532-32-1 Usage
description
Sodium benzoate, also known as benzoic acid sodium, is commonly used as food preservatives in food industry, odorless or with slight smell of benzoin, and tastes sweet astringency. Stable in air, can absorb moisture in open air. It’s naturally found in blueberry, apple, plum, cranberry, prunes, cinnamon and cloves, with weaker antiseptic performance than benzoic acid. Antiseptic performance of 1.180g sodium benzoate is equivalent of about 1g benzoic acid. In acidic environment, sodium benzoate have obvious inhibitory effect on a variety of microorganisms: when pH is at 3.5, 0.05% solution can completely inhibit the growth of yeast; while when pH is above 5.5, it has poor effect on a lot of mold and yeast; hardly has any effect in alkaline solution. After sodium benzoate enters into the body, in the process of biotransformation, it would combine with glycine to be uric acid, or combine with glucuronic acid to be glucosiduronic acid, and all to be eliminated from the body in urine, not to accumulate in the body. As long as it is within the scope of the normal dosage, it would be harmless to the human body, and it is a safe preservatives. It also can be used for carbonated beverages, concentrated juice, margarine, chewing gum base, jam, jelly, soy sauce, etc. Human acceptable daily intake (ADI) < 5 mg/kg body weight (take benzoic acid as calculation basis). Sodium benzoate has big lipophilicity, and it is easy to penetrate cell membrane into the cells, interfere in permeability of cell membrane, and inhibit cell membrane’s absorption of amino acids; cause Ionization acidification of alkaline storage in the cell when entering into, inhibit activity of respiratory enzymes, and stop condensation reaction of acetyl coenzyme A, and thereby achieve the purpose of food antiseptic. The above information is edited by the lookchem He Liaopu.
Chemical properties
White crystals or granules, or colorless powder, with sweet astringency. Soluble in water, ethanol, glycerol and methanol.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 1. Sodium benzoate is also an important preservative of acid type food. It transforms into effective form of benzoic acid during application. See benzoic acid for application range and dosage. In addition, it also can be used as fodder preservative. 2. Preservatives; antimicrobial agent. 3. Sodium benzoate agent is a very important preservative of acid type fodder. It transforms into effective form of benzoic acid during application. See benzoic acid for application range and dosage. In addition, it also can be used as food preservative. 4. Used in the research of pharmaceutical industry and plant genetic, also used as dye intermediates, fungicide and preservatives. 5. The product is used as food additive (preservative), fungicide in pharmaceutical industry, dye mordant, plasticizer in plastic industrial, and also used as organic synthetic intermediate of spices and others.
2. Sodium benzoate is a preservative. It is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions. It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments. It is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics. As a food additive, sodium benzoate has the E number E211. It is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited. The fuel is also one of the fastest burning rocket fuels and provides a lot of thrust and smoke. It does have its downsides: there is a high danger of explosion when the fuel is sharply compressed because of the fuel's sensitivity to impact.
3. Sodium Benzoate is a preservative that is the sodium salt of benzoic
acid. it converts to benzoic acid, which is the active form. it has a
solubility in water of 50 g in 100 ml at 25°c. sodium benzoate is 180
times as soluble in water at 25°c as is the parent acid. the optimum
functionality occurs between ph 2.5 and 4.0 and it is not recom-
mended above ph 4.5. it is active against yeasts and bacteria. it is
used in acidic foods such as fruit juices, jams, relishes, and bever-
ages. its use level ranges from 0.03 to 0.10%.
4. Vasodilator
5. A benzene compound used as a synthetic reagent.
6. Antimicrobial agent, flavoring agent and adjuvant in food; not to exceed a maximum level of 0.1% in food (21 CFR, 184.1733, 582.3733). Antifungal and bacteriostatic preservative in pharmaceuticals at concentrations of ~0.1%. Clinical reagent (bilirubin assay).
7. sodium benzoate is a non-toxic, organic salt preservative that is particularly effective against yeast, with some activity against molds and bacteria. It is generally used in concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 percent.
Content Analysis
Take dried sample 1.5g into a 250ml conical flask, dissolve it with 25ml water, and then add 50ml ether and bromophenol.
Toxicity
ADI 0～5mg/kg (take benzoic acid as calculation basis, total value of ADI including benzoic acid and its salts and esters; FAO/WHO, 2001).
LD50 4070mg/kg (rats, by oral).
GRAS(FDA，§184．1733，2000).
Production methods
1. Neutralized by benzoic acid and sodium bicarbonate. Put water and sodium bicarbonate into the neutralizing pot, boil it and make it dissolved into sodium bicarbonate solution. Mix it with benzoic acid until PH value of the reaction solution reaches to 7-7.5. Heat it to emit over carbon dioxide, and then add active carbon to decolorize it for half an hour. Do suction filtration, after filtrate gets concentrated, put it into flaker tray, dry it to be sheets in the drum, crush it, and then sodium benzoate is made. Consumption rate of benzoic acid (99.5%) 1045kg/t and sodium bicarbonate (98%) 610kg/t.
2. Use 32% soda solution to neutralize benzoic acid in the pot to reach PH value of 7.5, and neutralization temperature is 70℃. Use 0.3% active carbon to decolorize the neutralized solution, vacuum filter it, concentrate, dry it and then it comes to powdered sodium benzoate.
C6H5COOH+Na2CO3→C6H5COONa
3. To get it by toluene oxidation made benzoic acid reacting with sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Benzoic acid is almost odorless or exhibits a sweet, faint, balsamic odor and a sweet–sour to acrid taste. For a detailed description, refer to Burdock (1997).
2. white crystalline powder
3. Sodium benzoate is a white crystalline solid. It is odorless and nonflammable
4. Sodium benzoate occurs as a white granular or crystalline, slightly
hygroscopic powder. It is odorless, or with faint odor of benzoin
and has an unpleasant sweet and saline taste.
Occurrence
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and in animals. The salt is not found to occur naturally.
Definition
Different sources of media describe the Definition of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. ChEBI: An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.
2. sodium benzoate: An either colourlesscrystalline or white amorphouspowder, C6H5COONa, soluble inwater and slightly soluble in ethanol.It is made by the reaction of sodiumhydroxide with benzoic acid and isused in the dyestuffs industry and asa food preservative. It was formerlyused as an antiseptic.
Production Methods
Different sources of media describe the Production Methods of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Sodium benzoate is prepared by adding benzoic acid to a hot concentrated solution of sodium carbonate until effervescence ceases. The solution is then evaporated, cooled and allowed to crystallize or evaporate to dryness, and then granulated.
2. Prepared by the treatment of benzoic acid with either sodium
carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
Preparation
Produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
General Description
Sodium benzoate is a sodium salt of benzoic acid, that is freely soluble in water compared to benzoic acid. It is generally used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals.Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Hazard
Use in foods limited to 0.1%.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Pharmaceutical Applications
Sodium benzoate is used primarily as an antimicrobial preservative
in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. It is used in concentrations
of 0.02–0.5% in oral medicines, 0.5% in parenteral products,
and 0.1–0.5% in cosmetics. The usefulness of sodium benzoate as a
preservative is limited by its effectiveness over a narrow pH range.
Sodium benzoate is used in preference to benzoic acid in some
circumstances, owing to its greater solubility. However, in some
applications it may impart an unpleasant flavor to a product.
Sodium benzoate has also been used as a tablet lubricant at 2–5%
w/w concentrations. Solutions of sodium benzoate have also been administered, orally or intravenously, in order to determine liver
function.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Sodium benzoate also has pharmaceutical applications and is component of syrup and transparent tablet. High levels of sodium benzoate may trigger histamine release and also induce cell damage. It is recommended for the treatment of urea cycle disorders. However, high levels of sodium benzoate may contribute to glycine deficiency and may impose neuromodulatory effects.
Safety Profile
Poison by subcutaneous and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal routes. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Larger doses of 8-10 g by mouth may cause nausea and vomiting. Small doses have little or no effect. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Na2O. See also BENZOIC ACID.
Safety
Different sources of media describe the Safety of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Ingested sodium benzoate is conjugated with glycine in the liver to
yield hippuric acid, which is excreted in the urine. Symptoms of systemic benzoate toxicity resemble those of salicylates. Whereas
oral administration of the free-acid form may cause severe gastric
irritation, benzoate salts are well tolerated in large quantities: e.g. 6
g of sodium benzoate in 200mL of water is administered orally as a
liver function test.
Clinical data have indicated that sodium benzoate can produce
nonimmunological contact urtcaria and nonimmunological
immediate contact reactions. However, it is also recognized that
these reactions are strictly cutaneous, and sodium benzoate can
therefore be used safely at concentrations up to 5%. However, this
nonimmunological phenomenon should be considered when
designing formulations for infants and children.
Other adverse effects include anaphylaxis and urticarial
reactions, although a controlled study has shown that the incidence
of urticaria in patients given benzoic acid is no greater than that
with a lactose placebo.
It has been recommended that caffeine and sodium benzoate
injection should not be used in neonates; however, sodium
benzoate has been used by others in the treatment of some neonatal
metabolic disorders. It has been suggested that there is a general
adverse effect of benzoate preservatives on the behavior of 3-yearold
children, which is detectable by parents, but not by a simple
clinical assessment.
The WHO acceptable daily intake of total benzoates, calculated
as benzoic acid, has been estimated at up to 5 mg/kg of bodyweight.
LD50 (mouse, IM): 2.3 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 1.4 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 1.6 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 2.0 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IV): 1.7 mg/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 4.1 g/kg
2. In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate form benzene, a known carcinogen. However, in most beverages that contain both, the benzene levels are below those considered dangerous for consumption. Heat, light and shelf life can affect the rate at which benzene is formed.
Potential Exposure
Sodium benzoate is used as a food and feed additive, flavor, packaging material; pharmaceutical; preservative for food products and tobacco; anti-fungal agent; antiseptic, rust, and mildew inhibitor; intermediate in the manufacture of dyes. Used as a human hygiene biocidal product.
storage
Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or filtration. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, in
a cool, dry place.
Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.
Purification Methods
Crystallise it from EtOH (12mL/g). [Beilstein 9 IV 27.]
Properties and Applications
TEST ITEMS
SPECIFICATION
APPEARANCE
WHITE POWDER
CONTENT OF SODIUM BENZOATE
99.0% min
DRY LOSS
0.10% max
pH VALUE
8
TOTAL CHLORIDE
300 ppm max
TRANSPARENCE
PASS
TOTAL HEAVY METAL
0.001% max
As CONTENT
0.0002% max
TEST ITEMS
SPECIFICATION
APPEARANCE
WHITE POWDER
CONTENT OF SODIUM BENZOATE
99.0% min
pH VALUE
8
TOTAL CHLORIDE
300 ppm max
TRANSPARENCE
PASS
As CONTENT
0.0002% max
Mechanism of food preservation
The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95 %, thereby inhibiting the growth and survival of micro-organisms that cause food spoilage.
Incompatibilities
Different sources of media describe the Incompatibilities of 532-32-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Incompatible with quaternary compounds, gelatin, ferric salts,
calcium salts, and salts of heavy metals, including silver, lead, and
mercury. Preservative activity may be reduced by interactions with
kaolin or nonionic surfactants.
2. Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental preparations; IM and IV
injections; oral capsules, solutions and tablets; rectal; and topical
preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the
UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 532-32-1 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 5,3 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 3 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 532-32:
(5*5)+(4*3)+(3*2)+(2*3)+(1*2)=51
51 % 10 = 1
So 532-32-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1
532-32-1Relevant articles and documents
Protein mediated synthesis of gold nanobiocatalyst by microwave: A high efficient catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Pandya, Alok,Sutariya, Pinkesh G.,Menon, Shobhana K.
, p. 78 - 83 (2013)
A simple, proficient, one-pot green chemical method for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with protein egg albumin by microwaves, which produce novel gold nanobiocatalyst (AuNBC) and it was characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis, TEM and DLS, which exhibited excellent stability over a wide range of pH and temperature. The catalytic activity of the as-synthesized AuNBC was quantified by synthesizing sodium benzoate from the one-pot oxidation of benzyl alcohol using gold nanobiocatalyst under microwave heating, which was stronger than AuNPs prepared by conventional chemical methods. The protocol is environmentally benign with non-toxic reagents, high recyclability and high efficiency.
Interaction of sodium titanate nanotubes with organic acids and base: Chemical, structural and morphological stabilities
Rodrigues, Carolina M.,Ferreira, Odair P.,Alves, Oswaldo L.
, p. 1341 - 1348 (2010)
This work reports the interaction of sodium titanate nanotubes (Na-TiNT) with aqueous solutions of benzoic and phenylphosphonic acids and of aniline. The Na-TiNT were obtained from hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 in aqueous NaOH solution. The results obtained from FTIR, XRD, TEM and elemental analyses showed that the chemical, structural and morphological stability of the nanotubes is related to the medium (acidic or basic) and to the treatment conditions (temperature and contact time). A titanium(IV) α- phenylphosphonate phase was obtained from interaction between Na-TiNT and phenylphosphonic acid. The amount and crystallinity of the new phase were dependent of the contact time and temperature, respectively. On the other hand, TiO2 or proton-rich titanate nanotubes were formed, depending on treatment conditions, from interaction between Na-TiNT and benzoic acid. When Na-TiNT interacted with aniline, no chemical, morphological or compositional change was observed.
Ion Binding and Micellar Effects upon Reactions of Carboxylic Anhydrides and Carbonate Esters
Al-Lohedan, Hamad,Bunton, Clifford A.
, p. 1160 - 1166 (1982)
Cationic micelles speed reactions of benzoic anhydride and bis(4-nitrophenyl) carbonate with hydroxide and carboxylate ion.With micellized cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) the variation of the first-order rate constant, kψ, with can be fitted to the pseudophase ion-exchange model, but this model fails when the counterion of the surfactant is OH- or carboxylate ion.The variations of kψ with concentration of these reactive counterion surfactants fit a kinetic model in which the distribution of the nucleophilic anion between the aqueous and micellarpseudophases depends upon the concentration of nucleophilic ion.Despite the apparent differences between these two models, they predict similar values for the second-order rate constants of reaction of a given anion in the different types of micelles, and the implications of these findings to the interactions of micelles with counterions are discussed.
One-pot solvent-free synthesis of sodium benzoate from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol over novel efficient AuAg/TiO2 catalysts
Wang, Ying,Zheng, Jia-Min,Fan, Kangnian,Dai, Wei-Lin
, p. 1644 - 1647 (2011)
A novel green route to synthesize sodium benzoate from the one-pot oxidation of benzyl alcohol using air as the oxidant and AuAg/TiO2 as the catalyst under solvent-free conditions is presented. This process proceeds with advantages from the viewpoint of green chemistry due to non-toxic reagents, no waste emission and high recyclability of catalysts, which can retain high catalytic activity (yield > 75%) even after 6 runs.
Synergistic effect on Au-Pd bimetallic catalyst during oxidation of benzyl alcohol to sodium benzoate
Zhang, Zhaoyan,Wang, Ying,Li, Xian,Dai, Wei-Lin
, p. 1846 - 1857 (2014)
A series of AuPd/CeO2 bimetallic catalysts with different Au/Pd molar ratios were investigated and their catalytic performance in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to sodium benzoate and benzoic acid under solvent-free conditions was studied. The supported catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Au-Pd nanoparticles were successfully deposited onto CeO2 as a homogeneous alloy. The activity of the bimetallic catalysts was superior to that of the corresponding monometallic catalysts. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect between Au and Pd. The catalyst with an Au/Pd molar ratio of 3/1 showed the best catalytic performance (the yield of benzoic acid reached 92%), and it could be easily recovered and reused for more than seven successive reactions without significant loss of activity.
Synthesis of NHC Pincer Hydrido Nickel Complexes and Their Catalytic Applications in Hydrodehalogenation
Wang, Zijing,Li, Xiaoyan,Sun, Hongjian,Fuhr, Olaf,Fenske, Dieter
, p. 539 - 544 (2018/03/08)
The C(carbene)N(amino)N(amine)-pincer nickel(II) bromides 1a-c were hydrogenated to the corresponding nickel(II) hydrides 2a-c by (EtO)3SiH/NaOtBu or NaBH4. These nickel(II) hydrides 2a-c were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. The catalytic performance of complex 2b for hydrodehalogenation reactions was explored. With a combination of 3 mol % catalyst loading, (EtO)3SiH/NaOtBu/toluene/80 °C and different reaction times, organic halides were successfully reduced to the related alkanes. A catalytic radical mechanism is proposed and partially verified by experiments.
Sodium benzoate preparation method
-
Paragraph 0009, (2017/05/12)
The present invention discloses a sodium benzoate preparation method, a product belongs to the field of food additives, and the product is prepared from raw materials including benzoic acid, a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and activated carbon by neutralization reaction in a chemical reactor, active carbon decoloration, solid-liquid separation, drying and pulverizing. The production process is simple, investment in equipment used is less, sourced of the raw materials are rich, and the product sodium benzoate can be used as a preservative in food.
METHODS FOR PROCESSING MICROSPHERES, MICROSPHERES PROCESSED THEREBY, AND USES THEREOF
-
, (2012/04/11)
The invention provides a manufacturing method for processing polymeric microspheres which are suspended in a liquid. The invention also provides polymeric microspheres produced by the method which can be used in medical settings as tissue fillers, tissue bulking agents, embolization agents, and/or as drug delivery agents.
Electronic and steric effects: How do they work in ionic liquids? the case of benzoic acid dissociation
D'Anna, Francesca,Marullo, Salvatore,Vitale, Paola,Noto, Renato
experimental part, p. 4828 - 4834 (2010/10/04)
(Figure Presented) The need to have a measure of the strength of some substituted benzoic acids in ionic liquid solution led us to use the protonation equilibrium of sodium p-nitrophenolate as a probe reaction, which was studied by means of spectrophotometric titration at 298 K. In order to evaluate the importance of electronic effect of the substituents present on the aromatic ring, both electron-withdrawing and -donor substituents were taken into account. Furthermore, to have a measure of the importance of the steric effect of the substituents both para- and ortho-substituted benzoic acids were analyzed. The probe reaction was studied in two ionic liquids differing for the ability of the cation to give hydrogen bond and π-π interactions, namely [bm 2im][NTf2] and [bmpyrr][NTf2]. Data collected show that benzoic acids are less dissociated in ionic liquid than in water solution. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant values seem to be significantly affected by both the nature of ionic liquid cation and the structure of the acid. In particular, the ortho-steric effect seems to operate differently in water and in the aromatic ionic liquid, determining in this solvent medium a particular behavior for ortho-substituted benzoic acids.
Vibrational spectroscopic studies of cocrystals and salts. 3. cocrystal products formed by benzenecarboxylic acids and their sodium salts
Brittain, Harry G.
experimental part, p. 1990 - 2003 (2011/11/04)
X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to study the phenomenon of salt formation in four benzenecarboxylic acids (benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, and 4-phenylbutanoic acid), and in the 1:1 stoichiometric products formed by the cocrystallization of a free acid and a sodium salt. Assignments were derived for the observed peaks in both infrared absorption and Raman spectra of the reactants and their products. In all instances, it was observed that the energy of the antisymmetric stretching mode of the carbonyl group of the free benzenecarboxylic acid invariably shifted to higher energies when that acid formed a cocrystal with a sodium salt of another benzenecarboxylic acid. In addition, the symmetric stretching mode of the benzenecarboxylic acid carbonyl group disappeared in the Raman spectrum of its sodium salt and was also absent in the Raman spectrum of the cocrystal product. It was also found that the antisymmetric carboxylate anion stretching mode, the symmetric carboxylate anion stretching mode, the out-of-plane carboxylate deformation mode, and the vibrational modes associated with the phenyl ring and alkane side chains were not useful spectroscopic tools to differentiate cocrystal and sodium salt, as the observed differences of these vibrational modes did not exhibit significantly consistent differences between the various forms.
