7646-78-8

Basic information

• Product Name: Tin tetrachloride
• Synonyms: STANNIC TETRACHLORIDE;STANNIC CHLORIDE;STANNIC CHLORIDE HYDRATE;TIN CHLORIDE;TIN(+4)CHLORIDE;TIN(+4)CHLORIDE HYDRATE;TIN TETRACHLORIDE;TIN(IV) CHLORIDE
• CAS NO: 7646-78-8
• Molecular Formula: Cl₄Sn
• Molecular Weight: 260.52
• EINECS: 231-588-9
• Product Categories: Inorganics;Classes of Metal Compounds;Sn (Tin) Compounds;Typical Metal Compounds;metal halide;The synthesis of organic tin tin plating industrial mordant and organic synthesis catalyst
• Mol File: 7646-78-8.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: −33 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 114 °C(lit.)
• Flash Point: 34 °F
• Appearance: Colorless/Solution
• Density: 2.226 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Density: 9 (vs air)
• Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 10 °C)
• Refractive Index: 1.512
• Storage Temp.: Store at RT.
• Solubility: Miscible with alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, ca
• Water Solubility: reacts
• Sensitive: Air Sensitive
• Stability: Stability Stable, but may decompose upon exposure to moist air or water. Incompatible with strong bases, alcohols.
• Merck: 14,8774
• CAS DataBase Reference: Tin tetrachloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Tin tetrachloride(7646-78-8)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Tin tetrachloride(7646-78-8)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: C,T,F,N
• Statements: 34-52/53-40-23/24/25-11-67-37-65-50/53
• Safety Statements: 26-45-61-7/8-36/37-24/25-23-36/37/39-16-62
• RIDADR: UN 3264 8/PG 2
• WGK Germany: 2
• RTECS: XP8750000
• F: 10-21
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 7646-78-8(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

1. Used in Textile Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used as a mordant for dyeing fabrics, which helps to fix the dye to the fabric and improve colorfastness.
2. Used in Soap Industry:
It serves as a stabilizer for perfume in soap, enhancing the longevity and quality of the fragrance.
3. Used in Silk Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used for weighting silk, providing a more substantial feel and appearance to the fabric.
4. Used in Ceramic Industry:
It is utilized in ceramic coatings to create a durable and protective layer on the surface of ceramic materials.
5. Used in Paper Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is employed in the manufacturing of blueprint papers, which are used for creating copies of documents and designs.
6. Used in Chemical Industry:
It is used to produce fuchsin, a red dye, and other tin salts, as well as in the preparation of organotin compounds such as tetralkyltin and dialkyldichlorotin(IV), which find applications as catalysts and polymer stabilizers.
7. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used as a conductive coating and a sugar bleach, and it also has applications in the development of drugs and pharmaceutical products.
8. Used in Sugar Industry:
It acts as a bleaching agent for sugar, improving its appearance and quality.
9. Used in Resin Industry:
Tin tetrachloride serves as a stabilizer for certain resins, enhancing their durability and performance.
10. Used in Soap Industry (again):
It is also used for bacteria and fungi control in soaps, providing added benefits to users.
11. Used in Glass Container Industry:
Tin tetrachloride is used for making an external coating that toughens the glass, increasing its strength and durability.
12. Used in Chemical Reactions:
It is used in chemical reactions with fuming (90%) nitric acid for the selective nitration of activated aromatic rings in the presence of unactivated ones.

Preparation

Tin(II) chloride is prepared by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization.

Air & Water Reactions

Fumes in moist air. Reacts with water to form Hydrochloric Acid in dense white fumes [Merck 11th ed. 1989].

Reactivity Profile

Acidic salts, such as STANNIC CHLORIDE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions (ethylene oxide polymerization). Combination of the chloride with turpentine is strongly exothermic, and may lead to ignition, [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 7, 446].

Hazard

Evolves heat on contact with moisture. Corrosive liquid

Health Hazard

CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

Safety Profile

Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Combustible by chemical reaction. Upon contact with moisture, considerable heat is generated. Violent reaction with K, Na, turpentine, ethylene oxide, alkyl nitrates. Dangerous; hydrochloric acid is liberated on contact with moisture or heat. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

Potential Exposure

Tin tetrachloride is used in the production of blueprints and electroconductive readings, as a bleaching agent for sugar and resin stabilizer.

Purification Methods

SnCl4 fumes in moist air due to formation of a hydrate. Fractionate it in a ground glass still and store it in the absence of air. Possible impurities are SO2 and HCl [Baudler in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 729 1963]. It forms a solid pentahydrate [10026-06-9] which smells of HCl and is obtained when the anhydrous salt is dissolved in a small volume of H2O. Also reflux it with clean mercury or P2O5 for several hours, then distil it under (reduced) N2 pressure into a receiver containing P2O5. Finally redistil it. Alternatively, distil it from Sn metal under vacuum in an all-glass system and seal off in large ampoules. SnCl4 is available commercially as 1M solutions in CH2Cl2 or hexane. HARMFUL VAPOURS.

Incompatibilities

Slowly forms hydrochloric acid in cold water; fast reaction in hot water and steam. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, water, turpentine, potassium, sodium, ethylene oxide; nitrates, alcohols, amines, chlorine, strong acids; strong bases. Attacks metals, rubbers and some plastics in the resence of moisture.

Waste Disposal

SnCl4: Pour onto sodium bicarbonate; spray with ammonium hydroxide while adding crushed ice; when reaction subsides, flush down drain.

InChI:InChI=1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4

Synthetic route

Marshall's acid (13445-49-3) + tin(ll) chloride → sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;	A n/a B 99%
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;	A n/a B 99%

tin(IV) oxide + iron(II) chloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 98.97 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	98.97%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 76.10 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	76.1%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 27.20 % SnCl4 at 700°C; equilibrium reaction discussed;;	27.2%

tin(IV) oxide + magnesium chloride (7786-30-3) → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 98.3 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	98.3%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 74.60 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	74.6%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 58.79 % SnCl4 at 700°C; equilibrium reaction examinated;;	58.79%

tin(IV) oxide + zinc(II) chloride (7646-85-7) → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 97.87 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	97.87%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 5.2 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	5.2%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 4.3 % SnCl4 at 600°C;;	4.3%

tetrakis-biphenyl-(2)-tin(IV) (117440-15-0) → biphenyl-(2)-mercury(II) chloride (10271-66-6) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With mercury dichloride In ethanol 20h heating in sealed tube to 120°C; absol. ethanol;;	A 90.5% B n/a
With HgCl2 In ethanol 20h heating in sealed tube to 120°C; absol. ethanol;;	A 90.5% B n/a

ethyl nitrate (625-58-1) + tin(ll) chloride → hydroxylamine hydrochloride (5470-11-1) + ammonia (7664-41-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In hydrogenchloride byproducts: C2H5OH, H2O; in concd. HCl soln.; evapn. of the alcohol,diluting with water,pptg. of the Sn with H2S,evapn. and crystn. from alcohol;	A 90% B <1 C n/a

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + tetraphenyltin(IV) (595-90-4) + dibenzoyl peroxide (94-36-0) → hexachloroethane (67-72-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + chlorobenzene (108-90-7) + benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (88-99-3) + benzoic acid (65-85-0)

Conditions	Yield
50h boiling;	A n/a B 84.1% C n/a D n/a E n/a

Tc(dimethylglyoxime)3(μ-OH)SnCl3*H2O → TcCl(dimethylglyoxime)3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In acetonitrile room temp., 30 min. (crystn.); cooling (-20°C), decantation, washing (cold MeCN, cold 1 M HCl), drying (vac., 6 h), recrystn. (EtOH/HCl); elem. anal.;	A 82% B n/a

(R,R,S,S)-2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-spirobis(8-sila-4-stannatetrahydro-s-indacene) + zirconium(IV) chloride (10026-11-6) → rac-dimethylsilanediylbis(t-butylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In toluene stirring (16 h); solvent removal (vac.), addn. pentane, filtration, volatiles rremoval (vac.);	A 80% B n/a

Tc(cyclohexanedione dioxime)3(μ-OH)SnCl3*3H2O → TcCl(cyclohexanedione dioxime)3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In acetonitrile stirring (30 min., pptn.); addn. of excess 1 M HCl, collection (after 15 min.), washing (1 M HCl, H2O), drying (vac.), recrystn. (MeCN/1 M HCl); elem. anal.;	A 75% B n/a

dimanganese decacarbonyl (10170-69-1) + tin(ll) chloride → {Mn(CO)4SnCl((CH3)2NCHO)}3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: CO; Ar atmosphere, 150°C, 24 h; pptn. on addn. of H2O, washing (dild. HCl and cyclohexane), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	A 73% B n/a

ethyl chlorosulfate (625-01-4) + iodine (7553-56-2) + tin → hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + ethene (74-85-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + SO2

Conditions	Yield
at 130℃;

(4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-2-yl)-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-2-ylidene)-methane; compound with tin tetrachloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
beim Erhitzen;

tin(IV) chloride * 2 ether → diethyl ether (60-29-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

tin(IV) chloride * 2 ether → diethyl ether (60-29-7) + chloroethane (75-00-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
bei hoeherer Temperatur;

ethanol (64-17-5) + tetraphenyltin(IV) (595-90-4) + mercury (II)-chloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + phenylmercury(II) chloride (100-56-1)

diisopentyl ether ; compound with tin tetrachloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + di-g-pentyl ether

Conditions	Yield
bei der Destillation;

4-benzylmercapto-3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (625836-84-2) → 4-benzylmercapto-3-amino-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (625836-85-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; tin(ll) chloride In water at 90℃; for 2h;

tin tetrachloride pyridine adduct (69080-31-5) → pyridine (110-86-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
thermal dissociation, 280 to 340°C; reaction monitoring by pressure measurement;

ammonium chloride + tin(IV) oxide → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) calcination of SnO2 and NH4Cl;;

ozone (10028-15-6) + tin(ll) chloride → water (7732-18-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; oxygen In not given redn. of O3 by SnCl2 in a HCl-containing soln. by shaking in a O2-O3 mixture for a period of 90 min.;;

iron(III) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) + tin(IV) oxide → iron(III) chloride (7705-08-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
Kinetics; chlorination of mechanical SnO2/Fe2O3 mixt. at const. temp. in range 700-850°C; monitoring by gravimetric and chem. anal.; X-ray diffraction;
Kinetics; chlorination of SnO2/Fe2O3 mixt. (obtained by copptn. from hydrochloric SnCl4/FeCl3 soln. with concd. ammonia and ppt. calcination in air at 600°C for 24 h) at const. temp. in range 700-850°C; monitoring by gravimetric and chem. anal.; X-ray diffraction;

indium(III) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) + tin(IV) oxide → In2Cl6 (27693-84-1, 21563-01-9) + indium(III) chloride (10025-82-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; byproducts: O2; chlorination of equimolar mixt. of In2O3/SnO2 at const. temp. in range 500-700°C (Cl2 flow 100 ml/min); chem. anal.;
With sulfur dioxide In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; byproducts: O2, SO3, In2(SO4)3; chlorination of equimolar mixt. of In2O3/SnO2 at const. temp. in range 500-700°C (Cl2/SO2 flow 100 ml/min); chem. anal.;

tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With SOCl2 or COCl2 In neat (no solvent)
With COCl2 In neat (no solvent) complete draining with COCl2 at 100°C in 24 h;;
With thionyl chloride In neat (no solvent) complete draining with boiling SOCl2 in some hours;;

4-[N-ethyl,N-(2-chloroethyl)amino]nitrobenzene (165071-88-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → 4-[N-ethyl,N-(2-chloroethyl)amino]aniline hydrochloride (32868-99-8)

Conditions	Yield
With ammonium hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; hydrogenchloride	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + Dimethylaluminium-acetylacetonat → tetramethylstannane (594-27-4)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene molar ratio 2 : 1, room temp.;	100%
In benzene molar ratio 2 : 1, room temp.;	100%

morpholine (110-91-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(morpholine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

piperidine (110-89-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(piperidine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

pyridine (110-86-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(pyridine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with pyridine (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

picoline (108-89-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(γ-picoline)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

quinoline (91-22-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(quinoline)1.5]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

[2,2]bipyridinyl (366-18-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(2,2'-bipyridine)]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)tin(II) (55147-78-9) → bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amino}tin dichloride (145298-59-5)

Conditions	Yield
In hexane byproducts: SnCl2; (N2); SnCl4 added dropwise (vigorous stirring, -78°C); kept for 12 h at room temp.; filtered; hexane removed (vac.);	100%

4-(2-(trimethylgermyl)ethyl)phenol (232946-68-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → HOC6H4(CH2)2Ge(CH3)2Cl (232946-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
In nitromethane heating at 50°C for 6 h;	100%

piperazine (110-85-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(piperazine)1.5]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

tin tetraacetate + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tin dichloride diacetate

Conditions	Yield
In chloroform absence of moisture; equimolar amts., refluxing (3-4 h); solvent removal (reduced pressure); elem. anal.;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + propargyl alcohol (107-19-7) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-hydroxymethyl-ethene (1322728-88-0)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + hex-1-yne (693-02-7) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-n-butyl-ethene (1322728-87-9)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

2,2-dimethyl-3-butyne (917-92-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-tert-butyl-ethene (1322728-83-5)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + phenylacetylene (536-74-3) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-phenyl-ethene (1322728-81-3)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

ammonium sulfate + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + disulfuric acid (7783-05-3) → O21S6Sn(2-)*2H4N(1+)

Conditions	Yield
at 250℃; for 24h;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + disulfuric acid (7783-05-3) + silver sulfate → O21S6Sn(2-)*2Ag(1+)

Conditions	Yield
at 250℃; for 24h;	100%

C38H40Sn + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C36H34Cl2Sn

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) at 130℃; for 14h; Schlenk technique;	100%

Dichloromethyl methyl ether (4885-02-3) + C24H28S3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C25H27S3(1+)*0.5Cl6Sn(2-)

Conditions	Yield
In 1,2-dichloro-ethane for 24h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	100%

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + water (7732-18-5) + 4-methyl-7-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,2-c][1,2,4]triazole + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C8H7N7*Cl6Sn(2-)*2H2O*2H(1+)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol	100%

chloroethane (75-00-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tetraethyltin (597-64-8)

Conditions	Yield
With magnesium In diethyl ether; toluene at 50℃; Inert atmosphere; Flow reactor;	99.4%

N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid (304-88-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → dichlorotin bis-N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

Conditions	Yield
With Li In methanol (Ar); Li was dissolved in dry MeOH, soln. of hydroxylaminederiv. was added and then SnCl4 was dropped into the stirred mixt.; formed ppt. was filtered off, washed with MeOH and ether, and dried in vac.; recrystn. from MeOH/CHCl3; elem. anal.;	99.3%

N-[2-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl]-N'-[2-bromophenyl] urea + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → N-(2-hydroxy-3-aminophenyl)-N'-(2-bromophenyl)urea (182500-25-0)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol	99%
In ethanol	99%
In ethanol	99%

3-mercaptothietane (597580-25-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C16H28S4Sn

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 3-mercaptothietane With sodium hydroxide In water at 20℃; for 0.666667h; Stage #2: tin(IV) chloride In water at 30℃; for 6h; Product distribution / selectivity;	99%
With pyridine In dichloromethane at -30 - -20℃; for 6.08h; Product distribution / selectivity;	75%

tetramethylstannane (594-27-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → trimethyltin(IV)chloride (1066-45-1)

Conditions	Yield
stirring overnight at 60°F, N2-atmosphere; distd. at 15 Torr;	99%
molar ratio of (CH3)4Sn:SnCl4=3:1; distn.;
In neat (no solvent) react. Me4Sn with SnCl4 (3:1) at 130°C for 2 h; recrystn. from hexane;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tin(ll) chloride

Conditions	Yield
With triphenyl phosphine In dichloromethane Ar atmosphere; 20°C, 7 d;	99%
In gas byproducts: SnCl; formation with SnCl at flash-light photolysis of gasous SnCl4 with intermediate formation of SnCl3;;
With methane In neat (no solvent) redn. to SnCl2 by use of CH4 in a closed quartz tube above ca. 500°C;;

4-bromo-1,1'-biphenyl (92-66-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tetra(p-biphenylyl)tin (39767-03-8)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-1,1'-biphenyl With magnesium In tetrahydrofuran; ethylene dibromide for 2h; Reflux; Stage #2: tin(IV) chloride In tetrahydrofuran; ethylene dibromide at 20℃; Reflux;	99%
With Na In benzene addn. of a small portion of p-bromobiphenyl and SnCl4 to sodium in benzene, warmed, dropwise addn. of the remaining portion with stirring over 30 min, refluxed for 5 h; filtered hot, cooled; elem. anal.;	90%
With Na In benzene Wurtz react.;

acetamide (60-35-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → SnCl4(acetamide)2

Conditions	Yield
In Petroleum ether SnCl4 was mixed with soln. of ligand in petroleum ether under N2, stirred for several h; filtered, washed with petroleum ether, recrystd. from dichloroethane, dried in vac.; elem. anal.;	99%

Upstream product

• 625-01-4 ethyl chlorosulfate 
• 7553-56-2 iodine 
• 64-17-5 ethanol 
• 595-90-4 tetraphenyltin(IV) 
• 625836-84-2 4-benzylmercapto-3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride 
• 69080-31-5 tin tetrachloride pyridine adduct 
• 10028-15-6 ozone 
• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 10026-06-9 tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate 
• 7726-95-6 bromine 
• 10025-69-1 tin(II) chloride dihdyrate 
• 7719-09-7 thionyl chloride 
• 98-88-4 benzoyl chloride 
• 7440-31-5 tin 

Downstream Products

• 20113-43-3 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-α-D-glucopyranose 
• 1192-62-7 1-(2-furyl)-1-ethanone 
• 88-15-3 2-Acetylthiophene 
• 4265-18-3 3-acetyl-2-ethylbenzofuran 
• 542-58-5 2-chloro-1-acetoxyethane 
• 6962-92-1 4-Chlorobutyl acetate 
• 1689-79-8 3-tert-butylthiophene 
• 1689-78-7 2-tert-butylthiophene 
• 1689-77-6 2,5-di-tert-butylthiophene 
• 149228-14-8 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bithiophene 
• 606-12-2 4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)carbonyl]phenol 
• 101-81-5 Diphenylmethane 
• 1128-05-8 3-acetylbenzothiophene 
• 4362-20-3 2-benzyl-4-phenyl-[1,3]dioxolane 

Relevant articles and documents

Synthesis, structure, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of tetrakis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) dichloride and tetrakis(azepanium) hexabromostannate(IV) dibromide

The new organic-inorganic hybrids of tetrakis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) dichloride (1) and tetrakis(azepanium) hexabromostannate(IV) dibromide (2) crystals have been grown after slow evaporation of the solvent and characterized through single-crys

Preparation and physicochemical study of nickel(II) thiostannate in the NiCl2-SnS2-H2O system

Nickel(II) thiostannate is prepared in the NiCl2-SnS 2-H2O system by precipitation from solutions. Its formation temperature and homogenization time are determined. The synthesis of NiSnS3 from the ammonium acetate buffer solution is found to last 6-8 h at 80-90°C. The elemental composition of ternary nickel(II) thiostannate is detrermined by chemical analysis. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012.

Metal-organic hybrids of tin(IV): Synthesis, crystal structure, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexahalostannate(IV)

The self-assembled organic-inorganic hybrid materials such as bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexachlorostannate(IV) (1) and bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinium) hexabromostannate(IV) (2) have been synthesized for their huge applications in opto-non-line

VAPOR PHASE GROWTH OF STANNIC OXIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS

As part of a program to evaluate stannic oxide, SnO//2, as a material for semiconductor devices that will operate in excess of 400 C, single crystals of SnO//2 have been grown from the vapor phase. The growth technique reported in this paper is comparable to that used by P. S. Schaffer to grow Al//2O//3 in that no carrier gases are used, and all reactions and growth occur at low pressure. The process described has produced SnO//2 with higher Hall mobilities and of higher purity than previously reported, and is compatible with introducing dopants during the growing process. High resistivity(greater than 100,000 ohm-cm) crystals as well as lower resistivity (0. 1 ohm-cm) n- type crystals produced by Sb doping have been grown, and crystals containing n-i junctions have also been grown.

AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY OF TIN(III). A FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY

Unstable Sn(III) was produced by ultraviolet irradiation of Sn(II) or Sn(IV) chloride complex in dearated aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.The optical spectrum of the transient species, Sn(III), observed by using the technique of flash photolysis, has a absorption maximum at 280 nm in 1 mol dm-3 HCl and the lifetime is very short.The rate constant of Sn(III) oxidation with oxygen is 1.7 x 108 mol-1 dm3 s-1.

Thermochemistry of adducts of tin(IV) chloride with heterocyclic bases

The compounds [SnCl4(L)n] (where L is pyridine (py), 4-methylpyridine (γ-pico), 3-methylpyridine (β-methylpyridine (β-pico), piperidine (pipd), morpholine (morph), piperazine (pipz), 3-cyanopyridine (3-cyanopy), 4-cyanopyridine (4-cy

Synthesis, structure, optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV)

The organic-inorganic hybrid material bis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) (BAHCS) has been synthesized from azepanium chloride at room temperature. The hybrid was characterized by IR, TG-DTA, UV-DRS and PL spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of the compound exhibited extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions among azepanium cation and SnCl62- anion. BVS of tin in BAHCS was calculated based on Sn-Cl bond distances obtained from X-ray structural analysis as 4.00, which is a formal oxidation state of 4+. This is the first report which established the formal oxidation state of tin in a hybrid material. The thermal analysis confirms the proposed formula of the compound.

Indium-mediated regioselective synthesis of ketones from arylstannanes under solvent-free ultrasound irradiation

The solvent-free indium-promoted reaction of alkanoyl chlorides with sterically and electronically diverse arylstannanes is a simple and direct method for the regioselective synthesis of primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl aryl ketones in good to excellent isolated yields (42-84%) under mild and neutral conditions. The protocol is also adequate for the synthesis of aryl vinyl ketones. Reaction times are drastically reduced (from 3-32 h to 10-70 min) under ultrasonic irradiation. Evidences for the involvement of a homolytic aromatic ipso-substitution mechanism, in which indium metal acts as radical initiator, are presented. It is possible the transference of two aryl groups from tin, thus improving effective mass yield, working with diarylstannanes as starting substrates.

Palladium-catalyzed dehydrostannylation of n-alkyltin trichlorides

[Pd(PPh3)4] catalyzes the dehydrostannylation of n-alkyltin trichlorides into HSnCl3(THF)n and isomers of the corresponding alkene. The reaction mechanism involves oxidative addition of the Sn-C bond followed by β-H elimination from the resulting n-alkylpalladium trichlorostannyl species. Rate-determining reductive elimination of HSnCl3 from cis-[PdH(SnCl3)(PPh 3)2] completes the catalytic cycle. Organotin trichlorides without β-H atoms either do not react or undergo thermal disproportionation. These results are relevant to understand some of the problems associated with the use of monoalkyltin compounds as coupling partner in Stille-type cross-coupling reactions as well as with the catalytic hydrostannylation of 1-alkenes to monoalkyltin trichlorides. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011.

Can mono- or di-butyltin chlorides produce tributyltin chloride at elevated temperatures? Implications for applications in chemical vapour deposition

The thermolysis of the butyltin chlorides at 200-300 °C in the liquid phase has been investigated by 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The stabilities follow the order: Bu2SnCl2 > Bu3SnC