7440-69-9 Usage
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Bismuth is used as an active ingredient for gastrointestinal distress in drugs such as Pepto-Bismol, which contains bismuth subsalicylate. It is also used in medicine to treat intestinal infections and has been used in the past to treat syphilis and malaria.
Used in Cosmetics Industry:
Bismuth is used in the cosmetics industry to provide the "shine" for lipsticks, eye shadow, and other products. Bismuth oxychloride and bismuth subnitrate are also used in cosmetics.
Used in Metallurgy:
Bismuth is added to steel and other metals as an alloy to make the metals easier to roll, press, pull into wires, and turn on a lathe. It is also used in the production of low melting solders and fusible alloys.
Used in Semiconductor Industry:
Bismuth is used in the semiconductor industry and to make permanent magnets.
Used in Manufacturing:
Bismuth is used in the manufacturing of acrylonitrile and as the starting material for synthetic fibers and rubbers.
Used in Nuclear Research:
Bismuth has been proposed as a solvent coolant system for nuclear power reactors. It is also used as neutron windows in nuclear reactors due to its high density and low thermal neutron capture cross-section.
Used in Fire-Detection Devices:
Bismuth's property of expanding when it solidifies makes it useful in fire-detection devices, as it can be combined with other metals and minerals to create low melting point alloys.
Used in Safety Devices:
Bismuth is used to make thermally activated safety devices for fire-detection and sprinkler systems, as well as safety plugs in compressed gas cylinders.
Isotopes
There are a total of 59 radioactive isotopes for bismuth, ranging in half-livesfrom a few milliseconds to thousands of years. At one time it was thought that there wasjust one stable isotope (Bi-209), but it was later found that Bi-209 is radioactive witha half-life of 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years. Such a long half-life means that Bi-209 has not completely disintegrated and is still found in nature, and is thus consideredstable. In this case, Bi-209 makes up 100% of Bismuth’s natural abundance.
Origin of Name
Bismuth was known and used by the ancient alchemists along with
other metals both for chemical reactions and for medical purposes. The name comes
from the German bismu, which had been changed from wismu, meaning “white.”
Characteristics
Bismuth is more resistant to electrical current in its solid state than it is in its liquid form.Its thermal conductivity is the lowest of all metals, except mercury. Even though it is considereda metal-like element, it is a very poor conductor of heat and electricity.Bismuth has a characteristic similar to water. It expands when changing from the liquidphase to the solid phase. This factor makes it useful as an alloy in metals that are used to fillmolds, given that it will expand to the cast’s dimensions.
History
In early times
bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the
Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white
crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance
(Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and
Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth
produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining
lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic
of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower
than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance,
and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest
increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic
field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive
force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons
Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property
makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of
sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures.
With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth
forms low-melting alloys that are extensively used for safety
devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth
is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a
catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in
air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the
oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and
has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic
reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming insoluble
basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes
used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively
in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are
used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope
209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known.
Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg.
Production Methods
Bismuth is obtained as a by-product in smelting and refining of lead, copper or tungsten ores. The metal is partially volatilized when the ore is smelted at the high temperature. Separation from copper is achieved by electrolytic refining, bismuth accumulating in the anode slimes with lead, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and other metal impurities. All throughout the smelting and refining operations bismuth accompanies lead. It finally is removed from lead by Betterton-Kroll or Betts processes. The Betterton-Kroll process involves the addition of calcium-lead alloy or magnesium metal to lead slime, thus converting bismuth to high-melting bismuthides of calcium or magnesium, Ca3Bi2 or Mg3Bi2, respectively. These bismuthides liquate from the bath and are separated as dross. Bismuth dross is then melted in kettles forming Bi7Mg6K9 which liquates to the top of the bath and is removed from the molten lead. Treatments with caustic soda finally produce the high quality bismuth.In a modified process, potassium substitutes for calcium to form Bi7Mg6Ca9 which liquates to the top of the bath and is removed from the molten lead. The Betts process is based on electrolytic refining using a solution of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid. While lead is deposited on the cathode, bismuth goes to the anode where it is collected with other impurity metals. It is then filtered, dried, smelted, and further refined, depending on the purity desired. Impurities are removed by adding molten caustic and zinc, and finally by chlorination.Bismuth may be obtained from other ores, too. The recovery process however, depends primarily on the chemical nature of the ores. For example, the sulfide ore requires smelting, carbon reduction, and the addition of iron (to decompose any bismuth sulfide present). Oxide ores, on the other hand, are treated with hydrochloric acid to leach bismuth from the mineral. The bismuth chloride solution is then diluted with water to precipitate bismuth oxy-chloride. The precipitate is roasted with lime and charcoal. Satisfactory recovery of the metal from its carbonate ore may be achieved by both the above techniques.Bismuth is sold in the form of rod, lump, powder, and wire.
Hazard
Bismuth is flammable as a powder. The halogen compounds of bismuth are toxic wheninhaled or ingested. Some of the salts of bismuth can cause metallic poisoning in a mannersimilar to mercury and lead.At the beginning of the twentieth century, before penicillin, bismuth compounds wereused to treat some venereal diseases. However, the treatment was generally unsuccessful.
Health Hazard
Exposures to bismuth salts are associated primarily by ingestion. Bismuth is known to
cause adverse health effects. The symptoms include, but are not limited to, irritation
of the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, lungs, foul breath, metallic taste, and gingivitis.
On ingestion, bismuth causes nausea, loss of appetite, weight, malaise, albuminuria,
diarrhea, skin reactions, stomatitis, headache, fever, sleeplessness, depression, rheumatic pain, and a black line may form on gums in the mouth due to deposition of
bismuth sulfi de. Prolonged exposure to bismuth causes mild but deleterious effects
on the kidneys and high concentrations of bismuth result in fatalities. Occupational
exposures to bismuth occur during the manufacture of cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Acute exposure with over dosage of bismuth-containing
drugs causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and possibly a dry mouth
and thirst. Bismuth also causes neurotoxicity. Bismuth pentafl uoride is highly toxic
and causes irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, while bismuth subnitrate
causes blurred vision.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Potential Exposure
Bismuth is used as a constituent of
tempering baths for steel alloys; in low Freezing/Melting
point alloys which expand on cooling; in aluminum and
steel alloys to increase machinability; and in printing type
metal. Bismuth compounds are found primarily in pharmaceuticals
as antiseptics, antacids, antiluetics, and as a
medicament in the treatment of acute angina. They are also
used as a contrast medium in roentgenoscopy and in cosmetics.
For the general population the total intake from food
is 5 20 μg with much smaller amounts contributed by air
and water.
Carcinogenicity
An old lifetime study with rats fed 2% bismuth subcarbonate (BSC) in the diet did not show an increase of tumors or a decrease of survival.
Environmental Fate
The mechanism by which bismuth produces toxicity has not
been identified. Interaction with thiol compounds has been
proposed as a primary mechanism.
Shipping
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1—Flammable solid.
Purification Methods
Melt it in an atmosphere of dry helium, then filter through dry Pyrex wool to remove any bismuth oxide present [Mayer et al. J Phys Chem 64 238 1960].
Toxicity evaluation
In aerated water, bismuth oxidizes; however, in an anaerobic
aqueous environment, bismuth is unaffected. Similarly, in the
atmosphere, bismuth is unaffected unless condensation or
deposition of water occurs.
Due to the inability for air and water to affect bismuth
under most circumstances, bismuth tends to persist until wet or
dry deposition, and therefore long-range transport is possible
and likely.
Incompatibilities
Finely divided powder is highly flammable.
Reacts with strong acids and strong oxidizers, chlorine,
fused ammonium nitrates, iodine pentafluoride, and nitrosyl
fluoride.
Waste Disposal
Dissolve in a minimum
amount of concentrated HCl. Dilute with water until precipitate
is formed. Redissolve in HCl. Then saturate with
H2S. Filter, wash, dry and return to supplier.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7440-69-9 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,4,4 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7440-69:
(6*7)+(5*4)+(4*4)+(3*0)+(2*6)+(1*9)=99
99 % 10 = 9
So 7440-69-9 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/Bi
7440-69-9Relevant articles and documents
Interfacial reactions in Sn/Bi2Te3, Sn/Bi 2Se3 and Sn/Bi2(Te1-xSe x)3 couples
Chen, Sinn-Wen,Wu, Chih-Yu,Wu, Hsin-Jay,Chiu, Wan-Ting
, p. 313 - 318 (2014)
Bi2(Te1-xSex)3 is an important kind of n-type thermoelectric material. In this study, interfacial reactions at 250 °C in the Sn/Bi2Te3, Sn/Bi2Se 3 and Sn/Bi2/sub
Syntheses and characterizations of bismuth nanofilms and nanorhombuses by the structure-controlling solventless method
Chen, Jing,Wu, Li-Ming,Chen, Ling
, p. 586 - 591 (2007)
Substrate-free bismuth nanofilms with an average thickness of 0.6 nm (σ = ±14.1%) and monodisperse layered Bi nanorhombuses with an average edge length of 21.5 nm (σ = ±14.7%) and thickness of 0.9 nm (σ = ±25.8%) have been successively synthesized by structure-controlling solventless thermolysis from a new layered bismuth thiolate precursor with a 31.49 A spacing. The morphologies result from self-control at an atomic level by the layered Bi(SC12H 25)3 crystal structure. The formation of the Bi nanofilm intermediate provides significant substantiation for this synthesis method, and detailed evidence on the conversion progress has been obtained. Both the films and the rhombuses have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Special UV-vis electronic absorption spectra of the nanoproducts have been studied.
Facile synthesis of Bi/BiOCl composite with selective photocatalytic properties
Chen, Dongling,Zhang, Min,Lu, Qiuju,Chen, Junfang,Liu, Bitao,Wang, Zhaofeng
, p. 647 - 654 (2015)
This paper presents a novel and facile method to fabricate Bi/BiOCl composites with dominant (001) facets in situ via a microwave reduction route. Different characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission scanning electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), cathodoluminescence spectrum (CL), and lifetime, have been employed to investigate the structure, optical and electrical properties of the Bi/BiOCl composites. The experimental results show that the introduction of Bi particles can efficiently enhance the photocatalytic performance of BiOCl for the degradation of several dyes under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, especially for negative charged methyl orange (MO). Unlike the UV photocatalytic performance, such Bi/BiOCl composite shows higher degradation efficiency towards rhodamine B (RhB) than MO and methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. This special photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between oxygen vacancies and Bi particles. This work provides new insights about the photodegradation mechanisms of MO, MB and RhB under UV and visible light irradiation, which would be helpful to guide the selection of an appropriate catalyst for other pollutants.
Effect of the surface configuration on the oxidation of bismuth nanowire
Huang,Fung
, p. 1604 - 1611 (2006)
Incorporating nanoprocessing into the metal oxidation, it was a facile way to synthesize functional oxide with desired nanostructure. In this work, δ-Bi2O3 nanowires were successfully fabricated by the oxidation of electroplated Bi nanowires at 350 °C. δ-Bi2O3 is the high-temperature phase of Bi2O3 and only stable at 723-823 °C. Partially oxidized nanowires showed core-shell structure composed of metallic Bi and δ-Bi2O3. To investigate the mechanism of oxidation reaction, the Bi/Bi2O3 interface was characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). HRTEM images showed rapid growth of oxide layer on (2 over(1, ?) 0) plane of rhombohedral Bi metal. The coherency between (10 over(2, ?)) of metallic Bi and (1 0 0) of cubic Bi2O3 was observed. A schematic model was also used to describe the oxidation process. The coherency Bi and Bi2O3 and the stabilization of high-temperature (fluorite structure) Bi2O3 were also discussed based on this model.
Structure and resistivity of bismuth nanobelts in situ synthesized on silicon wafer through an ethanol-thermal method
Gao, Zheng,Qin, Haiming,Yan, Tao,Liu, Hong,Wang, Jiyang
, p. 3257 - 3261 (2011)
Bismuth nanobelts in situ grown on a silicon wafer were synthesized through an ethanol-thermal method without any capping agent. The structure of the bismuth beltsilicon composite nanostructure was characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy-dis
Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structure analysis of bromodi(isopropenyl)bismuthane
Schumann, Herbert,Muehle, Stefan H.
, p. 629 - 632 (1999)
Tri(isopropenyl)bismuthane (1) reacts with bromine to form bromodi(isopropenyl)bismuthane (2) and dibromo(isopropenyl)bismuthane (3). The single crystal X-ray structure determination of 2 (monoclinic, P21/c; a = 1058.6(3), b = 1127.0(3), c = 1561.3(4) pm, and β = 109.26(2)°; Z = 8 molecules; dc = 2.803 g/cm3; R = 0.059) shows two crystallographically independent molecules which are connected by Bi-Br...Bi bridges (Bi-Br 282.3(2) and 284.7(2); Br...Bi 302.9(2) and 303.6(2) pm) forming helical chains directed along the b-axis of the unit cell. Every turn of the helix (360°) consists of four molecules and corresponds to the length of the b-axis (1127.0(3) pm).
Structural and magneto-transport properties of electrodeposited bismuth nanowires
Liu, Kai,Chien,Searson,Yu-Zhang, Kui
, p. 1436 - 1438 (1998)
Arrays of semimetallic Bi nanowires have been successfully fabricated by electrodeposition. Each nanowire consists of elongated Bi grains along the wire direction. Very large positive magnetoresistance of 300% at low temperatures and 70% at room temperatu
Bismuth oxychloride nanoflake assemblies as a new anode for potassium ion batteries
Li, Wei,Xu, Yang,Dong, Yulian,Wu, Yuhan,Zhang, Chenglin,Zhou, Min,Fu, Qun,Wu, Minghong,Lei, Yong
, p. 6507 - 6510 (2019)
This work reports the first demonstration of bismuth oxyhalides as anode materials in potassium-ion batteries. BiOCl nanoflake assemblies deliver high capacities of 367 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and 175 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1. The formation of K-Bi alloys at an early stage of potassiation is observed.
Orientation-controlled phase transformation of Bi2O3 during oxidation of electrodeposited Bi film
Huang, Chaur-Chi,Wen, Teng-Yi,Fung, Kuan-Zong
, p. 110 - 118 (2006)
High-temperature fluorite structure Bi2O3 is a well-known solid electrolyte owing to its high oxygen ion conductivity. In this study, Bi2O3 thin film was prepared by the oxidation process of the electrodeposited metallic Bi film. The crystal structures of the oxidized Bi films varied with the applied voltages during the electroplating process. Pure α-Bi2O3 was obtained when the oxidation was conducted for the metallic Bi film electrodeposited at -0.1 V. Only β-Bi2O3 was observed as a -0.5 V electrodeposited Bi film was oxidized. The crystal structure of Bi 2O3 obtained by oxidation of metallic Bi film may dominantly be affected by the orientation of as-electrodeposited Bi film. Such kind of process is favorable to the preparation of functional ceramic with specific crystal structure.
The kinetics of thermal decomposition of bismuth oxohydroxolaurate
Logvinenko,Mikhailov,Yukhin
, p. 47 - 49 (2007)
The bismuth salt of lauric (dodecanic) acid Bi6O 4(OH)4(C11H23COO)6 was studied earlier. This salt has layer structure (the interlaminar distance=37.50 A), under heating this liquid-crystalline state has the mesomorphic transformation, turns to the amorphous state, decomposes stepwise with the formation of well-ordered layers of bismuth nanoparticles. DSC-curves were used for the study of the decomposition kinetics in the area of decomposition with small mass loss and exothermic effect (423-483 K). Springer-Verlag 2007.
