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617-48-1

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617-48-1 Usage

General Description

Malic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that is found in many fruits such as apples, grapes, and strawberries. It is also commonly used as a food additive to add a sour or tart taste to various products. Malic acid is often used in the production of beverages, confectionery, and baking ingredients. It is also used as a flavor enhancer and acidulant in the food industry. Additionally, malic acid is sometimes used in skincare products as an exfoliant and in oral care products for its tart taste. It is generally recognized as safe for consumption and has no known adverse health effects when consumed in normal food amounts.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 617-48-1 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 6,1 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 617-48:
(5*6)+(4*1)+(3*7)+(2*4)+(1*8)=71
71 % 10 = 1
So 617-48-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/p-2/t2-/m1/s1

617-48-1SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 14, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 14, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name dl-Hydroxybutanedioic acid

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names hydroxysuccinic acid

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Processing Aids and Additives
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:617-48-1 SDS

617-48-1Synthetic route

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

A

tetrahydrofuran
109-99-9

tetrahydrofuran

B

4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

C

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

D

Butane-1,4-diol
110-63-4

Butane-1,4-diol

E

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

F

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

G

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

H

butan-1-ol
71-36-3

butan-1-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; 0.5percent Pd on Rutile TiO2 at 110℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 0.45%
B 0.06%
C 0%
D 0.21%
E 0.36%
F 98.73%
G 0.04%
H 0.08%
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium; iron97%
With water at 150 - 200℃;
With sodium hydroxide; water at 100℃;
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
97-99-4

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

sodium succinate
150-90-3

sodium succinate

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethoxy)butanedioic acid

(tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethoxy)butanedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lanthanum(III) chloride at 116℃; for 19h; Product distribution; also with other alcohols; variation of reaction time, temperature and proportion of reagents;A 3%
B 95%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

2-methoxy succinic acid
1726-80-3

2-methoxy succinic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lanthanum(III) chloride; trimethyl orthoformate In water at 150℃; for 6h;A 1.5 % Chromat.
B 91%
maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

A

tetrahydrofuran
109-99-9

tetrahydrofuran

B

4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

C

Butane-1,4-diol
110-63-4

Butane-1,4-diol

D

4-hydroxybutanoic acid
591-81-1

4-hydroxybutanoic acid

E

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

F

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

G

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; 0.5percent Pd/2.0percent Re on Rutile TiO2 at 110℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 1.27%
B 4.78%
C 1.55%
D 1.24%
E 0.48%
F 90.6%
G 0.08%
maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

A

tetrahydrofuran
109-99-9

tetrahydrofuran

B

4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

C

Butane-1,4-diol
110-63-4

Butane-1,4-diol

D

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

E

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

F

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

G

butan-1-ol
71-36-3

butan-1-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; 0.5percent Pd on Rutile TiO2 at 110℃; for 96 - 238h; Product distribution / selectivity;A 0.6%
B 0.04%
C 0.62%
D 0.19%
E 88.49%
F 0.12%
G 0.11%
maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

A

tetrahydrofuran
109-99-9

tetrahydrofuran

B

4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

C

Butane-1,4-diol
110-63-4

Butane-1,4-diol

D

4-hydroxybutanoic acid
591-81-1

4-hydroxybutanoic acid

E

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

F

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

G

terephthalic acid
100-21-0

terephthalic acid

H

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

I

propionic acid
802294-64-0

propionic acid

J

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; 0.5percent Pd/0.2percent Re on Rutile TiO2 at 110℃; for 170 - 1009h; Product distribution / selectivity;A 0.86%
B 4.34%
C 0.28%
D 1.24%
E 0%
F 85.51%
G 0%
H 0.04%
I 0%
J 0%
N-p-tolylphenylmaleimide
1631-28-3

N-p-tolylphenylmaleimide

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: N-p-tolylphenylmaleimide With potassium carbonate; isopropyl alcohol for 1h; oxa-Michael addition; Heating;
Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride; acetic acid for 10h; Heating;
85%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; acetic acid; 5 weight percent methyltrioxorhenium on polystyrene In water at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 9%
B 84%
maleic anhydride
108-31-6

maleic anhydride

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water at 190℃; for 1h; Temperature; Concentration; Time; Sealed tube; Green chemistry;A n/a
B 72%
ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(R,S)-ethoxybutanedioic acid
1726-75-6

(R,S)-ethoxybutanedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lanthanum(III) chloride; trimethyl orthoformate In water at 175℃; for 24h;A 15.5 % Chromat.
B 70%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

2-furanoic acid
88-14-2

2-furanoic acid

B

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

C

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; methyltrioxorhenium(VII) In dichloromethane; water; acetonitrile at 20℃;A 10%
B 8%
C 66%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone
14032-66-7

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

B

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

C

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

D

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 49.84℃; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Concentration;A n/a
B n/a
C n/a
D 57%
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

A

glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

B

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

C

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; methyltrioxorhenium(VII) In water; acetic acid at 20℃;A 55%
B 29%
C 14%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

2-furanoic acid
88-14-2

2-furanoic acid

B

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

C

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

D

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; methyltrioxorhenium(VII) In ethanol; water at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 20%
B 6%
C 8%
D 49%
With dihydrogen peroxide; 5 weight percent methyltrioxorhenium on polystyrene In dichloromethane; water; acetonitrile at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 10%
B 11%
C 10%
D 44%
With dihydrogen peroxide; methyltrioxorhenium(VII) In water at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 12%
B 6%
C 26%
D 44%
potassium bisulfite

potassium bisulfite

bromosuccinic acid
923-06-8, 584-98-5

bromosuccinic acid

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

sulfosuccinic acid
5138-18-1

sulfosuccinic acid

C

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
heating, 18 h;A n/a
B 40%
C n/a
heating, 18 h;A n/a
B 40%
C n/a
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone
14032-66-7

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

B

2-furanoic acid
88-14-2

2-furanoic acid

C

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

D

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

E

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

F

2-buten-4-olide
497-23-4

2-buten-4-olide

G

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide at 49.84℃; for 24h;A n/a
B n/a
C n/a
D n/a
E 38%
F 26%
G 19.7%
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 49.84℃; for 3h;A n/a
B n/a
C n/a
D n/a
E 12.2%
F 16.9%
G 7.3%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

A

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone
14032-66-7

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

B

2-furanoic acid
88-14-2

2-furanoic acid

C

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

D

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

E

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

F

2-buten-4-olide
497-23-4

2-buten-4-olide

G

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

H

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid; dihydrogen peroxide In water at 49.84℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst;A n/a
B n/a
C n/a
D n/a
E 9.1%
F 16.6%
G 34.4%
H 5.8%
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

A

glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

B

5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid
6338-41-6

5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid

C

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

D

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

E

maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; methyltrioxorhenium(VII) In ethanol; water at 20℃;A 23%
B 6%
C 11%
D 16%
E 29%
carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

2-oxo-propionic acid
127-17-3

2-oxo-propionic acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With mercaptoethyl alcohol; tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II); Tris buffer; Paraquat; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; sodium hydrogencarbonate; manganese(ll) chloride In water under 767.6 Torr; for 8h; Irradiation; ferredoxin-NADP(1+) reductase, malic enzyme;24%
With Tris buffer; Paraquat; NADP; 2-hydroxyethanethiol; cadmium(II) sulphide at 25℃; for 5h; Mechanism; Product distribution; Irradiation; malic enzyme, ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase; other photocatalyst;
With mercaptoethyl alcohol; tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II); malic enzyme; ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase; Tris buffer; Paraquat; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; sodium hydrogencarbonate; manganese(ll) chloride In water under 767.6 Torr; Mechanism; Product distribution; Irradiation; rate of CO2 fixation as a function of illumination time;
With tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II); 1.9E-4 M MV(2+); NADP+; sodium hydrogencarbonate; 2-hydroxyethanethiol; manganese(ll) chloride; malic enzyme In water Irradiation;
With Tris buffer; Paraquat; NADP; 2-hydroxyethanethiol; cadmium(II) sulphide at 25℃; Irradiation; malic enzyme, ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase;
maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; palladium(II) bis(phosphine)monosulphide at 100℃; for 24h;A 7%
B 8%
maleic acid
110-16-7

maleic acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water for 0.333333h; argon plasma-jet;5.5%
ethyl 2,3-dichloropropionate
6628-21-3

ethyl 2,3-dichloropropionate

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

potassium cyanide
151-50-8

potassium cyanide

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
man kocht das Produkt mit Aetzkali;
4,4,4-trichloro-3-hydroxybutyric acid
13159-46-1

4,4,4-trichloro-3-hydroxybutyric acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium hydroxide
With potassium hydroxide
L-asparagine
70-47-3

L-asparagine

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

C

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

D

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
bei der Einw. von Bac.fluorescens; Produkt5:Kohlendioxyd;
(S)-Malic acid
97-67-6

(S)-Malic acid

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Gleichgewicht;
chlorosuccinic acid
16045-92-4

chlorosuccinic acid

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Dinatriumsalz reagiert.Hydrolysis; l(-)-chlorosuccinic acid;
bromosuccinic acid
923-06-8, 584-98-5

bromosuccinic acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water
With water; silver(l) oxide
With quinoline; water
With TlOH; water
bromosuccinic acid
923-06-8, 584-98-5

bromosuccinic acid

A

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

B

sulfosuccinic acid
5138-18-1

sulfosuccinic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium disulphite; water at 100℃;
With potassium disulphite; water at 100℃; inactive sulfosuccinic acid;
iodo-succinic acid
20629-30-5

iodo-succinic acid

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With silver(l) oxide des Lacton entsteht;
With silver(l) oxide des Lacton entsteht;
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

2,2-dimethoxy-propane
77-76-9

2,2-dimethoxy-propane

5(R,S)-Carboxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,3-dioxolane
114458-03-6

5(R,S)-Carboxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,3-dioxolane

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid100%
With pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate at 20℃; for 32h;90.7%
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid In dichloromethane at 25℃; for 4h;52.4%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

metformin hydrochloride
1115-70-4

metformin hydrochloride

metformin malate (2:1)

metformin malate (2:1)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: metformin hydrochloride With sodium hydroxide In water; acetonitrile at 20℃;
Stage #2: malic acid In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;
100%
Stage #1: metformin hydrochloride With sodium hydroxide In tetrahydrofuran; water at 20℃;
Stage #2: malic acid In water; acetone at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;
100%
Stage #1: metformin hydrochloride With sodium hydroxide In water; acetonitrile at 20℃;
Stage #2: malic acid In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;
100%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

meloxicam
71125-38-7

meloxicam

meloxicam:DL-malic acid

meloxicam:DL-malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran for 0.5h;100%
In tetrahydrofuran Product distribution / selectivity;
2,6-Diaminopyridine
141-86-6

2,6-Diaminopyridine

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

2-amino-8H-7-oxo-[1,8]-naphthyridine
1931-44-8

2-amino-8H-7-oxo-[1,8]-naphthyridine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 110℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;100%
With sulfuric acid at 80 - 90℃; for 3h;92%
Stage #1: 2.6-diaminopyridine; malic acid With sulfuric acid at 110℃; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;
Stage #2: With ammonium hydroxide In water pH=8; Cooling with ice;
87%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

(2S,4S)-1 [2-[[(3aR,6aS)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-yl]amino]acetyl]-4-fluoro-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile

(2S,4S)-1 [2-[[(3aR,6aS)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-yl]amino]acetyl]-4-fluoro-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile

(2S,4S)-1-[2-[[(3aR,6aS)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-yl]amino]acetyl]-4-fluoro-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrogen malate

(2S,4S)-1-[2-[[(3aR,6aS)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-yl]amino]acetyl]-4-fluoro-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrogen malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol; dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h;100%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

almotriptan
154323-57-6

almotriptan

almotriptan malate
181183-52-8

almotriptan malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol for 1h; Product distribution / selectivity; Reflux;99.51%
In methanol at 40℃;93%
In methanol at 20 - 40℃; for 2h; Large scale;93%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

(R,Z)-2-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-3-methyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one
1130137-76-6

(R,Z)-2-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-3-methyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one

(R,Z)-2-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-yl-propyl)-3-methyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one malate
1130138-22-5

(R,Z)-2-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-yl-propyl)-3-methyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; water; acetonitrile at 20 - 50℃; Darkness;99%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

boric acid
11113-50-1

boric acid

potassium hydroxide

potassium hydroxide

K[B[malate]2]

K[B[malate]2]

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 95℃;99%
2-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
446292-08-6

2-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one malic acid

4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione With methylamine In ethanol; water at 60℃; for 2h;
Stage #2: malic acid In ethanol; water
98.8%
2,6-Diaminopyridine
141-86-6

2,6-Diaminopyridine

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

2-amino-7-hydroxy-1,8-naphthyridine
1931-44-8

2-amino-7-hydroxy-1,8-naphthyridine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 0 - 120℃; for 12h;98%
With sulfuric acid at 110℃; for 3h;97%
With sulfuric acid at 110℃; for 3h; Cooling with ice;97%
2,6-Diaminopyridine
141-86-6

2,6-Diaminopyridine

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

2,7-dihydroxy-1,8-naphthyridine
49655-93-8

2,7-dihydroxy-1,8-naphthyridine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2.6-diaminopyridine; malic acid With sulfuric acid at 110℃;
Stage #2: With sodium nitrite at 0 - 5℃; Cooling with ice;
98%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

tebuconazole
107534-96-3

tebuconazole

(RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium)-1-ylmethyl]pentan-3-ol malate

(RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium)-1-ylmethyl]pentan-3-ol malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20℃;98%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

A

tylophorine malate

tylophorine malate

B

C4H6O5*C24H27NO4

C4H6O5*C24H27NO4

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; dichloromethane at 20℃;A 98%
B 97%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

tegaserod
1044642-88-7

tegaserod

3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-N-pentylcarbazimidamide malate

3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-N-pentylcarbazimidamide malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol at 20 - 60℃;97.6%
3-fluoropyridine-2,6-diamine

3-fluoropyridine-2,6-diamine

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

7-amino-6-fluoro-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one

7-amino-6-fluoro-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 115℃; for 1h;97%
2,3,6,7-Tetramethoxy-9,10,11,12,12a,13-hexahydro-9a-aza-cyclopenta[b]triphenylene
25908-92-3

2,3,6,7-Tetramethoxy-9,10,11,12,12a,13-hexahydro-9a-aza-cyclopenta[b]triphenylene

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; chloroform at 40 - 45℃;97%
In methanol; chloroform97%
In methanol; chloroform at 40 - 50℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;
isostearyl Alcohol
41744-75-6

isostearyl Alcohol

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

diisostearyl malate

diisostearyl malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In n-heptane at 100 - 120℃; for 6h; Inert atmosphere;97%
In n-heptane at 100 - 120℃; for 8h; Inert atmosphere;374 g
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

benzyl alcohol
100-51-6

benzyl alcohol

4-(benzyloxy)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid

4-(benzyloxy)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: malic acid With trifluoroacetic anhydride at 0℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: benzyl alcohol at 20℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere;
96.7%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
110-17-8

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
96%
In neat (no solvent) at 200℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere;96.6%
at 180℃; for 4h; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;88%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

tegaserod
1044642-88-7

tegaserod

3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-N-pentylcarbazimidamide hydrogenmalate

3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-N-pentylcarbazimidamide hydrogenmalate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In isopropyl alcohol at 20 - 75℃; for 20h;96.3%
chloral hydrate
302-17-0

chloral hydrate

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Chloralide of malic acid
5050-56-6

Chloralide of malic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid96%
With sulfuric acid at 20℃; -chloralide;
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

malic acid dimethyl ester
38115-87-6

malic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxy-substituted sulfonic acid-functionalized silica (HO-SAS) at 110℃; Fischer-Speier Esterification; Flow reactor;96%
With acetyl chloride at 20℃; Esterification;90%
With carbon dioxide at 180℃; under 20686.5 Torr; for 5h;86.3%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

pivalaldehyde
630-19-3

pivalaldehyde

(2RS,5RS)-5-bromo-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-oxo-1,3-dioxolane-5-acetic acid

(2RS,5RS)-5-bromo-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-oxo-1,3-dioxolane-5-acetic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid; toluene-4-sulfonic acid In pentane for 36h; Heating;96%
Maltol
118-71-8

Maltol

malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone/malic acid 1:1 cocrystals

3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone/malic acid 1:1 cocrystals

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 64℃; for 1h;96%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

Acetyl-L-carnitine
3040-38-8

Acetyl-L-carnitine

acetyl-L-carnitine malate
1351564-17-4

acetyl-L-carnitine malate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol at 0℃; for 2h; Product distribution / selectivity;95.51%
malic acid
617-48-1

malic acid

benzyl alcohol
100-51-6

benzyl alcohol

dibenzyl 2-hydroxysuccinate
56977-10-7

dibenzyl 2-hydroxysuccinate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid In benzene for 4h; Heating;95%
With 5-sulfosalicylic Acid In benzene

617-48-1Relevant articles and documents

-

Yoshida et al.

, (1952)

-

Cyanide as a primordial reductant enables a protometabolic reductive glyoxylate pathway

Krishnamurthy, Ramanarayanan,Pulletikurti, Sunil,Yadav, Mahipal,Yerabolu, Jayasudhan R.

, p. 170 - 178 (2022/02/11)

Investigation of prebiotic metabolic pathways is predominantly based on abiotically replicating the reductive citric acid cycle. While attractive from a parsimony point of view, attempts using metal/mineral-mediated reductions have produced complex mixtures with inefficient and uncontrolled reactions. Here we show that cyanide acts as a mild and efficient reducing agent mediating abiotic transformations of tricarboxylic acid intermediates and derivatives. The hydrolysis of the cyanide adducts followed by their decarboxylation enables the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate and of fumarate to succinate, whereas pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate themselves are not reduced. In the presence of glyoxylate, malonate and malononitrile, alternative pathways emerge that bypass the challenging reductive carboxylation steps to produce metabolic intermediates and compounds found in meteorites. These results suggest a simpler prebiotic forerunner of today’s metabolism, involving a reductive glyoxylate pathway without oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate—implying that the extant metabolic reductive carboxylation chemistries are an evolutionary invention mediated by complex metalloproteins. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Directly Microwave-Accelerated Cleavage of C?C and C?O Bonds of Lignin by Copper Oxide and H2O2

Qu, Chen,Ito, Keigo,Katsuyama, Isamu,Mitani, Tomohiko,Kashimura, Keiichiro,Watanabe, Takashi

, p. 4510 - 4518 (2020/05/18)

Model erythro, phenolic, and nonphenolic lignin β-O-4 dimer compounds are treated with copper oxide and H2O2 at the electronic field maximum position of a single-mode 2.45 GHz microwave system equipped with a cavity resonator. The products obtained through microwave heating and oil-bath heating with the same reaction vessel and temperature profile are quantitatively compared. Dimer degradation is found to proceed through consecutive elementary reactions. The phenolic dimer is dehydroxylated and this is followed by the spontaneous cleavage of Cα?Cβ and C?O?C bonds to produce guaiacol, vanillin, and vanillic acid. The reaction of the nonphenolic dimer produces veratric acid, veratraldehyde, and guaiacol. Microwave irradiation accelerates cleavage of the side chain and the oxidation of vanillin to vanillic acid. However, no acceleration of veratraldehyde oxidation to veratric acid or aromatic ring cleavage to produce dicarboxylic acids is observed. The selective acceleration of elementary reactions during the degradation of model lignin compounds indicates that microwaves interact with reaction intermediates that are sensitive to electromagnetic waves.

Carbon nanotubes as catalysts for wet peroxide oxidation: The effect of surface chemistry

Martin-Martinez, Maria,Machado, Bruno F.,Serp, Philippe,Morales-Torres, Sergio,Silva, Adrián M.T.,Figueiredo, José L.,Faria, Joaquim L.,Gomes, Helder T.

, p. 332 - 340 (2019/03/17)

Three magnetic carbon nanotube (CNT) samples, named A30 (N-doped), E30 (undoped) and E10A20 (selectively N-doped), synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, were modified by introducing oxygenated surface groups (oxidation with HNO3, samples CNT-N), and by heat treatment at 800 °C for the removal of surface functionalities (samples CNT-HT). Both treatments lead to higher specific surface areas. The acid treatment results in more acidic surfaces, with higher amounts of oxygenated species being introduced on N-doped surfaces. Heat-treated samples are less hydrophilic than those treated with nitric acid, heat treatment leading to neutral or basic surfaces, only N-quaternary and N-pyridinic species being found by XPS on N-doped surfaces. These materials were tested in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of highly concentrated 4-nitrophenol solutions (4-NP, 5 g L?1) at atmospheric pressure, T = 50 °C and pH = 3, using a catalyst load of 2.5 g L?1 and the stoichiometric amount of H2O2 needed for the complete mineralization of 4-NP. The high temperature treatment enhanced significantly the activity of the CNTs towards CWPO, evaluated in terms of 4-NP and total organic carbon conversion, due to the increased hydrophobicity of their surface. In particular, E30HT and E10A20HT were able to remove ca. 100% of 4-NP after 8 h of operation. On the other hand, by treating the CNTs with HNO3, the activity of the less hydrophilic samples decreased upon increasing the concentration of surface oxygen-containing functionalities, whilst the reactivity generated inside the opened nanotubes improved the activity of the highly hydrophilic A30 N.

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