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88-18-6Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Iron-containing graphite as a Friedel-Crafts alkylation catalyst
Nagai,Kodomari,Omi,Yoda
, p. 105 - 112 (2001)
The activity of iron-containing graphites for the Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenol with tert-butyl halides was studied. The reaction of phenol with either different tert-butyl halides or tert-butyl alcohol on iron-containing graphite was conducted in a benzene solvent for 4 hr at 50°C. The Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenol with tert-butyl halides on graphite was in the following order: iodide > bromide > chloride. tert-Butyl iodide was the most active in the Friedel-Crafts of phenol in the presence of graphite, whereas it was the least reactive in the presence of AlCl3. AlCl3 was very highly active in phenol, while graphite was mildly reactive in phenol. The presence of iron accelerated the reaction of phenol with the tert-butyl halide on graphite to produced p-tert-butylphenol as the main product. The distance between the layers of graphite increased in the presence of both tert-butyl bromide and iron, but not in the presence of either the iron or tert-butyl bromide. tert-Butyl halide was first adsorbed on graphite and then dissociated to form tert-butyl and halogen ions. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol on graphite was accompanied by isomerization and dealkylation.
Designing ordered mesoporous aluminosilicates under acidic conditions via an intrinsic hydrolysis method
Krishna, Nunna V.,Selvam, Parasuraman
, p. 770 - 779 (2017)
Acid-mediated synthesis of ordered mesoporous aluminosilicates (OMAS) with medium-to-strong Br?nsted acid sites and trivalent aluminium exclusively in a tetrahedral framework structure is realized by a newly devised intrinsic hydrolysis method. In this way, we have synthesized a series of well-ordered OMAS, e.g., H-AlSBA-15 and H-AlIITM-56, which are otherwise difficult to distinguish under acidic conditions owing to very different hydrolysis rates of both silicon and aluminium sources used for preparation as well as easy dissociation of thus formed Al-O-Si bonds. This novel intrinsic hydrolysis approach, however, relies mainly on similar hydrolysis rates of constituent inorganic species leading to efficient condensation. Thus, the innovative methodology using tetraethyl orthosilicate and aluminium citrate, respectively, as tetravalent silicon and trivalent aluminium as precursors facilitates the formation of high quality OMAS with a narrow pore size distribution, thicker walls, and trivalent aluminium in a tetrahedral framework structure with a high aluminium content, as evidenced by a battery of characterization techniques, viz., XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM and BET. The resulting materials, in turn, generate Br?nsted acid sites in the aluminosilicate matrix, with the absence of the usually encountered Lewis acid sites, viz., extra-framework and/or non-framework species, as confirmed by both 27Al MAS-NMR and NH3-TPD studies. All the prepared catalysts exhibit excellent activity towards the tertiary butylation of phenol, and the high activity of the catalysts is attributed to the unique and exclusive presence of medium-to-strong acid sites in the OMAS matrix.
Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 using glucose as a templating precursor
Nandan, Devaki,Saxena, Sandeep K.,Viswanadham, Nagabhatla
, p. 1054 - 1059 (2014)
Various hierarchical ZSM-5 materials have been synthesized by adopting a novel concept using glucose as a precursor for the structure directing agent through a steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) process. The effect of the glucose/TEOS weight ratio was studied, and materials exhibiting different properties such as surface area, porosity and acidity were obtained by varying the concentration of glucose in the initial synthesis mixture. All the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TPD, and N2 adsorption-desorption and were studied for their performance towards the tertiary butylation of phenol reaction. The activities of all the hierarchical ZSM-5 materials synthesized by the present method were observed to be higher than that of the conventional ZSM-5. The optimal production of 2,4-di-tertiary butyl phenol over hierarchical ZSM-5 occurred at a reaction temperature of 150 °C after 7 h reaction time under solvent free conditions.
Facile synthesis of a sulfonated carbon-silica-meso composite and mesoporous silica
Nandan, Devaki,Sreenivasulu, Peta,Saxena, Sandeep K.,Viswanadham, Nagbhatla
, p. 11537 - 11539 (2011)
In this study we report a novel and simple method for preparing a sulfonated carbon-silica-meso composite showing high acidity and porosity useful for transformation of bulky molecules, where glucose was used as a carbon source as well as a non-surfactant templating precursor and the resultant composite upon calcination yielded the mesoporous silica.
Hierarchical ZSM-5 nanocrystal aggregates: Seed-induced green synthesis and its application in alkylation of phenol with: Tert -butanol
Chen, Li,Xue, Teng,Wu, Haihong,Wu, Peng
, p. 2751 - 2758 (2018)
Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite aggregates were synthesized in an organic-template-free system via seed-induced crystallization. The obtained samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron mi
Highly active and spherical natured mesoporous aluminosilicate nanoparticles materialized for: T -butylation of phenol
Selvaraj
, p. 60983 - 60995 (2016)
Aluminium-containing spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticle (AlSMSN) materials were synthesized for the first time using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr) as a structure-directing agent under nonhydrothermal conditions at room temperature. The effect of the nature of the Al source on the synthesis of the AlSMSN materials was investigated using a variety of Al sources. The effect of higher Al ion incorporation on the structural and textural properties of the AlSMSN materials was evaluated by varying the nSi/nAl ratios, and an efficient chemical treatment method was developed for the removal of superficial octahedral Al ions from the surface of the AlSMSN materials. The synthesized AlSMSN materials were characterized using ICP-AES, XRD, N2 adsorption, 27Al & 29Si MAS NMR, FTIR, TEM, and FE-SEM techniques. ICP-AES results revealed incorporation of a high Al ion content (nSi/nAl = 24) into the spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticle materials. For all of the calcined AlSMSN materials, the XRD reflection peaks shifted to lower angle with increasing Al ion content, resulting in an increase of the unit cell parameter. The textural parameters of the AlSMSN materials, except for the surface area, found from nitrogen adsorption measurements, increase with an increase in the amount of aluminium isopropoxide in the synthesis gel. The location and coordination of Al ions on the walls of the AlSMSN materials and the amount of Al ions incorporation were determined from the 27Al MAS NMR measurements. TEM and FE-SEM images demonstrated that the AlSMSN materials comprise spherical particles with hexagonally packed uniform mesoporous channels. Furthermore, the AlSMSN(20) with a higher Al content exhibits better hydrothermal stability than the AlSMSN(100) congener with a lower Al content. Catalyst recyclability studies showed that the washed catalyst (W-AlSMSN(20)) exhibited exceptional catalytic activity during t-butylation of phenol with 95.4% 4-t-butylphenol (4-TBP) selectivity due to removal of superficial octahedrally coordinated Al ions on the surface of active sites.
The t-butylation of phenol in supercritical carbon dioxide over H-Y zeolite. Remarkable enhancement of catalytic performance for the formation of 2,4-di-t-butylphenol
Kamalakar, Gunda,Komura, Kenichi,Sugi, Yoshihiro
, p. 1446 - 1447 (2005)
Remarkable enhancement of the formation of 2,4-di-t-butyl-phenol was observed in the t-butylation of phenol over H-Y zeolite under supercritical CO2 medium. Supercritical CO2 renders active sites free for the catalysis by fast remova
Facile single step synthesis of an acid functionalized nano porous carbon composite as an efficient catalyst for tertiary butylation of phenol
Nandan, Devaki,Viswanadham, Nagabhatla
, p. 57223 - 57226 (2014)
Here we report a simple synthesis method for the preparation of an acid functionalized nano porous nanocomposite of carbon for the first time from petroleum waste by a simultaneous carbonisation and sulfonation method. The material exhibited the highest ever reported catalytic activity towards liquid phase tertiary butylation of phenol up to several reaction cycles.
Selective alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol catalyzed by [bmim]PF6
Shen, Hao-Yu,Judeh, Zaher M. A.,Ching, Chi Bun
, p. 981 - 983 (2003)
Alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6), has been investigated. The effects of various parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, reactant ratio (mol ratio of phenol to that of TBA), and the amount of the ionic liquid used were studied. The [bmim]PF6 ionic liquid was found to catalyze the reaction with high conversion and good selectivity.
Sulfuric acid functional zirconium (or aluminum) incorporated mesoporous MCM-48 solid acid catalysts for alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol
Jiang, Tingshun,Cheng, Jinlian,Liu, Wangping,Fu, Lie,Zhou, Xuping,Zhao, Qian,Yin, Hengbo
, p. 71 - 80 (2014)
Several zirconium (or aluminum) incorporated mesoporous MCM-48 solid acid catalysts (SO42-/Zr-MCM-48 and SO4 2-/Al-MCM-48) were prepared by the impregnation method and their physicochemical properties were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, TEM, NH3-TPD and N2 physical adsorption. Also, the catalytic activities of these solid acid catalysts were evaluated by the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol. The effect of weight hour space velocity (WHSV), reaction time and reaction temperature on catalytic properties was also studied. The results show that the SO42-/Zr-MCM-48 and SO42-/Al-MCM-48 still have good mesoporous structure and long range ordering. Compared with the Zr (or Al)-MCM-48 samples, SO 42-/Zr-MCM-48 and SO42-/Al-MCM-48 solid acid catalysts have strong acidity and exhibit high activities in alkylation reaction of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol. The SO4 2-/Zr-MCM-48-25 (molar ratio of Si/Zr=0.04) catalyst was found to be the most promising and gave the highest phenol conversion among all catalysts. A maximum phenol conversion of 91.6% with 4-tert-butyl phenol (4-TBP) selectivity of 81.8% was achieved when the molar ratio of tert-butyl alcohol:phenol is 2:1, reaction time is 2 h, the WHSV is 2 h-1 and the reaction temperature is 140 °C.
