogen atoms protected with t-butoxycarbonyl are effectively deprotected by heating in a fluorinated alcohol solution.
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Page/Page column 4-5
(2009/08/18)
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- Deprotection of N-BOC compounds
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Organic compounds having nitrogen atoms protected with t-butoxycarbonyl are effectively deprotected by heating in a fluorinated alcohol solution.
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Page/Page column 7-8
(2009/07/10)
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- Conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan into serotonin by tryptophan decarboxylase in plants, Escherichia coli, and yeast
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The L-tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) gene of rice was heterologously expressed in various organisms. Transgenic rice overexpressing TDC showed accumulation of serotonin upon 5-hydroxytryptophan treatment, which was consistent with the in vitro 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase enzyme activity of purified recombinant rice TDC in a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent manner. Recombinant yeast harboring TDC produced serotonin at the expense of the endogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan levels.
- Park, Munyoung,Kang, Kiyoon,Park, Sangkyu,Back, Kyoungwhan
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p. 2456 - 2458
(2008/12/23)
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- Plant phenolics affect oxidation of tryptophan
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The effect of berry phenolics such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins from raspberry (Rubus idaeus), black currant (Ribes nigrum), and cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) and byproducts of deoiling processes rich in phenolics such as rapese
- Salminen, Hanna,Heinonen, Marina
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experimental part
p. 7472 - 7481
(2010/04/29)
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- An expedient strategy for the synthesis of tryptamines and other heterocycles
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Making many from one: N-Boc-protected anilines are converted into an array of useful N-heterocycles and tryptamines through an expedient, cascade-based synthetic sequence involving ortho metalation and subsequent coupling wit
- Nicolaou,Krasovskiy, Arkady,Trepanier, Vincent E.,Chen, David Y.-K.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4217 - 4220
(2009/03/12)
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