503-66-2

Basic information

• Product Name: 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID
• Synonyms: .beta.-Hydroxypropionicacid;.beta.-Lacticacid;2-deoxy-glycericaci;2-deoxy-Glycericacid;3-Hydroxypropansαure;3-Hydroxypropioicacid;3-hydroxy-propionicaci;beta-hydroxypropionicacid
• CAS NO: 503-66-2
• Molecular Formula: C₃H₆O₃
• Molecular Weight: 90.08
• EINECS: 207-974-8
• Product Categories: Aliphatics;Carboxylic Acids;omega-Functional Alkanols, Carboxylic Acids, Amines & Halides;omega-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids;Carboxylic Acids
• Mol File: 503-66-2.mol
• Article Data: 68

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 16.8°C (estimate)
• Boiling Point: 212°C (rough estimate)
• Flash Point: 137.2 °C
• Appearance: /
• Density: 1.08
• Vapor Pressure: 0.000476mmHg at 25°C
• Refractive Index: 1.4489
• Storage Temp.: 2-8°C
• Solubility: Ethanol, Methanol, Water
• PKA: 4.51(at 25℃)
• Water Solubility: 270.1g/L(25 oC)
• CAS DataBase Reference: 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID(503-66-2)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID(503-66-2)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xi,Xn
• Statements: 36/37/38-41-37/38-22
• Safety Statements: 26-36/37/39-39
• Hazardous Substances Data: 503-66-2(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is considered as a potential building block either for organic synthesis or high performance polymers.It is a 3-carbon carboxylic acid, structural isomer of lactic acid, which naturally exists in some thermophilic archaea and bacteria. This organic compound has been pointed out by the US Department of Energy as a promising biomass derivate, which could potentially be used for the production of high added-value chemicals like1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, acrylamide, and bioplastics. Being 3-HP a commercially valuable, important platform chemical, researches have been conducted about its production on commercial scale, mainly from renewable sources. The biological production of 3-HP from glycerol and glucose, both based on microbial fermentation, are among the main routes studied. More specifically, research activities have been devoted to goals such as identifying novel biochemical pathways, metabolic engineering of microbial strains for the production of 3-HP, and improvements of cultivation techniques to increase 3-HP production titers. Despite intense research efforts, there are still important bottlenecks for cost efficient, large scale biological production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 503-66-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid induces gene expressions and also functions as a reagent for industrial application.
2. A three carbon non-chiral compound, 3-Hydroxypropionic acid can be used as a building block for industrial chemicals.

Definition

ChEBI: A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.

InChI:InChI=1/C3H6O3/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)

Synthetic route

2-acetoxypropionic acid (535-17-1) + 3-acetoxypropionic acid (4272-12-2) → LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water; Amberlite IR 120 at 80℃; for 16h; Product distribution / selectivity;	A 100% B 100%
With water; hydrogenchloride at 100℃; for 16h; Product distribution / selectivity;
With water; toluene-4-sulfonic acid at 100℃; for 16h; Product distribution / selectivity;

3-(hydroperoxy)propanoic acid → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With palladium 10% on activated carbon; hydrogen In methanol under 2888.19 Torr; for 0.666667h;	100%
With palladium 10% on activated carbon; hydrogen In methanol under 2888.19 Torr; for 0.666667h; Baeyer-Villiger Ketone Oxidation;	100%

3-iodopropanoic acid (141-76-4) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water; hexan-1-ol at 80℃; for 2h; Solvent; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;	99%
With rhodium on carbon; water; hydrogen iodide; hydrogen at 99.84℃; under 20686.5 Torr; for 1h; Autoclave;	69.4%
With water; silver(l) oxide
With water; silver(l) oxide man behandelt das Filtrat mit Schwefelwasserstoff, filtriert ab, neutralisiert das Filtrat mit Soda, verdampft und zieht das hydracrylsaure Natrium durch Alkohol aus und krystallisiert beim Erkalten aus;

3-Hydroxypropionitrile (109-78-4) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 3-Hydroxypropionitrile With sodium hydroxide In water for 8h; Reflux; Saturated solution; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water	92.1%
With hydrogenchloride; water for 4h; Reagent/catalyst;	89%
With sodium hydroxide for 12h; Ambient temperature;	75%

β-Propiolactone (57-57-8) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In methanol	77%
With barium dihydroxide; water
With water In 1,4-dioxane at 25℃; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Temperatures; Solvents;

ammonium 3-hydroxypropionate → 2-propenamide (79-06-1) + acrylic acid ammonium salt + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With ammonia; Ti-0720 (Engelhard) catalyst In water at 200 - 250℃; for 37h; Product distribution / selectivity;	A n/a B 75% C n/a
titanium catalyst In water at 180℃; for 37h; Product distribution / selectivity;	A 1.5% B 65% C n/a
titanium catalyst In water at 180℃; for 37h; Product distribution / selectivity;	A 1.5% B 65% C n/a

allyl alcohol (107-18-6) → acrylic acid (79-10-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With oxygen; sodium hydroxide In water at 50℃; Reagent/catalyst; Sonication;	A 60.1% B 21.3%
With water; oxygen; sodium hydroxide at 50℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 24h;	A 51.1% B 28.4%
With oxygen; sodium hydroxide In water at 50℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 12h;

levulinic acid (123-76-2) → formic acid (64-18-6) + succinic acid (110-15-6) + trifluoroacetic acid-methyl ester (431-47-0) + acetic acid (64-19-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide; trifluoroacetic acid In water at -78 - 90℃; for 1.66667h;	A 45% B 60% C 45% D 43% E 9%

levulinic acid (123-76-2) + trifluoroacetic acid (76-05-1) → formic acid (64-18-6) + succinic acid (110-15-6) + trifluoroacetic acid-methyl ester (431-47-0) + acetic acid (64-19-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 90℃; for 1h;	A 45 %Spectr. B 60% C 45 %Spectr. D 43 %Spectr. E 9 %Spectr.

tetrahydrofuran (109-99-9) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 90℃; under 7600.51 Torr; for 12h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Solvent; Pressure; Inert atmosphere;	58%

acrylic acid (79-10-7) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water at 230℃; for 2h; sealed tube;	56%
With water at 200℃; reaction order of hydration, kinetic curves; other temperatures;
With sulfuric acid at 101.5℃; Kinetics; var. ratio of reactants, var. temperature;
With 4-methoxy-phenol In water at 80℃; Temperature; Flow reactor;

levulinic acid (123-76-2) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide; potassium hydroxide In water at 0 - 115℃; for 1h; Baeyer-Villiger Ketone Oxidation;	45%

allyl alcohol (107-18-6) → glyceric acid (473-81-4) + acrylic acid (79-10-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With oxygen; sodium hydroxide In water at 50℃; Reagent/catalyst; Sonication;	A 6.9% B 30.1% C 7.2%

allyl alcohol (107-18-6) → glyceric acid (473-81-4) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With cerium(IV) oxide Reagent/catalyst;	A 19% B 23.2%
With nano gold salt supported on cerium oxide	A 10.7% B 9.4%

propargyl alcohol (107-19-7) → ethene (74-85-1) + hydroxy-2-propanone (116-09-6) + acrylic acid (79-10-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water; ruthenium tetrasulphthalocyanine at 80℃; for 24h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Catalysts; anti-Markovnikov hydration;	A n/a B 10% C 22% D 10%

allyl alcohol (107-18-6) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With nano gold salt	21.1%
With iron(III) oxide	14.4%

oxirane (75-21-8) + hydrogen cyanide (74-90-8) → acrylic acid (79-10-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
at 50 - 60℃; Behandeln des erhaltenen Nitrils mit rauchender Salzsaeure;

3-Bromopropionic acid (590-92-1) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water quantitativer Verlauf der Bildung;
With sodium hydroxide quantitativer Verlauf der Bildung;

propan-1-ol (71-23-8) → LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With Fehling's solution at 240℃;
at 240℃; bei loegeren Erhitzen mit Fehlingscher Loesung;
at 240℃; bei 200-stuendigem Erhitzen mit Fehlingscher Loesung;

3-iodopropanoic acid (141-76-4) → acrylic acid (79-10-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With water
With calcium hydroxide

1-hydroxy-5-methyl-hept-4-en-3-one (855955-85-0) + chloroform (67-66-3) → butanone (78-93-3) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
bei der Ozonspaltung; 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-hepten-(3)-one-(5);

peracetic acid (79-21-0) + diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate (105-50-0) → oxalic acid (144-62-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

potassium cyanide (151-50-8) + 2-chloro-ethanol (107-07-3) → LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
Verseifung des gebildeten Nitrils mit Natronlauge;
Verseifung des gebildeten Nitrils mit rauchender Salzsaeure;

β-carboxyethyl-N-nitroamine (4244-83-1) → 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid In water at 25℃; Rate constant;
With sulfuric acid at 25 - 85℃; Kinetics; Mechanism; Thermodynamic data; ΔH(excit.), -ΔS(excit.);

3,12-bis(3'-bromo-1'-oxopropyl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazoniadispiro<5.2.5.2>hexadecane dichloride (86641-76-1) → 3-Bromopropionic acid (590-92-1) + chloropropionic acid (107-94-8) + 3,12-bis(3'-chloro-1'-oxopropyl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazoniadispiro<5.2.5.2>hexadecane dibromide (121051-82-9) + 3,12-Bisacrylyl-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazoniadispiro<5,2,5,2>hexadecane dichloride (95461-34-0) + 3,12-bis(3'-hydroxy-1'-oxopropyl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazoniadispiro<5.2.5.2>hexadecane dichloride (122842-21-1) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
In water at 70℃; for 5h; Product distribution; Kinetics; Rate constant; various time; other temperature;

propionic acid (802294-64-0) → formic acid (64-18-6) + glycolic Acid (79-14-1) + LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + malonic acid (141-82-2) + acetic acid (64-19-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 20℃; Product distribution; Mechanism; Irradiation; effect of H2O2/proponic acid ratio, iraadiation time;

propionic acid (802294-64-0) → LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + malonic acid (141-82-2) + acetic acid (64-19-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 20℃; Irradiation; Further byproducts given;

C9H10N2O6S → 3-benzenesulfonylamino-propionic acid (31867-78-4) + benzenesulfonic acid (98-11-3) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid In water at 25℃; Rate constant;

acrylic acid (79-10-7) → LACTIC ACID (849585-22-4) + glyceric acid (473-81-4) + propionic acid (802294-64-0) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2)

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 30℃; Product distribution; Irradiation; 40/90 mA, 750 V, photooxidation by glow discharge electrolysis in various cells, with various reaction times and currents, at various temperatures with or without irradiation;
With dihydrogen peroxide In water Product distribution; Quantum yield; Irradiation; var. amount of absorbed energy;

3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → acrylic acid (79-10-7)

Conditions	Yield
titanium catalyst 16-30 mesh at 180 - 190℃; for 45h; Product distribution / selectivity;	100%
With 4-methoxy-phenol; silica gel at 250℃; Gas phase;	97%
sulfuric acid at 160℃; Product distribution / selectivity;	96.2%

N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetamide (77377-52-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → C15H34O3Si2 (82112-30-9)

Conditions	Yield
With tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride In acetonitrile for 0.0833333h; Ambient temperature; other silylating agent;	100%

methanol (67-56-1) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → acrylic acid methyl ester (292638-85-8)

Conditions	Yield
With 4-methoxy-phenol; EM-1500 zeolite at 150℃; Product distribution / selectivity; Gas phase;	97.4%
With sulfuric acid; copper at 155 - 165℃;
With phosphoric acid; copper at 135 - 145℃;

3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → malonic acid (141-82-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water	97%
With sodium hydroxide elektrochemische Oxydation, am besten an einer Nickelanode;

benzylamine (100-46-9) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → 3-hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl)propanamide (19340-82-0)

Conditions	Yield
With 4-(2-(1,3-dioxa-3a1,8,10-triaza-2,3a,14b-triboradibenzo[fg,op]tetracen-2-yl)phenyl)benzo[c]pyrimido[4,5-e][1,2]azaborinin-6(5H)-ol In fluorobenzene at 85℃; for 8h; Molecular sieve;	94%

aniline (62-53-3) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → N-phenyl hydroxy-3 propanamide (66223-76-5)

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 14h;	93%

tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (18162-48-6) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → 3-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]propanoic acid (120821-20-7)

Conditions	Yield
With 1H-imidazole In dichloromethane	92%

4-bromo-β-estradiol (1630-83-7) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → C21H28O5

Conditions	Yield
In methanol at 60℃; for 20h;	92%

3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → propan-1-ol (71-23-8) + Butane-1,4-diol (110-63-4)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In water at 100℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 30h; Pressure; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;	A 10% B 85%

N-δ-Boc-3-hydroxy-DL-ornithine tert-butyl ester (134532-14-2) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-propionylamino)-pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester (134532-15-3)

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-ol; triethylamine; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 16h;	82%

H-Orn(Z)-OBzl (73995-50-3) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → (S)-5-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(3-hydroxy-propionylamino)-pentanoic acid benzyl ester (134532-11-9)

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-ol; triethylamine; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 16h;	81%

3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → propan-1-ol (71-23-8) + trimethyleneglycol (504-63-2)

Conditions	Yield
With ruthenium-carbon composite; hydrogen In water at 119.84℃; under 7500.75 - 60006 Torr; for 2h; Catalytic behavior; Autoclave; Sealed tube;	A 18% B 79%

C11H14O4 + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → C17H22O8

Conditions	Yield
With pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 70℃; for 5h;	75%

(R)-N-(4-(tert-butyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxamide + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → (1R)-N-(4-tert-butyl-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(3-hydroxypropanoyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxamide

Conditions	Yield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 15h;	74.3%

methanol (67-56-1) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → methyl ester (3-hydroxy) propionic acid (6149-41-3)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium at 50℃;	72.1%
With copper(II) sulfate
sulfuric acid at 20℃; for 1.5 - 22h; Product distribution / selectivity;	75 - 95 %Chromat.

4-[(trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)oxy]-5-bromo-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one hydrochloride + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → N-{trans-4-[(5-bromo-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)oxy]cyclohexyl}-3-hydroxypropanamide

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; HATU In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;	68%

ethanol (64-17-5) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → ethyl 3-hydroxypropanoate (623-72-3)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid at 78 - 80℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 10h; Time;	67.24%
With copper(II) sulfate
amberlyst-15 at 20℃; for 19h; Product distribution / selectivity;	17 - 68 %Chromat.
Nafion NR-50 at 20℃; for 21h; Product distribution / selectivity;	71 %Chromat.

C20H14ClN3O4 (921935-07-1) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → C23H19N3O7 (921935-08-2)

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 1h;	61%

4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-piperazin-1-ylquinazoline (60547-97-9) + 3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → 1-(4-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-1-one

Conditions	Yield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; ethyl cyanoglyoxylate-2-oxime In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃;	61%

3-hydroxypropionic acid (503-66-2) → trimethyleneglycol (504-63-2)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; molybdenum(IV) oxide In water at 150℃; under 78334.3 Torr; for 3h; Product distribution / selectivity;	60%
With hydrogen; molybdenum In ISOPAR K; water at 150℃; under 78334.3 Torr; for 3h; Product distribution / selectivity;	57%
With hydrogen In water at 100℃; under 78334.3 Torr; for 16h; Product distribution / selectivity;	47%

Upstream product

• 151-50-8 potassium cyanide 
• 107-07-3 2-chloro-ethanol 
• 57-57-8 β-Propiolactone 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 150-90-3 sodium succinate 
• 58166-26-0 leucrose (O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-5)-D-fructopyranose) 
• 504-63-2 trimethyleneglycol 
• 535-17-1 2-acetoxypropionic acid 
• 4272-12-2 3-acetoxypropionic acid 
• 141-76-4 3-iodopropanoic acid 
• 71-23-8 propan-1-ol 
• 75-21-8 oxirane 
• 74-90-8 hydrogen cyanide 
• 109-99-9 tetrahydrofuran 

Downstream Products

• 79-14-1 glycolic Acid 
• 124-38-9 carbon dioxide 
• 144-62-7 oxalic acid 
• 623-71-2 ethyl 3-chloropropanoate 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 79-10-7 acrylic acid 
• 50-00-0 formaldehyd 
• 64-18-6 formic acid 
• 75-07-0 acetaldehyde 
• 6149-41-3 methyl ester (3-hydroxy) propionic acid 
• 94102-60-0 4-oxa-1,7-heptanedioic acid dimethyl ester 
• 4890-38-4 butyl-β-hydroxy propionate 
• 141-32-2 acrylic acid n-butyl ester 
• 14144-48-0 butyl 3-butoxypropionate 

Relevant articles and documents

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Efficient, chemical-catalytic approach to the production of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid by oxidation of biomass-derived levulinic acid with hydrogen peroxide

3-Hydroxypropanoic acid (HPA), a precursor to acrylic acid, can be produced in high yield by oxidation of the biomass-derived platform chemical levulinic acid. While treatment of levulinic acid with H2O2 under acidic conditions gives predominantly succinic acid, a remarkable reversal of selectivity is observed under basic conditions, leading either directly to HPA or, under modified conditions, initially to 3-(hydroperoxy)propanoic acid, which can be quantitatively hydrogenated to HPA. Just say no to fermentation: The first selective, chemical-catalytic approach to renewable 3-hydroxypropanoic acid (HPA) has been accomplished by gentle oxidation of biomass-derived levulinic acid with hydrogen peroxide and hydrogenolysis of the resulting hydroperoxide intermediate. HPA is a green building block of major potential for the production of renewable acrylate derivatives.

The selective oxidation of glycerol over metal-free photocatalysts: insights into the solvent effect on catalytic efficiency and product distribution

Selective oxidation of glycerol to high value-added derivatives is a promising biomass conversion pathway, but the related reaction mechanism, in particular the solvent effect, is rarely studied. In this work, O-doped g-C3N4was used as a metal-free catalyst to catalyze the selective oxidation of glycerol in different solvents. It was found that solvents can affect both catalytic efficiency and product distribution. A series of controlled experiments and theoretical calculation were applied to attest that the difference in interaction between glycerol and catalysts in different solvents is the main factor: competitive adsorption and hydrogen bond network from water inhibit the adsorption and activation of glycerol on the catalyst surface and reduce the conversion efficiency, while in acetonitrile, the stronger adsorption makes the oxidation reaction continue to yield esters. Two reaction routes in different solvents over O-doped g-C3N4are proposed for the first time, which is helpful for people to better understand the related reaction mechanism.

Method for preparing 3-hydracrylic acid through continuous hydration of acrylic acid

The invention relates to a method for preparing 3-hydracrylic acid through continuous hydration of acrylic acid. The reaction is carried out in a fixed bed reactor, an acid modified molecular sieve isused as a catalyst and acrylic acid is subjected to a hydration reaction to generate 3-hydracrylic acid. The modifier adopted by the acid-modified molecular sieve is a mixture of maleic acid and maleic acid diamine or a mixture of citric acid and ammonium citrate. The modified catalyst can reduce the reaction temperature and the selectivity of byproducts, inhibit self-polymerization of acrylic acid and 3-hydracrylic acid and improve the product yield.

Method used for producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid

The invention belongs to the technical field of chemistry, and more specifically provides a method used for producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid. The method comprises following steps: 1, under catalyst effect, hydrogen cyanide and ethylene oxide are reacted to generated 3-hydroxypropionitrile; 2, an acid is added into the 3-hydroxypropionitrile prepared using step 1 for hydrolysis, and 3-hydroxypropionic acid and an inorganic slat are generated through reaction; 3, a reaction solution obtained in step 2 is subjected to continuous chromatography separation to obtain 3-hydroxypropionic acid and aninorganic salt solution, and the inorganic salt solution is subjected to concentration to obtain a by-product. According to the method, continuous chromatography method is adopted to process the 3-hydroxypropionitrile hydrolysis reaction solution, so that the amounts of waste water, waste gas, and waste residue can be reduced effectively, high content of the target product is obtained at high yield, and production cost is reduced.