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98-01-1

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98-01-1 Usage

Description

Different sources of media describe the Description of 98-01-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Furfural is an essential renewable, non-petroleum based, chemical feedstock which is primarily composed of various agricultural byproducts, including oat husks, wheat bran, corncobs, and sawdust. Chemically, furfural is an organic compound belonging to an aldehyde of furan with the odor of almonds. It is typically produced for industrial purposes, which can be used as a selective solvent in the process of refining lubricating oils and used in the manufacture of transportation fuels to improve the characteristics of diesel fuel and catalytic cracker recycle stocks. Besides, furfural is applied widely for producing resin-bonded abrasive wheels and purifying butadiene needed for the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It is also used to make other furan chemicals, such as furoic acid and furan itself. Other products of furfural include weed killer, fungicide, other solvents and etc.
2. Furfural is a colourless to amber-like oily liquid with an almond-like odour. On exposure to light and air, it turns reddish brown. Furfural is used in making chemicals, as a solvent in petroleum refining, a fungicide, and a weed killer. It is incompatible with strong acids, oxidisers, and strong alkalis. It undergoes polymerisation on contact with strong acids or strong alkalis. Furfural is produced commercially by the acid hydrolysis of pentosan polysaccharides from non-food residues of food crops and wood wastes. It is used widely as a solvent in petroleum refining, in the production of phenolic resins, and in a variety of other applications. Human exposure to furfural occurs during its production and use, as a result of its natural occurrence in many foods and from the combustion of coal and wood.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furfural https://www.britannica.com/science/furfural https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Furaldehyde#section=Top http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-furfural.htm

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 98-01-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Furfural is a colorless to yellow aromatic het erocyclic aldehyde with an almond-like odor. Turns amber on exposure to light and air.
2. Furfural has a characteristic penetrating odor typical of cyclic aldehydes. Furfural is prepared industrially from pentosans that are contained in cereal straws and brans; these materials are previously digested with diluted H2S04, and the formed furfural steam is distilled.

Physical properties

Colorless to yellow liquid with an almond-like odor. Turns reddish brown on exposure to light and air. Odor and taste thresholds are 0.4 and 4 ppm, respectively (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992). Shaw et al. (1970) reported a taste threshold in water of 80 ppm.

Occurrence

Reported found in several essential oils from plants of the Pinaceae family, in the essential oil from Cajenne linaloe, in the oil from leaves of Trifolium pratense and Trifolium incarnatum, in the distillation waters of several essential oils, such as ambrettee and angelica seeds, in Ceylon cinnamon essential oil, in petitgrain oil, ylang-ylang, lavender, lemongrass, calamus, eucalyptus, neroli, sandalwood, tobacco leaves and others Also reported found in many foods including apple, apricot, citrus peel oils and juices, berries, guava, grapes, pineapple, asparagus, kohlrabi, celery, onion, leek, potato, tomato, cinnamon, mustard, bread, cheeses, meats, fsh, cognac, rum, whiskies, cider, grape wine, cocoa, coffee, tea, barley, peanuts, popcorn, pecans, oats, honey, soybeans, passion fruit, plums, mushroom, mango, tamarind, fruit brandies, whiskey malt, white bread, rum, bourbon, cardamom, coriander seed, calamus, corn oil, malt, wort and other sources

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 98-01-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Solvent refining of lubricating oils, resins, and other organic materials; as insecticide, fungicide, germicide; an intermediate for tetrahydrofuran, furfural alcohol, phenolic and furan polymers
2. Commercially, furfural is produced through hydrolysis of pentosan in agricultural byproducts (e.g., crop wastes). It has a diverse applications which include as a solvent in various manufacturing industries (e.g., petroleum and automotive products), accelerant for vulcanization of rubber, raw material for manufacturing furan derivatives (e.g., tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol) and synthetic resins, wetting agent, flavoring ingredient for foods (e.g., roasted coffee), fragrance in consumer and personal care products (e.g., fragrance cream, bath products, toiletries), and pesticides for controlling unwanted microorganisms, fungi, weeds, insects, and nematodes. The application methods for pesticidal use include drip irritation, spray boom, sprinkler, and low-pressure back-pack spray.
3. In the manufacture of furfural-phenol plastics such as Durite; in solvent refining of petroleum oils; in the preparation of pyromucic acid. As a solvent for nitrated cotton, cellulose acetate, and gums; in the manufacture of varnishes; for accelerating vulcanization; as insecticide, fungicide, germicide; as reagent in analytical chemistry. In the synthesis of furan derivatives.

Definition

Different sources of media describe the Definition of 98-01-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. furfural: A colourless liquid,C5H4O2, b.p. 162°C, which darkenson standing in air. It is the aldehydederivative of furan and occurs invarious essential oils and in fuseloil. It is used as a solvent for extractingmineral oils and natural resinsand itself forms resins with somearomatic compounds.
2. ChEBI: An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.

Production Methods

Furfural is obtained commercially by treating pentosan-rich agricultural residues (corncobs, oat hulls, cottonseed hulls, bagasse, rice hulls) with a dilute acid and removing the furfural by steam distillation. Major industrial uses of furfuraldehyde include: (1) the production of furans and tetrahydrofurans where the compound is an intermediate; (2) the solvent refining of petroleum and rosin products; (3) the solvent binding of bonded phenolic products; and (4) the extractive distillation of butadiene from other C4 hydrocarbons. When pentoses, e.g., arabinose, xylose, are heated with dilute HCl, furfuraldehyde is formed, recognizable by deep red coloration with phloroglucinol, or by the formation, with phenylhydrazine, of furfuraldehyde phenylhydrazone C4H3O·CH : NNHC6H5, solid, mp 97 °C.

Preparation

Industrially prepared from pentosans that are contained in cereal straws and brans; these materials are previously digested with diluted H2SO4, and the formed furfural steam is distilled.

Reactions

Aside from a darkening in color, furfural is relatively stable thermally and does not exhibit changes in physical properties after prolonged heating up to 230°C. The reactions of furfural are typical of those of the aromatic aldehydes, although some complex side reactions occur because of the reactive ring. Furfural yields acetals, condenses with active methylene compounds, reacts with Grignard reagents, and provides a bisulfite complex. Upon reduction, furfural yields furfural alcohol; upon oxidation, it yields furoic acid. It can be decarbonylated to furan.

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: brown, sweet, woody, bready, nutty, caramellic with a burnt astringent nuance.

Synthesis Reference(s)

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 45, p. 3449, 1980 DOI: 10.1021/jo01305a015

General Description

Colorless or reddish-brown mobile liquids with a penetrating odor. Flash points 140°F. Denser than water and soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. May be toxic by ingestion, skin absorption or inhalation.

Air & Water Reactions

Flammable. Furfural is sensitive to light and air. Soluble in water, with mixing.

Reactivity Profile

Furfural reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Furfural also can react with strong oxidizers. An exothermic resinification of almost explosive violence can occur upon contact with strong mineral acids or alkalis. Furfural forms condensation products with many types of compounds, including phenol, amines and urea. .

Hazard

Absorbed by skin; irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Toxic by skin absorption; questionable carcinogen.

Health Hazard

Vapor may irritate eyes and respiratory system. Liquid irritates skin and may cause dermatitis.

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

Industrial uses

Also known as furfuraldehyde, furol, and pyromuclealdehyde,furfural is a yellowish liquidwith an aromatic odor, soluble in water and inalcohol, but not in petroleum hydrocarbons. Onexposure, it darkens and gradually decomposes.Furfural occurs in different forms in variousplant life and is obtained from complex carbohydratesknown as pentosans, which occur insuch agricultural wastes as cornstalks, corncobs,straw, oat husks, peanut shells, bagasse,and rice. Furfural is used for making syntheticplastics, as a plasticizer in other synthetic resins,as a preservative in weed killers, and as aselective solvent especially for removing aromaticand sulfur compounds from lubricatingoils. It is also used for the making of butadiene,adiponitrile, and other chemicals.Various derivatives of furfural are not used,and these, known collectively as furans, are nowmade synthetically from formaldehyde andacetylene, which react to form butyl nedole.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen. Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by inhalation and sktn contact. Human mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritant. Mutation data reported. The liquid is dangerous to the eyes. The vapor is irritating to mucous membranes and is a central nervous system poison. However, its low volatility reduces its toxicity effect. Ingestion of furfural has produced cirrhosis of the liver in rats. In industry there is a tendency to minimize the danger of acute effects resulting from exposure to it. This is particularly true because of its low volathty. Flammable liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction. An exothermic polymerization of almost explosive violence can occur upon contact with strong mineral acids or alkalies. Keep away from heat and open flames. Mixture with sodium hydrogen carbonate ignites spontaneously. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Potential Exposure

Furfural is used for lube oil refining and butadiene extraction; as a solvent for wood resin, nitrated cotton, cellulose acetate, and gums; in the produc tion of phenolic plastics, thermosetting resins, refined petroleum oils, dyes, and varnishes; in the manufacture of pyromucic acid, vulcanized rubber, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, germicides, furan derivatives, polymers, and other organic chemicals.

Carcinogenicity

The IARC evaluated furfural and determined that there was inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of furfural. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of furfural.

Source

Furfural occurs naturally in many plants including rice (90,000–100,000 ppm), lovage roots (2 to 20 ppm), caraway, strawberry leaves, cilantro, java cintronella, cassia, ylang-ylang, sweetflag, Japanese mint, oat husks (100,000 ppm), anise, broad-leaved lavender, myrtle flowers (0–1 ppm), lemon verbena, Karaya gum (123,000 ppm), nutmeg seeds (15,000 ppm), West Indian lemongrass, licorice roots (2 ppm), cinnamon bark (3 to 12 ppm), Hyssop shoots (1–2 ppm), periwinkle leaves, rockrose leaves, and garden dill (Duke, 1992). Identified as one of 140 volatile constituents in used soybean oils collected from a processing plant that fried various beef, chicken, and veal products (Takeoka et al., 1996). The gas-phase tailpipe emission rate from California Phase II reformulated gasoline-powered automobile without a catalytic converter was 1.70 mg/km (Schauer et al., 2002).

Environmental fate

Biological. Under nitrate-reducing and methanogenic conditions, furfural biodegraded to methane and carbon dioxide (Knight et al., 1990). In activated sludge inoculum, following a 20-d adaptation period, 96.3% COD removal was achieved. The average rate of biodegradation was 37.0 mg COD/g?h (Pitter, 1976). Photolytic. Atkinson (1985) reported an estimated photooxidation half-life of 10.5 h for the reaction of furfural with OH radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical/Physical. Slowly resinifies at room temperature (Windholz et al., 1983). May polymerize on contact with strong acids or strong alkalies (NIOSH, 1997).

Shipping

UN1199 Furaldehyde, Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, 3-Flammable liquid.

Purification Methods

Furfural is unstable to air, light and acids. Impurities include formic acid, .-formylacrylic acid and furan-2-carboxylic acid. Distil it in an oil bath from 7% (w/w) Na2CO3 (added to neutralise acids, especially pyromucic acid). Redistil it from 2% (w/w) Na2CO3, and then, finally fractionally distil it under vacuum. It is stored in the dark. [Evans & Aylesworth Ind Eng Chem (Anal ed) 18 24 1926.] Impurities resulting from storage can be removed by passage through chromatographic grade alumina. Furfural can be separated from impurities other than carbonyl compounds by the bisulfite addition compound. The aldehyde is steam volatile. It has been purified by distillation (using a Claisen head) under reduced pressure. This is essential as is the use of an oil bath with temperatures of no higher than 130o which is highly recommended. When furfural is distilled at atmospheric pressure (in a stream of N2), or under reduced pressure with a free flame (caution: because the aldehyde is flammable), an almost colourless oil is obtained. After a few days and sometimes a few hours, the oil gradually darkens and finally becomes black. This change is accelerated by light and occurs more slowly when it is kept in a brown bottle. However, when the aldehyde is distilled under vacuum and the bath temperature kept below 130o during the distillation, the oil develops only a slight colour when exposed to direct sunlight during several days. The distillation of very impure material should NOT be attempted at atmospheric pressure; otherwise the product darkens very rapidly. After one distillation under vacuum, a distillation at atmospheric pressure can be carried out without too much decomposition and darkening. The liquid irritates mucous membranes. Store it in dark containers under N2, preferably in sealed ampoules. [Adams & Voorhees Org Synth Coll Vol I 280 1941, Beilstein 17/9 V 292.]

Toxicity evaluation

The limited data in animals are insufficient for deriving a plausible mechanism of toxicity. Nevertheless, aldehyde functional group is intrinsically reactive and low molecular weight aldehydes such as formaldehyde are known to interact with biologically important macromolecules such as DNA, structural proteins, and enzymes. This supposition is consistent with the toxic effects observed at multiple sites, i.e., respiratory system, nervous system, liver, and kidneys.

Incompatibilities

May form explosive mixture with air. Acids and bases can cause polymerization, causing fire or explosion hazard. Reacts violently with oxidants. Incompatible with strong acids; caustics, ammonia, ali phatic amines; alkanolamines, alromatic amines; oxidizers. Attacks many plastics.

Waste Disposal

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinera tor equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transpor tation, treatment, and waste disposal.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 98-01-1 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 9 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 98-01:
(4*9)+(3*8)+(2*0)+(1*1)=61
61 % 10 = 1
So 98-01-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C5H4O2/c6-4-5-2-1-3-7-5/h1-4H

98-01-1 Well-known Company Product Price

  • Brand
  • (Code)Product description
  • CAS number
  • Packaging
  • Price
  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (F0073)  Furfural  >98.0%(GC)

  • 98-01-1

  • 25g

  • 155.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (F0073)  Furfural  >98.0%(GC)

  • 98-01-1

  • 500g

  • 310.00CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A16167)  2-Furaldehyde, 98%   

  • 98-01-1

  • 250g

  • 186.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A16167)  2-Furaldehyde, 98%   

  • 98-01-1

  • 1000g

  • 438.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A16167)  2-Furaldehyde, 98%   

  • 98-01-1

  • 5000g

  • 988.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (31305)  2-Furaldehyde, ACS, 98% min   

  • 98-01-1

  • 250g

  • 279.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (31305)  2-Furaldehyde, ACS, 98% min   

  • 98-01-1

  • 1kg

  • 1062.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (319910)  Furfural  ACS reagent, 99%

  • 98-01-1

  • 319910-500ML

  • 618.93CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (319910)  Furfural  ACS reagent, 99%

  • 98-01-1

  • 319910-2.5L

  • 2,474.55CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (185914)  Furfural  99%

  • 98-01-1

  • 185914-5ML

  • 343.98CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (185914)  Furfural  99%

  • 98-01-1

  • 185914-100ML

  • 346.32CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (185914)  Furfural  99%

  • 98-01-1

  • 185914-4X100ML

  • 1,340.82CNY

  • Detail

98-01-1SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 12, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 12, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name furfural

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 2-furancarboxaldehyde

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Food additives -> Flavoring Agents
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:98-01-1 SDS

98-01-1Synthetic route

(2-furyl)methyl alcohol
98-00-0

(2-furyl)methyl alcohol

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With bis(2,2'-bipyridyl) copper(II) permanganate In acetone for 0.1h; Ambient temperature;100%
With 4 A molecular sieve; tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; Ru-Cu-Al-hydrotalcite In toluene at 60℃; for 3h;100%
With potassium carbonate In toluene at 70℃; for 2.5h; Reagent/catalyst;100%
5-bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde
1899-24-7

5-bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In diethyl ether for 1h; Product distribution; Irradiation; photochemical debromination was investigated;100%
Sodium; 6-{[1-furan-2-yl-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-hexanoate

Sodium; 6-{[1-furan-2-yl-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-hexanoate

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride for 0.0416667h; Product distribution; Ambient temperature; pH = 4-6, regeneration of aldehyde;100%
(furan-2-yl)methylene diacetate
613-75-2

(furan-2-yl)methylene diacetate

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulphated zirconia In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 2h; Microwave irradiation;100%
With Montmorillonite K10 In dichloromethane for 0.333333h; Heating;98%
With water; Sulfate; titanium(IV) oxide In dichloromethane for 0.0833333h; Deacetylation; Heating;97%
2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)furan
67421-75-4

2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)furan

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide; iodine; sodium dodecyl-sulfate In water at 20℃; for 1h; Micellar solution;100%
With indium(III) trifluoride; water In acetonitrile for 3.5h; Reflux; chemoselective reaction;93%
With 2,4,4,6-Tetrabromo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one; dihydrogen peroxide In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; for 0.75h;90%
With eosin y In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; for 4h; Irradiation;82%
With ammonium iodide; dihydrogen peroxide; sodium dodecyl-sulfate In water at 20℃; for 0.333333h; micellar medium;
furfural tosylhydrazone
18708-18-4

furfural tosylhydrazone

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Cr-MCM-41 zeolite on silica gel for 0.1h; microwave irradiation;98%
With benzeneseleninic anhydride In tetrahydrofuran at 40 - 50℃; for 2h;88%
With 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone In dichloromethane; water at 20℃; for 2h; Oxidation; oxidative cleavage;80%
D-xylose
58-86-6

D-xylose

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride In water at 100℃; for 0.5h; Solvent; Temperature;96%
With Sulfonated graphene at 150℃; for 0.666667h; Temperature; Sealed tube;96%
With hydrogenchloride; 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one In water at 224.84℃; under 28443.9 Torr; for 0.0375h; Kinetics; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Concentration; Flow reactor;93%
2-(furan-2-yl)-1,3-dioxolane
1708-41-4

2-(furan-2-yl)-1,3-dioxolane

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Montmorillonite K 10; water In acetone for 0.5h; Heating;96%
With aluminum oxide; Oxone for 0.03h; Hydrolysis; Microwave irradiation;93%
With iron(III) chloride hexahydrate; acetaldehyde In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.25h;90%
2-furaldehyde oxime
1121-47-7

2-furaldehyde oxime

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; Dess-Martin periodane In dichloromethane at 5℃; for 0.333333h;95%
With silica gel; iron(III) chloride for 0.0133333h; microwave irradiation;92%
With bis(pyridine)silver(I) permanganate In dichloromethane for 0.0833333h; Ambient temperature;90%
2-(Iodomethyl)tetrahydrofuran
117680-17-8

2-(Iodomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen; kieselguhr; copper(l) chloride In hexane for 2h; Oxidation; Heating;93%
2-(furan-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide

2-(furan-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aluminium trichloride; 1-benzyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane dichromate at 20℃; for 0.0125h;93%
With sodium perborate In acetic acid at 40℃; for 1h; Oxidation;
2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)furan
6008-83-9

2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)furan

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)furan In ethanol at 20℃;
Stage #2: With water In ethanol at 20℃;
93%
With indium(III) trifluoride; water In acetonitrile for 3.5h; Reflux; chemoselective reaction;89%
With indium (III) iodide; dihydrogen peroxide In water; toluene at 20℃; for 15h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;
2-(furan-2-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane
81932-19-6

2-(furan-2-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2-(furan-2-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane In ethanol at 20℃;
Stage #2: With water In ethanol at 20℃;
93%
With copper(II) nitrate monohydrate at 90℃; for 0.333333h;85%
furan-2-yl-acetic acid
2745-26-8

furan-2-yl-acetic acid

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In chloroform at 20℃; for 24h; Irradiation; Inert atmosphere;93%
3-bromofurfural
14757-78-9

3-bromofurfural

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In diethyl ether for 1h; Product distribution; Irradiation; photochemical debromination was investigated;92%
D-Arabinose
10323-20-3

D-Arabinose

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Dowex 50Wx8-100 ion-exchange resin at 100℃; for 6h; Ionic liquid; Sealed tube;92%
With silicoaluminophosphate-44 In water; toluene at 170℃; for 8h;63%
With 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloridoferrate(III) In water; butanone at 160℃; for 3h;50.7%
2-methylfuran
534-22-5

2-methylfuran

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With nickel-doped graphene carbon nitride nanoparticles; air In ethanol at 25℃; for 8h; Irradiation; Green chemistry;92%
With oxygen In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 18h; Irradiation;95 %Spectr.
With tert.-butylhydroperoxide; C29H25Cl2N4Ru(1+)*F6P(1-) In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 3h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere;71 %Chromat.
L-lyxose
1949-78-6

L-lyxose

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-methyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium hydrogensulfate; 4-methyl-2-pentanone In water at 150℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 0.416667h; Autoclave;91.4%
5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one
108-29-2

5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With D-Xylose In water at 180℃; for 0.666667h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;91.4%
β-D-xylopyranoside
2460-44-8

β-D-xylopyranoside

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphorus and fluorine co-doped amorphous carbon nitride In tetrahydrofuran; water at 130℃; for 5h;91%
With hydrogen In water at 150℃; under 750.075 Torr; Temperature;87.6%
With vanadyl pyrophosphate In water; toluene at 170℃; for 6h;56%
3-(2-furyl)acrylic acid
539-47-9

3-(2-furyl)acrylic acid

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aluminum oxide; potassium permanganate In dichloromethane at 20℃;90%
tert-butyldimethyl(2,2,2-trichloro-1-furan-2-ylethoxy)silane
1027382-27-9

tert-butyldimethyl(2,2,2-trichloro-1-furan-2-ylethoxy)silane

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride In tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 50℃;90%
2-(ethoxymethyl)furan
6270-56-0

2-(ethoxymethyl)furan

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; 4-acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 8h;90%
2-(bis(phenylthio)methyl)furan
71778-41-1

2-(bis(phenylthio)methyl)furan

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With indium(III) trifluoride; water In acetonitrile for 3h; Reflux; chemoselective reaction;90%
D-ribose
50-69-1

D-ribose

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Dowex 50Wx8-200 ion-exchange resin at 100℃; for 3h; Ionic liquid; Sealed tube;90%
With 3-butyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate; copper dichloride at 120℃; for 0.3h; Reagent/catalyst; Ionic liquid;67 %Chromat.
2-(furan-2-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane
709-10-4

2-(furan-2-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With indium(III) trifluoride; water In acetonitrile for 2.5h; Reflux; chemoselective reaction;89%
2-furancarbonyl chloride
527-69-5

2-furancarbonyl chloride

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pentacoordinated hydrogenosilane 187%
With bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) tetrahydroborate; triphenylphosphine In acetone at 25℃; for 1h;78%
With tert-butyl isocyanide; CpRu(PiPr3)(CH3CN)2PF6; Dimethylphenylsilane In [(2)H6]acetone at 20℃; for 24h; chemoselective reaction;100 %Spectr.
With tert-butyl isocyanide; CpRu(PiPr3)(CH3CN)2PF6; Dimethylphenylsilane In [(2)H6]acetone at 20℃; for 24h; chemoselective reaction;Ca. 100 %Spectr.
2-furaldehyde dimethyl acetal
1453-62-9

2-furaldehyde dimethyl acetal

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With indium(III) trifluoride; water In acetonitrile for 2h; Reflux; chemoselective reaction;87%
indium(III) chloride In methanol; water for 2h; Heating;85%
furan-2-ylmethanamine
617-89-0

furan-2-ylmethanamine

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical; [bis(acetoxy)iodo]benzene In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 0.333333h; Inert atmosphere; Green chemistry;87%
With pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; sodium pyruvate In aq. phosphate buffer at 30℃; pH=7.5; Reagent/catalyst; Enzymatic reaction;
furan-2-carbaldehyde oxime
620-03-1

furan-2-carbaldehyde oxime

furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With manganese triacetate In benzene for 1h; Heating;86%
With antimonypentachloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2.3h;75%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

cyclohexanone
108-94-1

cyclohexanone

(2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-furylmethylene)cyclohexanone
62085-75-0

(2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-furylmethylene)cyclohexanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol for 0.025h; microwave irradiation;100%
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol; water at 20℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere; Green chemistry;99%
aluminum oxide for 0.0416667h; microwave irradiation;98%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

p-toluidine
106-49-0

p-toluidine

furfurylidene-p-toluidine
13060-72-5

furfurylidene-p-toluidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20℃; for 24h;100%
In methanol at 20℃; for 24h;100%
In methanol at 20℃;85%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

4-methoxy-aniline
104-94-9

4-methoxy-aniline

N-furfurylidene-p-anisidine
1749-14-0, 100239-11-0

N-furfurylidene-p-anisidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium sulfate In benzene for 0.5h; Ambient temperature;100%
In methanol at 20℃; for 24h;100%
In methanol at 20℃; for 24h;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

aniline
62-53-3

aniline

N-(2-furylmethylene)aniline
3237-23-8

N-(2-furylmethylene)aniline

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With copper(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) In water at 20℃; for 0.0166667h;100%
With aluminum oxide for 5h; Milling;100%
sodium hydrogen sulfate; silica gel at 56 - 58℃; for 0.0244444h; microwave irradiation;98%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

phosphonic acid diethyl ester
762-04-9

phosphonic acid diethyl ester

diethyl (hydroxy(furan-2-yl)methyl)phosphonate
20627-09-2

diethyl (hydroxy(furan-2-yl)methyl)phosphonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With triethylamine In neat (no solvent) at 20℃; Pudovik Reaction; Inert atmosphere;100%
With triethylamine at 50℃; Pudovik Reaction; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;100%
With 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine supported on polystyrene In neat (no solvent) at 30℃; for 3h; Pudovik Reaction; Green chemistry;99%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

ethyl 2-cyanoacetate
105-56-6

ethyl 2-cyanoacetate

ethyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(2-furyl)-2-propenoate
67449-75-6, 23973-22-0

ethyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(2-furyl)-2-propenoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With L-proline for 0.0333333h; Knoevenagel condensation; microwave irradiation;100%
ytterbium(III) perfluorooctanesulfonate In toluene at 80℃; for 3h; Knoevenagel condensation;99%
With polyacrylonitrile fiber modified with triethylenetetramine In water at 50℃; for 1.5h; Knoevenagel condensation;99%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

naphthalen-2-ylamine
91-59-8

naphthalen-2-ylamine

(E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)methanimine
6233-18-7

(E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)methanimine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In diethyl ether at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Molecular sieve; Darkness;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

acetylacetone
123-54-6

acetylacetone

3-(furan-2-ylmethylene)pentane-2,4-dione
4728-04-5

3-(furan-2-ylmethylene)pentane-2,4-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With piperidine; acetic acid In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; Michael Addition; Molecular sieve;100%
With L-Lysine hydrochloride; triethylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 3h; Knoevenagel Condensation;98.3%
With cross-linked polystyrene-titanium tetrachloride complex In neat (no solvent) at 60℃; for 2h; Knoevenagel Condensation;98%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

benzylamine
100-46-9

benzylamine

N-benzyl-1-(furan-2-yl)methanimine
4393-11-7

N-benzyl-1-(furan-2-yl)methanimine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With copper(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) In water at 20℃; for 0.0166667h;100%
In water at 20℃; for 2h;93%
In dichloromethane Inert atmosphere; Molecular sieve;81%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

malononitrile
109-77-3

malononitrile

2-cyano-3-(2-furanyl)acrylonitrile
3237-22-7

2-cyano-3-(2-furanyl)acrylonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-butyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanylium hydrotetrafluoroborate In water at 20℃; for 0.0166667h; Knoevenagel condensation;100%
With 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane In water at 20℃; for 0.0166667h; Knoevenagel Condensation; Green chemistry;100%
With hydroquinone; p-benzoquinone In water at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Knoevenagel Condensation; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

trimethyl orthoformate
149-73-5

trimethyl orthoformate

2-furaldehyde dimethyl acetal
1453-62-9

2-furaldehyde dimethyl acetal

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Yb(III)-coordinated adamantane-based porous polymer In methanol at 20℃; for 12h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst;100%
indium(III) triflate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.0833333h;99%
With cerium triflate In methanol at 20℃; for 0.0333333h;99%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
97-99-4

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen In ethanol at 60℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 4h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Solvent; Pressure; Autoclave; Green chemistry;100%
With hydrogen In butan-1-ol at 80℃; under 30003 Torr; for 5h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;99%
With hydrogen In isopropyl alcohol at 179.84℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 1.25h; Reagent/catalyst;99%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

2-methylfuran
534-22-5

2-methylfuran

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen under 2250.23 Torr; for 15h;100%
With hydrogen at 200℃; under 760.051 Torr;95.5%
With hydrogen at 120℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature;94.5%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

(2-furyl)methyl alcohol
98-00-0

(2-furyl)methyl alcohol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Pt(3)Co(3)/C; hydrogen In water at 35℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 10h; Reagent/catalyst; Pressure; Temperature; Solvent; Concentration;100%
With HRO/TiO2; hydrogen In water at 150℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 3h;100%
With hydrogen In isopropyl alcohol at 179.84℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 1.25h; Reagent/catalyst;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone
14032-66-7

5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With methanol; oxygen Irradiation;100%
With oxygen; methylene blue In methanol at -78 - 20℃; for 23h; Irradiation;98%
With oxygen; Rose Bengal lactone In methanol at 20℃; for 24h; Photolysis;93%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

furan-2-ylmethanamine
617-89-0

furan-2-ylmethanamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonia; hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 2h; Autoclave;100%
With ammonia; hydrogen In methanol at 30℃; for 24h; Autoclave;91%
With ammonium hydroxide; Ni6AlO(z); hydrogen at 100℃; under 3000.3 Torr; for 5h; Autoclave;90%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

furan-2-carbaldehyde oxime
620-03-1

furan-2-carbaldehyde oxime

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pyridine; hydroxylamine hydrochloride In ethanol100%
With hydroxylamine hydrochloride In ethanol; water for 0.166667h; Microwave irradiation;89%
With N-hydroxyphthalimide In water at 90℃; for 3h; Sealed tube;89%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

1,2-di-furan-2-yl-ethane-1,2-diol
4464-77-1, 69314-24-5, 69314-25-6, 116204-42-3

1,2-di-furan-2-yl-ethane-1,2-diol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II); ascorbate In water for 3h; pH=12.7; Irradiation;100%
With ammonium chloride; magnesium Ambient temperature;92%
With triethylammonium formate; magnesium In methanol; water at 25℃; for 0.333333h;74%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

1.3-propanedithiol
109-80-8

1.3-propanedithiol

2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)furan
67421-75-4

2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)furan

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium tetrafluoroborate at 0℃; for 5h;100%
With amberlyst-15 In acetonitrile for 1h;99.92%
With dimethylbromosulphonium bromide at 20℃; for 0.0833333h;98%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

diethoxyphosphoryl-acetic acid ethyl ester
867-13-0

diethoxyphosphoryl-acetic acid ethyl ester

ethyl (E)-3-(2-furyl)prop-2-enoate
623-20-1

ethyl (E)-3-(2-furyl)prop-2-enoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In neat (no solvent) Mechanism; var. other bases, effect of water;100%
With water; barium dihydroxide In 1,4-dioxane at 70℃; for 0.416667h;100%
With water; barium dihydroxide In 1,4-dioxane at 70℃; for 0.416667h; Product distribution; other catalyst, other solvents, influence of water;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

hydrogen cyanide
74-90-8

hydrogen cyanide

(S)-2-(2'-furyl)-2-hydroxy-acetonitrile
10017-07-9

(S)-2-(2'-furyl)-2-hydroxy-acetonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With (R)-oxynitrilase (almond meal) In di-isopropyl ether at 4℃; for 48h;100%
With almond meal ((R)-oxynitrilase) In di-isopropyl ether at 4 - 30℃;100%
With almond meal In di-isopropyl ether at 15℃;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

trimethylsilyl cyanide
7677-24-9

trimethylsilyl cyanide

2-(2-furyl)-2-(trimethylsilyloxy)acetonitrile
40861-56-1

2-(2-furyl)-2-(trimethylsilyloxy)acetonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Eu2(benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylate)(H2O)3 In acetonitrile at 20 - 100℃; for 1h;100%
With 1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(trimethylsiloxy)propene at 19℃; for 10h;99%
With potassium phtalimide at 20℃; for 1.16667h; solvent-free;99%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

diethyl 1-cyanomethylphosphonate
2537-48-6

diethyl 1-cyanomethylphosphonate

(E)-3-(2-furyl)acrylonitrile
6125-63-9

(E)-3-(2-furyl)acrylonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; barium dihydroxide In 1,4-dioxane at 70℃; for 0.666667h;100%
Stage #1: diethyl 1-cyanomethylphosphonate With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: furfural In tetrahydrofuran at 28℃;
Stage #1: diethyl 1-cyanomethylphosphonate With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran; mineral oil at 0℃; for 0.5h;
Stage #2: furfural In tetrahydrofuran; mineral oil at 0 - 25℃; for 2h;
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

1-(Hydroxyaminomethyl)-1-cyclohexanol
45732-93-2

1-(Hydroxyaminomethyl)-1-cyclohexanol

N-Furfuryliden-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)methanamin-N-oxid
84966-16-5

N-Furfuryliden-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)methanamin-N-oxid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol Ambient temperature;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

(R)-Phenylglycinol
56613-80-0

(R)-Phenylglycinol

(R)-2-{[1-Furan-2-yl-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-2-phenyl-ethanol
139437-47-1

(R)-2-{[1-Furan-2-yl-meth-(E)-ylidene]-amino}-2-phenyl-ethanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With magnesium sulfate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 12h;100%
In benzene Heating;88%
In benzene Heating;85%
With magnesium sulfate In dichloromethane
In toluene Condensation; Heating;
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

trimethylsulphonium bromide
3084-53-5

trimethylsulphonium bromide

2-furyloxirane
2745-17-7

2-furyloxirane

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium hydroxide In neat (no solvent) Mechanism; var. other bases, effect of water;100%
With potassium hydroxide In water; acetonitrile98%
With potassium hydroxide; water In acetonitrile at 40℃; for 0.833333h; Product distribution;93%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

vinyl magnesium bromide
1826-67-1

vinyl magnesium bromide

1-(furan-2-yl)-2-propen-1-ol
119619-38-4

1-(furan-2-yl)-2-propen-1-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;100%
In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;98%
In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;92%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

sodium cyanide
143-33-9

sodium cyanide

chloroformic acid ethyl ester
541-41-3

chloroformic acid ethyl ester

carbonic acid, cyano(2-furyl)methyl ethyl ester
20893-23-6

carbonic acid, cyano(2-furyl)methyl ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride In dichloromethane; water Heating;100%
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

m-Anisidine
536-90-3

m-Anisidine

N-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-3-methoxyaniline
95124-20-2

N-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-3-methoxyaniline

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20℃; for 24h;100%
for 2h; Yield given;
With magnesium sulfate In ethanol at 20℃;
furfural
98-01-1

furfural

4-penten-1-ylmagnesium bromide
34164-50-6

4-penten-1-ylmagnesium bromide

(+/-)-1-(furan-2-yl)hex-5-en-1-ol
106549-86-4, 84735-65-9

(+/-)-1-(furan-2-yl)hex-5-en-1-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃;100%
In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;86%
In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃;73%

98-01-1Relevant articles and documents

Mesoporous tantalum phosphates: Preparation, acidity and catalytic performance for xylose dehydration to produce furfural

Xing, Yanran,Yan, Bo,Yuan, Zifei,Sun, Keqiang

, p. 59081 - 59090 (2016)

Mesoporous tantalum phosphates (TaOPO4-m) with varying P/Ta molar ratios (m = 0.41-0.89) were prepared, comprehensively characterized by ICP-AES, N2 physisorption, small-angle XRD, TEM, Raman, FT-IR, NH3-TPD and IR of pyridine adsorption and employed to catalyze the dehydration of xylose to produce furfural in a biphasic batch reactor. The physicochemical properties of these TaOPO4-m samples were affected significantly by variation of m. More ordered mesopores were formed in the sample with a higher m. On the other hand, the density of acidity decreased but the ratio of Br?nsted acidity to Lewis acidity (B/L) increased with the increase in m. TaOPO4-0.84, which showed adequate mesoporosity and a high B/L ratio, was identified as the best performing catalyst among these TaOPO4-m catalysts in terms of high furfural selectivity (ca. 72 mol%). Correlating the catalyst performance with its acid property showed that the xylose consumption rate decreased with the increasing B/L ratio, while furfural selectivity showed a volcano-type dependence on the B/L ratio. Besides, the huge decrease in the furfural selectivity after poisoning the Br?nsted acid sites by adding 2,6-dimethyl pyridine revealed a kind of Br?nsted acid catalysis for selective furfural production.

Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Effective Conversion of D-Xylose into Furfural with Tin-Loaded Sulfonated Carbon Nanotube in Cyclopentylmethyl Ether-Water Media

Li, Qi,Hu, Yun,Tao, Yong-You,Zhang, Peng-Qi,Ma, Cui-Luan,Zhou, Yu-Jie,He, Yu-Cai

, p. 3189 - 3196 (2021)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) was utilized as as the precursor to synthesize solid acid (tin-loaded sulfonated carbon nanotube, SO42?/SnO2-CNT) for catalyzing D-xylose into furfural. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Roman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscope techniques were used for characterizing SO42?/SnO2-CNT. Different loading of D-xylose (20–100?g/L) were converted into furfural (81.6–299.1?mM) at 41.9–61.2% yield by SO42?/SnO2-CNT (3.5 wt%) within 15?min at 180 °C in cyclopentylmethyl ether-water (1:2, v:v) biphasic media. Subsequently, whole-cells of recombinant Escherichia coli CG-19 cells expressing reductase catalyzed D-xylose-derived furfural at 35 ℃ and pH 7.5. Within 3?h, the prepared D-xylose (81.6–299.1?mM) could be converted into furfuryl alcohol at 32.7–61.2% yield (based on the D-xylose loading). Sequential conversion of D-xylose with SO42?/SnO2-CNT and reductase catalysts was established for the effective production of furfuryl alcohol. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Conversion of xylose, xylan and rice husk into furfural via betaine and formic acid mixture as novel homogeneous catalyst in biphasic system by microwave-assisted dehydration

Delbecq, Frederic,Wang, Yantao,Len, Christophe

, p. 520 - 525 (2016)

Dehydration of D-xylose and direct transformation of xylan into furfural were achieved by means of betaine-formic acid (HCOOH) catalytic system. All reactions were microwave-assisted and carried out in a CPME-water biphasic system. At 170?°C, in a pH range between 1.9 and 2.3, highest yields of 80% and 76% were obtained respectively for the pentose and the polysaccharide. Time dependence of the dehydration and influence of the temperature on the reaction kinetics were studied. Besides, at 190?°C, using the optimized condition of the reaction, rice husk was also employed as a source of furfural with a single stage reaction.

The role of xylulose as an intermediate in xylose conversion to furfural: insights via experiments and kinetic modelling

Ershova,Kanervo,Hellsten,Sixta

, p. 66727 - 66737 (2015)

An experimental work has been performed to study the relevance of xylulose as an intermediate in xylose conversion to furfural in aqueous solution. The furfural formation was investigated at the temperature range from 180 to 220 °C during non-catalyzed and acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose in a stirred microwave-assisted batch reactor. The separate experiments on xylulose and furfural conversions were carried out under similar conditions. The maximum furfural yields obtained from xylose were 48 mol% and 65 mol% for the non-catalyzed and the acid-catalyzed processes, respectively. It was shown that the furfural yield is significantly lower from xylulose than from xylose. Furthermore, the effects of initial xylose concentration and the formation of xylulose were investigated in a mechanistic modeling study. A new reaction mechanism was developed taking into account the xylulose formation from xylose. Based on the experimental results and the proposed reaction model, it was concluded that xylose isomerization to xylulose with subsequent furfural formation is not a primary reaction pathway. The obtained kinetic parameters were further used for plug flow reactor simulations to evaluate furfural yields achievable by an optimized continuous operation.

Synergy effect between solid acid catalysts and concentrated carboxylic acids solutions for efficient furfural production from xylose

Doiseau, Aude-Claire,Rataboul, Franck,Burel, Laurence,Essayem, Nadine

, p. 176 - 184 (2014)

An efficient furfural formation from xylose was demonstrated combining a concentrated aqueous solution of acetic acid and solid acid catalysts. Higher furfural yields and selectivities were obtained by comparison to the catalytic performances obtained in pure water. The evident synergy effect observed at 150 °C between the aqueous carboxylic acid solution and the solid acid catalysts is tentatively explained by the occurrence of two phenomena: 1) the contribution of Lewis acid sites which would operate in cooperation with the homogeneous weak Br?nsted acidity brought by the aqueous acetic acid solution. According to the literature, the two steps mechanism involving the xylose-xylulose isomerization over Lewis acid sites and the successive Br?nsted acid catalyzed cyclodehydration to furfural would be the prevailing reaction pathway in the heterogeneous-homogenous catalytic system at 150 °C. 2) an enhancement of the surface solid acid coverage by the carbohydrate and furfural owing to the presence of carboxylic acid in the aqueous solution as shown by comparative liquid phase adsorption experiments done in pure water and in aqueous acetic acid solutions. Among a series of solid acid catalysts, ZrW, Cs2HPW12O40, HY (Si/Al = 15), K10 and NbOH, the latter one, NbOH used non-calcinated was shown to be active, selective and stable in the aqueous acetic acid media. HY and K10 are as active and selective for furfural formation but suffer for a strong Al leaching which precludes their utilization as true solid acid catalyst in acetic acid media.

Efficient, stable, and reusable silicoaluminophosphate for the one-pot production of furfural from hemicellulose

Bhaumik, Prasenjit,Dhepe, Paresh L.

, p. 2299 - 2303 (2013)

Development of stable, reusable, and water-tolerant solid acid catalysts in the conversion of polysaccharides to give value-added chemicals is vital because catalysts are prone to undergo morphological changes during the reactions. With the anticipation that silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalysts will have higher hydrothermal stability, those were synthesized, characterized, and employed in a one-pot conversion of hemicellulose. SAPO-44 catalyst at 170 C within 8 h could give 63% furfural yield with 88% mass balance and showed similar activity up to at least 8 catalytic cycles. The morphological studies revealed that SAPO catalysts having hydrophilic characteristics are stable under reaction conditions.

Supported task-specific ionic liquid catalyst for highly efficient and recyclable aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols

Liu, Lin,Ma, Juanjuan,Sun, Zhen,Zhang, Jianping,Huang, Jingjing,Li, Shanzhong,Tong, Zhiwei

, p. 68 - 71 (2011)

A novel catalytic system was prepared by impregnating ionic liquid immobilized 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and copper salt onto various silica supports. This catalytic system was capable of rapidly converting different benzylic and allylic alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes under O2 atmosphere with high conversion. Recycling results showed that the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused.

High performance mesoporous zirconium phosphate for dehydration of xylose to furfural in aqueous-phase

Cheng, Liyuan,Guo, Xiangke,Song, Chenhai,Yu, Guiyun,Cui, Yuming,Xue, Nianhua,Peng, Luming,Guo, Xuefeng,Ding, Weiping

, p. 23228 - 23235 (2013)

The conversion of sugars to chemicals in aqueous-phase is especially important for the utilization of biomass. In current work, zirconium phosphate obtained by hydrothermal methods using organic amines as templates has been examined as a solid catalyst for the dehydration reaction of xylose to furfural in aqueous-phase. The use of dodecylamine and hexadecylamine in the synthesis process results in mesoporous zirconium phosphate with uniform pore width of ~2 nm and in morphology of nanoaggregates, which is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N2 isothermal sorption, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, FT-IR, and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy. When used as a catalyst for xylose dehydration to furfural in aqueous-phase, the mesoporous zirconium phosphate presents excellent catalytic performance with high conversions up to 96% and high furfural yields up to 52% in a short time of reaction. Moreover, the catalyst is easily regenerated by thermal treatment in air and shows quite stable activity. The open structure with numerous active sites of the Bronsted/Lewis acid sites is responsible for the high catalytic efficiency of mesoporous zirconium phosphate.

Enhanced Furfural Yields from Xylose Dehydration in the Γ-Valerolactone/Water Solvent System at Elevated Temperatures

Sener, Canan,Motagamwala, Ali Hussain,Alonso, David Martin,Dumesic, James A.

, p. 2321 - 2331 (2018)

High yields of furfural (>90 %) were achieved from xylose dehydration in a sustainable solvent system composed of γ-valerolactone (GVL), a biomass derived solvent, and water. It is identified that high reaction temperatures (e.g., 498 K) are required to achieve high furfural yield. Additionally, it is shown that the furfural yield at these temperatures is independent of the initial xylose concentration, and high furfural yield is obtained for industrially relevant xylose concentrations (10 wt %). A reaction kinetics model is developed to describe the experimental data obtained with solvent system composed of 80 wt % GVL and 20 wt % water across the range of reaction conditions studied (473–523 K, 1–10 mm acid catalyst, 66–660 mm xylose concentration). The kinetic model demonstrates that furfural loss owing to bimolecular condensation of xylose and furfural is minimized at elevated temperature, whereas carbon loss owing to xylose degradation increases with increasing temperature. Accordingly, the optimal temperature range for xylose dehydration to furfural in the GVL/H2O solvent system is identified to be from 480 to 500 K. Under these reaction conditions, furfural yield of 93 % is achieved at 97 % xylan conversion from lignocellulosic biomass (maple wood).

Reactive Extraction Enhanced by Synergic Microwave Heating: Furfural Yield Boost in Biphasic Systems

Huskens, Jurriaan,Lange, Jean-Paul,Ricciardi, Luca,Verboom, Willem

, (2020)

Reactive extraction is an emerging operation in the industry, particularly in biorefining. Here, reactive extraction was demonstrated, enhanced by microwave irradiation to selectively heat the reactive phase (for efficient reaction) without unduly heating the extractive phase (for efficient extraction). These conditions aimed at maximizing the asymmetries in dielectric constants and volumes of the reaction and extraction phases, which resulted in an asymmetric thermal response of the two phases. The efficiency improvement was demonstrated by dehydrating xylose (5 wt percent in water) to furfural with an optimal yield of approximately 80 mol percent compared with 60–65 mol percent under conventional biphasic conditions, which corresponds to approximately 50 percent reduction of byproducts.

Low-Temperature Continuous-Flow Dehydration of Xylose Over Water-Tolerant Niobia–Titania Heterogeneous Catalysts

Moreno-Marrodan, Carmen,Barbaro, Pierluigi,Caporali, Stefano,Bossola, Filippo

, p. 3649 - 3660 (2018)

The sustainable conversion of vegetable biomass-derived feeds to useful chemicals requires innovative routes meeting environmental and economical criteria. The approach herein pursued is the synthesis of water-tolerant, unconventional solid acid monolithic catalysts based on a mixed niobia–titania skeleton building up a hierarchical open-cell network of meso- and macropores, and tailored for use under continuous-flow conditions. The materials were characterized by spectroscopic, microscopy, and diffraction techniques, showing a reproducible isotropic structure and an increasing Lewis/Br?nsted acid sites ratio with increasing Nb content. The catalytic dehydration reaction of xylose to furfural was investigated as a representative application. The efficiency of the catalyst was found to be dramatically affected by the niobia content in the titania lattice. The presence of as low as 2 wt % niobium resulted in the highest furfural yield at 140 °C under continuous-flow conditions, by using H2O/γ-valerolactone as a safe monophasic solvent system. The interception of a transient 2,5-anhydroxylose species suggested the dehydration process occurs via a cyclic intermediates mechanism. The catalytic activity and the formation of the anhydro intermediate were related to the Lewis acid sites (LAS)/Br?nsted acid sites (BAS) ratio and indicated a significant contribution of xylose–xylulose isomerization. No significant catalyst deactivation was observed over 4 days usage.

Catalytic dehydration of xylose to furfural: Vanadyl pyrophosphate as source of active soluble species

Sádaba, Irantzu,Lima, Sérgio,Valente, Anabela A.,López Granados, Manuel

, p. 2785 - 2791 (2011)

The acid-catalysed, aqueous phase dehydration of xylose (a monosaccharide obtainable from hemicelluloses, e.g., xylan) to furfural was investigated using vanadium phosphates (VPO) as catalysts: the precursors, VOPO4· 2H2O, VOHPO4·0.5H2O and VO(H 2PO4)2, and the materials prepared by calcination of these precursors, that is, γ-VOPO4, (VO) 2P2O7 and VO(PO3)2, respectively. The VPO precursors were completely soluble in the reaction medium. In contrast, the orthorhombic vanadyl pyrophosphate (VO)2P 2O7, prepared by calcination of VOHPO4· 0.5H2O at 550 °C/2 h, could be recycled by simply separating the solid acid from the reaction mixture by centrifugation, and no drop in catalytic activity and furfural yields was observed in consecutive 4 h-batch runs (ca. 53% furfural yield, at 170 °C). However, detailed catalytic/characterisation studies revealed that the vanadyl pyrophosphate acts as a source of active water-soluble species in this reaction. For a concentration of (VO) 2P2O7 as low as 5 mM, the catalytic reaction of xylose (ca. 0.67 M xylose in water, and toluene as solvent for the in situ extraction of furfural) gave ca. 56% furfural yield, at 170 °C/6 h reaction.

Production of furfural from xylose at atmospheric pressure by dilute sulfuric acid and inorganic salts

Rong, Chunguang,Ding, Xuefeng,Zhu, Yanchao,Li, Ying,Wang, Lili,Qu, Yuning,Ma, Xiaoyu,Wang, Zichen

, p. 77 - 80 (2012)

In this paper, the dehydration of xylose to furfural was carried out under atmospheric pressure and at the boiling temperature of a biphasic mixture of toluene and an aqueous solution of xylose, with sulfuric acid as catalyst plus an inorganic salt (NaCl or FeCl3) as promoter. The best yield of furfural was 83% under the following conditions: 150 mL of toluene and 10 mL of aqueous solution of 10% xylose (w/w), 10% H2SO4 (w/w), 2.4 g NaCl, and heating for 5 h. FeCl3 as promoter was found to be more efficient than NaCl. The addition of DMSO to the aqueous phase in the absence of an inorganic salt was shown to improve the yield of furfural.

Catalytic conversion of xylose to furfural by p-toluenesulfonic acid (Ptsa) and chlorides: Process optimization and kinetic modeling

Sajid, Muhammad,Rizwan Dilshad, Muhammad,Saif Ur Rehman, Muhammad,Liu, Dehua,Zhao, Xuebing

, (2021)

Furfural is one of the most promising precursor chemicals with an extended range of downstream derivatives. In this work, conversion of xylose to produce furfural was performed by employing p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) as a catalyst in DMSO medium at moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure. The production process was optimized based on kinetic modeling of xylose conversion to furfural alongwith simultaneous formation of humin from xylose and furfural. The synergetic effects of organic acids and Lewis acids were investigated. Results showed that the catalyst pTSA-CrCl3·6H2 O was a promising combined catalyst due to the high furfural yield (53.10%) at a moderate temperature of 120? C. Observed kinetic modeling illustrated that the condensation of furfural in the DMSO solvent medium actually could be neglected. The established model was found to be satisfactory and could be well applied for process simulation and optimization with adequate accuracy. The estimated values of activation energies for xylose dehydration, condensation of xylose, and furfural to humin were 81.80, 66.50, and 93.02 kJ/mol, respectively.

P -Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid-formaldehyde solid acid resin for the conversion of fructose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Li, Wenzhi,Zhang, Tingwei,Xin, Haosheng,Su, Mingxue,Ma, Longlong,Jameel, Hason,Chang, Hou-Min,Pei, Gang

, p. 27682 - 27688 (2017)

A novel solid p-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid-formaldehyde resin (SPFR) was prepared via a straightforward hydrothermal method. The catalytic properties of SPFR solid acids were evaluated in the dehydration reaction of fructose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and FT-IR were used to explore the effects of catalyst structure and composition on the HMF preparation from fructose. The effects of reaction time and temperature on the dehydration of fructose and glucose were also investigated. An HMF yield as high as 82.6% was achieved from fructose at 140 °C after 30 min, and 33.0% was achieved from glucose at 190 °C in 30 min. Furthermore, the recyclability of SPFR for the HMF production from fructose in 5 cycles was good.

Mesoporous Nb2O5 as solid acid catalyst for dehydration of d-xylose into furfural

García-Sancho,Rubio-Caballero,Mérida-Robles,Moreno-Tost,Santamaría-González,Maireles-Torres

, p. 119 - 124 (2014)

The acid-catalyzed dehydration of d-xylose to furfural has been investigated in a biphasic water-toluene system, using a mesoporous Nb 2O5 catalyst prepared by a neutral templating route. The catalytic behavior was compared with a commercial Nb2O5. Materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, NH3-TPD, Raman spectroscopy and N2 sorption. The d-xylose conversion and furfural yield over the mesoporous niobia were found to increase with reaction temperature and time, in such a way that at 170 °C and 90 min, a d-xylose conversion and a furfural yield were higher than 90% and 50%, respectively. However, the commercial crystalline niobia displayed a low activity. The stability of the mesoporous catalyst has been demonstrated by XRD and N 2 sorption, and corroborated by the absence of significant niobium leaching in solution.

Dehydration of biomass to furfural catalyzed by reusable polymer bound sulfonic acid (PEG-OSO3H) in ionic liquid

Zhang, Zhang,Du, Bin,Quan, Zheng-Jun,Da, Yu-Xia,Wang, Xi-Cun

, p. 633 - 638 (2014)

Polymer bound sulfonic acid (PEG-OSO3H) is active for the dehydration of biomass to furfural. The furfural yield is improved when MnCl2 is added to the reaction mixture. The catalyst was mild, non-volatile, and non-corrosive and can be recycled multiple times (>10) without an intermediate regeneration step and no significant leaching of -OSO3H groups is observed.

Highly efficient and selective CO2-adjunctive dehydration of xylose to furfural in aqueous media with THF

Morais, Ana Rita C.,Bogel-Lukasik, Rafal

, p. 2331 - 2334 (2016)

The selective dehydration of xylose into furfural using high-pressure CO2 as an effective and more sustainable catalyst in an H2O/THF system is reported for the first time. The conversion of d-xylose into furfural above 83 mol% with a furfural yield of 70 mol% and a selectivity of 84% was achieved with only 50 bar of CO2 pressure within 1 hour at 180 °C.

A modified biphasic system for the dehydration of d-xylose into furfural using SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2/La 3+ as a solid catalyst

Li, Huiling,Deng, Aojie,Ren, Junli,Liu, Changyu,Wang, Wenju,Peng, Feng,Sun, Runcang

, p. 251 - 256 (2014)

One of the most promising strategies for furfural production is to extract continually the target product from the aqueous solution utilizing organic solvents. With the aim to develop an ecologically viable catalytic pathway for furfural production without the addition of mineral acids, we presented a modified biphasic system using a solid acid (SO42-/ TiO2-ZrO2/La3+) as catalyst for producing furfural from xylose. Different kinds of aprotic organic solvents (DMSO, DMF and DMI) in water phase and 2-butanol in organic phase (MIBK) were investigated as reaction media. Furfural yield and xylose conversion efficiency were dependent on the amounts of aprotic organic solvents and 2-butanol, the solid/liquid ratio, and the volume ratio of the organic phase and the aqueous phase as well as the reaction temperature and time. As a result, DMI showed the best performance on improving furfural yield during the furfural production. 3563.3 μmol of furfural/g of xylose with 97.9% xylose conversion efficiency was obtained after 12 h at 180 °C when the volume ratios of water to DMI and MIBK to 2-butanol were 8:2 and 7:3, respectively.

Catalytic dehydration of D-xylose to furfural over a tantalum-based catalyst in batch and continuous process

Li, Xing-Long,Pan, Tao,Deng, Jin,Fu, Yao,Xu, Hua-Jian

, p. 70139 - 70146 (2015)

Furfural is a biomass-based bulk chemical and its derivatives have potential applications as renewable fuels and chemicals. A water-tolerant and stable solid acid catalyst modified hydrated tantalum oxide (TA-p) was developed for catalytic conversion of D-xylose to furfural in water-organic solvent biphasic system. This process was performed both in a batch reactor and a continuous fixed-bed reactor. In the batch process, D-xylose conversion and furfural yield were significantly affected by the organic solvent, reaction temperature and reaction time. 1-Butanol, which could be obtained through the fermentation of biomass-based carbohydrates, was selected as organic phase and the highest furfural yield of 59% was achieved with D-xylose conversion of 96% at 180 °C in the continuous process. Moreover, the long-time stability test for 80 h under the optimal conditions showed the excellent stability of TA-p catalyst.

Conversion of C5 carbohydrates into furfural catalyzed by a Lewis acidic ionic liquid in renewable γ-valerolactone

Wang, Shurong,Zhao, Yuan,Lin, Haizhou,Chen, Jingping,Zhu, Lingjun,Luo, Zhongyang

, p. 3869 - 3879 (2017)

For the purpose of building a green reaction system to produce furfural (FF), the conversion of two important pentoses from hemicellulose, namely xylose and arabinose, was investigated in an aqueous reaction system including a Lewis acidic ionic liquid as a catalyst and renewable γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a co-solvent. The results showed that the introduction of GVL greatly improved the reactivity of pentose and inhibited the secondary decomposition reaction of FF compared to a pure-water reaction system. NMR analysis suggested that the composition of pentose conformers was greatly altered towards a reactive distribution. The highest FF yields were 79.76% (from xylose) and 58.70% (from arabinose), which were obtained at 140 °C. The influence of reaction parameters on pentose conversion was also studied. A comparison between different reaction conditions suggested that arabinose had less reactivity than xylose, leading to its lower conversion rate and FF yield. Furthermore, xylan and real biomass materials were tested in the proposed reaction system, and decent FF yields of up to 69.66% (from xylan) and 47.96% (from corn stalk) were obtained.

Furfural synthesis from D-xylose in the presence of sodium chloride: Microwave versus conventional heating

Xiouras, Christos,Radacsi, Norbert,Sturm, Guido,Stefanidis, Georgios D.

, p. 2159 - 2166 (2016)

We investigate the existence of specific/nonthermal microwave effects for the dehydration reaction of xylose to furfural in the presence of NaCl. Such effects are reported for sugars dehydration reactions in several literature reports. To this end, we adopted three approaches that compare microwave-assisted experiments with a) conventional heating experiments from the literature; b) simulated conventional heating experiments using microwave-irradiated silicon carbide (SiC) vials; and at c) different power levels but the same temperature by using forced cooling. No significant differences in the reaction kinetics are observed using any of these methods. However, microwave heating still proves advantageous as it requires 30% less forward power compared to conventional heating (SiC vial) to achieve the same furfural yield at a laboratory scale.

Dunlop

, p. 204,206 (1948)

The role of metal halides in enhancing the dehydration of xylose to furfural

Enslow, Kristopher R.,Bell, Alexis T.

, p. 479 - 489 (2015)

The dehydration of xylose yields furfural, a product of considerable value as both a commodity chemical and a platform for producing a variety of fuels. When xylose is dehydrated in aqueous solution in the presence of a Bronsted acid catalyst, humins are formed via complex side processes that ultimately result in a loss in the yield of furfural. Such degradative processes can be minimized via the insitu extraction of furfural into an organic solvent. The partitioning of furfural from water into a given extracting solvent can be enhanced by the addition of salt to the aqueous phase, a process that increases the thermodynamic activity of furfural in water. Although the thermodynamics of using salts to improve liquid-liquid extraction are well studied, their impact on the kinetics of xylose dehydration catalyzed by a Bronsted acid are not. The aim of the present study was to understand how metal halide salts affect the mechanism and kinetics of xylose dehydration in aqueous solution. We found that the rate of xylose consumption is affected by both the nature of the salt cation and anion, increasing in the order no salt+++ and no salt---. Furfural selectivity increases similarly with respect to metal cations, but in the order no salt--- for halide anions. Multinuclear NMR was used to identify the interactions of cations and anions with xylose and to develop a model for explaining xylose-metal halide and water-metal halide interactions. The results of these experiments coupled with 18O-labeling experiments indicate that xylose dehydration is initiated by protonation at the C1OH and C2OH sites, with halide anions acting to stabilize critical intermediates. The means by which metal halides affect the formation of humins was also investigated, and the role of cations and anions in affecting the selectivity to humins is discussed. Get your kicks from kinetics: The effect of metal halides on the mechanism and kinetics of xylose dehydration in aqueous solution have been investigated. We found that both the rate of xylose consumption and furfural selectivity are affected by the nature of the salt cation and anion pairing.

Furfural from corn stover hemicelluloses. A mineral acid-free approach

Gomez Bernal, Hilda,Bernazzani, Luca,Raspolli Galletti, Anna Maria

, p. 3734 - 3740 (2014)

Furfural was obtained from corn stover hemicelluloses by a microwave-assisted, green and heterogeneously catalyzed two-step cascade process as follows: first step, hydrothermal fractionation of corn stover hemicelluloses, and second step, hydrolysis/dehydration of soluble hemicellulosic sugars over niobium phosphate to yield furfural at moderate temperatures (200 °C), with both steps being performed in water. Furfural yields of up to 23 mol% with respect to the starting raw biomass were reached. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.

One-pot sustainable synthesis of valuable nitrogen compounds from biomass resources

Carreira, M. Carolina A.,Fernandes, Ana C.,Oliveira, M. Concei??o

, (2022/01/11)

In this work we report a new one-pot process for the sustainable synthesis of 2-furanylquinazolines and 2-furfurylidene derivatives from carbohydrates, including xylose, fructose and xylan, with moderate overall yields, catalyzed by perrhenic acid.

Ethanolysis of selected catalysis by functionalized acidic ionic liquids: An unexpected effect of ILs structural functionalization on selectivity phenomena

Nowakowska-Bogdan, Ewa,Nowicki, Janusz

, p. 1857 - 1866 (2022/02/05)

A series of functionalized hydrogen sulfate imidazolium ILs were synthesized and applied as catalysts in the reaction of glucose, xylose and fructose with ethanol. In this research, an unexpected selectivity phenomenon was observed. It showed that in this reaction functionalized ILs should be considered as a special type of catalyst. Functionalization of alkyl imidazolium ILs, especially the addition of electronegative OH groups, causes a clear and unexpected effect manifested via visible changes in the selectivity of the reaction studied. In the case of fructose, an increase in the number of OH groups affects an increase in the selectivity towards ethyl levulinate from 14.2% for [bmim]HSO4 to 20.1% for [glymim]HSO4 with an additional increase in selectivity to 5-hydroxymethyfurfural. In turn, for xylose, the introduction of OH groups to the alkyl chain was manifested by a decrease in selectivity to furfural as its ethyl acetal and an increase in selectivity to ethylxylosides. This journal is

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