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109-94-4

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109-94-4 Usage

Description

Ethyl formate is an ester formed when ethanol (an alcohol) reacts with formic acid (a carboxylic acid). It is also known as ethyl methanoate because formic acid is also known as methanoic acid. Ethyl formate has the characteristic smell of rum and is also partially responsible for the flavor of raspberries.

Chemical Properties

Ethyl formate has a characteristic, pungent odor similar to ethyl acetate and reminiscent of pineapple and a slightly bitter taste. It has been also reported to have a rum-like odor. The ester is slightly soluble in water (9 parts/100 at 18 °C) with gradual decomposition into formic acid and ethanol; it is miscible in ethanol, ether, and acetone (HSDB, 2013), as well as in benzene.

Physical properties

Colorless and transparent liquid, volatile, with a pleasant, fruity odor. Miscible with ethanol and ether, soluble in acetone. The solubility in water is 11.8g/100ml.

Occurrence

Reported in the oil of Boronia dentigeroides; it has been identified in Florida orange juice, several varieties of honey, apple and pear and in distilled liquors, such as rum. Also reported found in peach, raspberry, strawberry, pineapple, cabbage, vinegar, cheeses, butter, cream, milk powder, cooked beef, beer, coffee, tea, honey, corn oil, brandy and mussels.

Uses

Ethyl Formate is a flavoring agent that occurs naturally in some plant oils, fruits, and juices but does not occur naturally in the ani- mal kingdom. it is used in food at a maximum level, as served, of 0.05% in baked goods; 0.04% in chewing gum, hard candy, and soft candy; 0.02% in frozen dairy desserts; 0.03% in gelatins, puddings, and fillings; and 0.01% in all other food categories.Ethyl formate is also used as a solvent for nitrocellulose; as fungicide and larvicide for tobacco, cereals, dried fruits, etc.; in organic synthesis.

Definition

ChEBI: Ethyl formate is a formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with ethanol. It has a role as a fumigant and a plant metabolite. It is a formate ester and an ethyl ester.

Preparation

Ethyl Formate is an ester of formic acid and is prepared by esterification of formic acid with ethyl alcohol or by distillation of ethyl acetate and formic acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 60 ppm: sweet, chemical with clean, fresh, fruity lift.

General Description

A clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point -4°F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Soluble in water. Slowly decomposed by water to formic acid, a corrosive material and ethyl alcohol, another flammable liquid.

Reactivity Profile

Ethyl formate is an ester. Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides. Ethyl formate is incompatible with the following: Nitrates; strong oxidizers, alkalis & acids [Note: Decomposes slowly in water to form ethyl alcohol and formic acid.] .

Health Hazard

The irritant action of ethyl formate inthe eyes, nose, and mucous membranes ismilder than that of methyl formate. How ever it is more narcotic than the methylester. Cats exposed to 10,000 ppm died after90 minutes, after deep narcosis. A 4-hourexposure to 8000 ppm was lethal to rats.Inhalation of 5000 ppm for a short periodproduces eye and nasal irritation and salivation in rats. The toxic effects from ingestion include somnolence, narcosis, gastritis,and dyspnea. The oral LD50 values in various test animals range between 1000 and2000 mg/kg.

Fire Hazard

Highly flammable liquid. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel long distance to a source of ignition and flash back. A very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxilzers. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, spray, mist, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Flammability and Explosibility

Flammable

Agricultural Uses

Plant volatiles such as ethyl formate have been shown to have insecticidal properties as fumigant. The efficacy of ethyl formate against insect pests of food commodities, bagged cereals, spices, pulses, dry fruits and oilcakes had been proved. The fumigant was known to provide a high mortality of mixed stage cultures of the key stored product pests, with limited efficacy against the pupal stage of few pests like S. oryzae. The advantages of ethyl formate include natural occurrence in food; rapid kill of insects (2-4 hours); fast breakdown of residues to natural products and low human toxicity. However the fumigant exhibits poor penetration characteristics and high doses (>120 g/t of grain) were required to control internal feeders, which was higher than the flammable limit of 85 g/t. Formulations of ethyl formate in liquid carbon dioxide were found to overcome the problems of flammability and poor penetration.

Safety

Ethyl methanoate is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.According to the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), ethyl formate can irritate eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and the respiratory system of humans and other animals; it is also a central nervous system depressant.Moderately toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. Mddly toxic by skin contact and inhalation. A powerful inhalation irritant in humans. A skin and eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.

Potential Exposure

In industry, Ethyl formate is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, oils, and greases. It can be used as a substitute for acetone; workers may also be exposed to it under the following circumstances:during spray, brush, or dip applications of lacquersduring the manufacture of safety glassWhen fumigating tobacco, cereals, and dried fruits (as an alternative to methyl bromide under the U.S. Department of Agriculture quarantine system).

Environmental fate

Photolytic. Reported rate constants for the reaction of ethyl formate and OH radicals in the atmosphere (296 K) and aqueous solution are 1.02 x 10-11 and 6.5 x 10-13 cm3/molecule?sec, respectively (Wallington et al., 1988b). Chemical/Physical. Slowly hydrolyzes in water forming ethanol and formic acid (Windholz et al., 1983).

Shipping

UN1190 Ethyl formate, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid

Purification Methods

Free acid or alcohol is removed by standing the ester over anhydrous K2CO3, with occasional shaking, then decanting and distilling from P2O5. Alternatively, the ester can be kept over CaH2 for several days, then distilled from fresh CaH2. It cannot be dried with CaCl2 because it reacts rapidly with the ester to form a crystalline compound. [Beilstein 2 IV 23.]

Incompatibilities

May form explosive mixture with air. Reacts violently with nitrates, strong oxidizers, strong alkalis, and strong acids. Decomposes slowly in water, forming ethyl alcohol and formic acid. May accumulate static electrical charges, and may cause ignition of its vapors

Waste Disposal

Spray into a furnace in admixture with a flammable solvent

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 109-94-4 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 1,0 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 109-94:
(5*1)+(4*0)+(3*9)+(2*9)+(1*4)=54
54 % 10 = 4
So 109-94-4 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C3H6O2/c1-2-5-3-4/h3H,2H2,1H3

109-94-4 Well-known Company Product Price

  • Brand
  • (Code)Product description
  • CAS number
  • Packaging
  • Price
  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (F0053)  Ethyl Formate  >98.0%(GC)

  • 109-94-4

  • 25mL

  • 98.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (F0053)  Ethyl Formate  >98.0%(GC)

  • 109-94-4

  • 500mL

  • 290.00CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A11113)  Ethyl formate, 97%   

  • 109-94-4

  • 100ml

  • 272.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A11113)  Ethyl formate, 97%   

  • 109-94-4

  • 500ml

  • 383.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A11113)  Ethyl formate, 97%   

  • 109-94-4

  • 2500ml

  • 1294.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (88554)  Ethylformate  analytical standard

  • 109-94-4

  • 88554-1ML-F

  • 453.96CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (88554)  Ethylformate  analytical standard

  • 109-94-4

  • 88554-5ML-F

  • 1,505.79CNY

  • Detail
  • USP

  • (1265606)  Ethylformate  United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

  • 109-94-4

  • 1265606-3X1.2ML

  • 4,326.66CNY

  • Detail

109-94-4SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 10, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 10, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name Ethyl formate

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names Formic Acid Ethyl Ester

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Food additives -> Flavoring Agents
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:109-94-4 SDS

109-94-4Synthetic route

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

ethyl difluoroacetate
454-31-9

ethyl difluoroacetate

A

Difluoroacetic acid
381-73-7

Difluoroacetic acid

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
sulfuric acid at 70℃; Product distribution / selectivity;A 96%
B n/a
4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester
539-88-8

4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester

orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

ethyl 4,4-diethoxypentanoate
92557-39-6

ethyl 4,4-diethoxypentanoate

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid In ethanol at 145℃; ketalization;A 94%
B n/a
ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

formic acid cyanomethyl ester
150760-95-5

formic acid cyanomethyl ester

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1H-imidazole for 24h; Ambient temperature;93%
With 1H-imidazole Yield given;
orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

ethyl bromide
74-96-4

ethyl bromide

B

ethyl trimethylsilyl ether
1825-62-3

ethyl trimethylsilyl ether

C

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With chloro-trimethyl-silane; sodium bromide for 2h; Product distribution; Heating; Me3SiBr generated in situ;A n/a
B n/a
C 92%
ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

sodium salt of β-mercaptonaphthalene
39689-37-7

sodium salt of β-mercaptonaphthalene

A

ethyl 2-naphthyl sulfide
32551-87-4

ethyl 2-naphthyl sulfide

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With carbon monoxide at 150℃; under 75006 Torr; for 21h;A 90%
B n/a
ethyl vinyl ether
109-92-2

ethyl vinyl ether

A

formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ozone at 24.85℃; under 100 Torr; for 0.416667h; Kinetics;A n/a
B 86%
With dihydrogen peroxide at 98.85℃; under 100 Torr; for 4h; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Temperatures; Pressures; Reagents; Irradiation;A n/a
B 83%
With ozone at 24.84℃; under 760.051 Torr; Kinetics; Concentration; Time; Gas phase;A 15 %Chromat.
B 80 %Chromat.
methyl chloroformate
79-22-1

methyl chloroformate

dibutyl (diethoxymethyl)phosphine
82833-74-7

dibutyl (diethoxymethyl)phosphine

A

chloroethane
75-00-3

chloroethane

B

dibutyl(methoxycarbonyl)phosphine
112499-32-8

dibutyl(methoxycarbonyl)phosphine

C

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In diethyl ether for 4h; Heating;A n/a
B 85%
C n/a
tris(2-diphenylphosphanylethyl)aminerhodium(I) hydride
85233-91-6

tris(2-diphenylphosphanylethyl)aminerhodium(I) hydride

ethyl cyanoformate
623-49-4

ethyl cyanoformate

N(CH2CH2P(C6H5)2)3RhCN
118681-53-1

N(CH2CH2P(C6H5)2)3RhCN

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran soln. of formate added to stirred suspn. of complex (N2), gently warmed to 40°C (1 h), cooled to room temp.; mixt. of ethanol/n-hexane (1:1) added, concd. (brisk current of N2), sepd., collected on sintered glass frits, washed (EtOH, pentane), dried (N2);A 71%
B 85%
Triethyl orthoacetate
78-39-7

Triethyl orthoacetate

allyl alcohol
107-18-6

allyl alcohol

A

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

B

ethyl 4-pentenoate
1968-40-7

ethyl 4-pentenoate

C

C9H18O3

C9H18O3

D

ethyl acetate
141-78-6

ethyl acetate

E

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With formic acid at 150℃; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst; Johnson-Claisen Rearrangement; Autoclave;A n/a
B 83%
C n/a
D n/a
E n/a
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

diethyl (trichloromethyl)phosphonate
866-23-9

diethyl (trichloromethyl)phosphonate

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 120℃; for 24h;82%
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

A

5-(ethoxymethyl)furfural
1917-65-3

5-(ethoxymethyl)furfural

B

4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester
539-88-8

4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester

C

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 75℃; for 24h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Sealed tube;A 81%
B 16%
C n/a
Dichloromethyl methyl ether
4885-02-3

Dichloromethyl methyl ether

ethyl P-(diethoxymethyl)phosphonite
65600-72-8

ethyl P-(diethoxymethyl)phosphonite

A

diethyl phosphorylchloridite
589-57-1

diethyl phosphorylchloridite

B

chloroethane
75-00-3

chloroethane

C

Methyl formate
107-31-3

Methyl formate

D

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 60 - 70℃; Product distribution; argon atmosphere;A 80%
B n/a
C n/a
D n/a
N,N-dimethyl-formamide
68-12-2, 33513-42-7

N,N-dimethyl-formamide

Ethyl diethoxyacetate
6065-82-3

Ethyl diethoxyacetate

A

2,2-diethoxy-N,N-dimethylacetamide
34640-92-1

2,2-diethoxy-N,N-dimethylacetamide

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium methanolate In methanol at 80℃; for 10h; Product distribution / selectivity;A 80%
B n/a
tris(2-diphenylphosphanylethyl)phosphanerhodium(I) hydride
109786-30-3

tris(2-diphenylphosphanylethyl)phosphanerhodium(I) hydride

ethyl cyanoformate
623-49-4

ethyl cyanoformate

RhCN(tris(2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)phosphine)
118681-54-2

RhCN(tris(2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)phosphine)

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran neat formate pipetted into soln. of complex, heated at ca. 40°C (20-30 min), cooled to room temp.; ethanol/n-hexane 1:1 added, concd. (N2), crystals collected on sintered glass frits, washed (EtOH, pentane), dried (N2);A 70%
B 80%
3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl formate
80592-18-3

3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl formate

A

Sesamol
533-31-3

Sesamol

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ethanol; sodium hydroxide at 82 - 96℃; for 4.5h; Reflux; elimination of ethyl formate;A 79%
B n/a
Dichloromethyl methyl ether
4885-02-3

Dichloromethyl methyl ether

(diethoxymethyl)diisopropylphosphine oxide
95987-39-6

(diethoxymethyl)diisopropylphosphine oxide

A

chloroethane
75-00-3

chloroethane

B

Methyl formate
107-31-3

Methyl formate

C

Chlorodiisopropylphosphane
40244-90-4

Chlorodiisopropylphosphane

D

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 60℃; for 1h; Product distribution; argon atmosphere;A n/a
B n/a
C 76%
D n/a
pentacarbonylhydridomanganese
16972-33-1

pentacarbonylhydridomanganese

Et-oxycarbonylcobalt tetracarbonyl

Et-oxycarbonylcobalt tetracarbonyl

A

(CO)5MnCo(CO)4
35646-82-3

(CO)5MnCo(CO)4

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With carbon monoxide In n-heptane Kinetics; heptane, 25°C, CO atmosphere, 24 h; evapd. in vac. at 0°C, crystd. at -79°C;A 71%
B n/a
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphorus pentoxide; copper(II) sulfate; sodium sulfate for 20h; Ambient temperature;70%
With Ag2(4,4'-bipy)2(O3SCH2CH2SO3)*4H2O-based polymer Reflux;70%
With sulfuric acid; mercury(II) sulfate unter Durchleiten von Acetylen;
dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate
1561-49-5

dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate

orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

diethoxycyclohexyloxymethane
25604-46-0

diethoxycyclohexyloxymethane

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

C

Diethyl carbonate
105-58-8

Diethyl carbonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 60℃; for 2h;A 70%
B n/a
C n/a
orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

diethoxycyclohexyloxymethane
25604-46-0

diethoxycyclohexyloxymethane

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

C

Diethyl carbonate
105-58-8

Diethyl carbonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate at 60℃; for 2h;A 70%
B n/a
C n/a
With dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate at 60℃; for 4h;A 0.56 mmol
B 0.37 mmol
C 0.17 mmol
styrene
292638-84-7

styrene

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

A

formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

B

benzoic acid ethyl ester
93-89-0

benzoic acid ethyl ester

C

benzaldehyde
100-52-7

benzaldehyde

D

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: styrene; ethanol With ozone
Stage #2: at 90 - 100℃; Further byproducts given;
A 6%
B 63.4%
C 6.3%
D 20.4%
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

A

4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester
539-88-8

4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 120℃; for 30h; Reagent/catalyst; Sealed tube;A 62%
B n/a
Acetyl bromide
506-96-7

Acetyl bromide

ethyl P-(diethoxymethyl)phosphonite
65600-72-8

ethyl P-(diethoxymethyl)phosphonite

A

ethyl bromide
74-96-4

ethyl bromide

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

C

diethyl acetylphosphonate
919-19-7

diethyl acetylphosphonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 1h; Heating; argon atmosphere;A n/a
B n/a
C 61%
bromoethyl ethyl ether
116779-75-0

bromoethyl ethyl ether

orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

diethyl acetal
105-57-7

diethyl acetal

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 25℃;A 61%
B n/a
2-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester
617-35-6

2-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester

orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

ethyl 2,2-diethoxypropionate
7476-20-2

ethyl 2,2-diethoxypropionate

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid In ethanolA 61%
B n/a
1-chloroethyl ethyl ether
7081-78-9

1-chloroethyl ethyl ether

orthoformic acid triethyl ester
122-51-0

orthoformic acid triethyl ester

A

diethyl acetal
105-57-7

diethyl acetal

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 12h;A 59%
B n/a
ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

D-glucose
50-99-7

D-glucose

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With H8[PMo7V5O40]; oxygen In water at 90℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 24h; Autoclave;A 56%
B 40%
ethanol
64-17-5

ethanol

chloroform
67-66-3

chloroform

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 20℃; for 6h; UV-irradiation;55%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

diethyl sulphite
623-81-4

diethyl sulphite

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
sulfuric acid Heating;53%
tryptamine
61-54-1

tryptamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Nb-formyltryptamine
6502-82-5

Nb-formyltryptamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 24h; Reflux;100%
for 6h; Reflux;100%
With triethylamine In methanol at 100℃; for 16h; Inert atmosphere;97%
isobutylamine
78-81-9

isobutylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-isobutylformamide
6281-96-5

N-isobutylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 12h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;100%
phenylacetonitrile
140-29-4

phenylacetonitrile

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

phenyl(formyl)acetonitrile
5841-70-3

phenyl(formyl)acetonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride100%
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; for 0.333333h;86%
With sodium In ethanol at 0 - 40℃;78.7%
ethanolamine
141-43-5

ethanolamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(2-hydroxyethyl)-formamide
693-06-1

(2-hydroxyethyl)-formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: ethanolamine With sodium ethanolate at 20℃; for 0.5h;
Stage #2: formic acid ethyl ester In ethanol for 1h; Heating; Further stages.;
100%
at 10 - 20℃; for 12h;100%
99%
chloroacetic acid ethyl ester
105-39-5

chloroacetic acid ethyl ester

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

ethyl 2-chloro-3-oxopropanoate
33142-21-1

ethyl 2-chloro-3-oxopropanoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium ethanolate In tert-butyl methyl ether at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Large scale;100%
With sodium ethanolate In tert-butyl methyl ether at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Large scale;100%
With potassium tert-butylate In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 16h; Inert atmosphere;95%
rac-methylbenzylamine
618-36-0

rac-methylbenzylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-formyl-α-methylbenzylamine
6948-01-2

N-formyl-α-methylbenzylamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 8h; Reflux;100%
With Novozyme 435 CALB In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Green chemistry; Enzymatic reaction;94%
With 1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium phosphotungstate In neat (no solvent) at 70℃; for 15h; Microwave irradiation; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere;81%
propan-1-ol-3-amine
156-87-6

propan-1-ol-3-amine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

3-(N-formylamino)propan-1-ol
49807-74-1

3-(N-formylamino)propan-1-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
100%
Reflux;100%
at 50℃; for 2.25h; Cooling with ice;95%
n-Dodecylamine
124-22-1

n-Dodecylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-(dodecyl)formamide
7402-57-5

N-(dodecyl)formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 20h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;100%
formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

succinic acid diethyl ester
123-25-1

succinic acid diethyl ester

diethyl 2-formylbutanedioate
5472-38-8

diethyl 2-formylbutanedioate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium In diethyl ether at 40℃; for 5h;100%
With sodium In diethyl ether at 40℃; for 5h;100%
With sodium hydride In toluene at 20℃; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst;95.1%
1-amino-2-propene
107-11-9

1-amino-2-propene

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-allylformamide
16250-37-6

N-allylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 60℃; for 6h;100%
for 1h; Heating;86%
at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;80%
1-bromo-4-butene
5162-44-7

1-bromo-4-butene

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

1,8-nonadiene-5-ol
94427-72-2

1,8-nonadiene-5-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 1-bromo-4-butene With magnesium In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: formic acid ethyl ester In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;
100%
Stage #1: 1-bromo-4-butene With iodine; magnesium In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: formic acid ethyl ester In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere;
98%
Stage #1: 1-bromo-4-butene With iodine; magnesium In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: formic acid ethyl ester In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere;
94%
cyclobutylamine
2516-34-9

cyclobutylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-cyclobutylformamide
87055-64-9

N-cyclobutylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 4h; Heating;100%
With Novozyme 435 CALB In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Green chemistry; Enzymatic reaction;98%
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid
(S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine
2627-86-3

(S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(S)-N-formyl-1-phenylethylamine
19145-06-3

(S)-N-formyl-1-phenylethylamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene for 15h; Heating;100%
With Novozyme 435 CALB In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Green chemistry; Enzymatic reaction;95%
(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl-amine
3886-69-9

(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl-amine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(R)-(+)-α-methylbenzyl formamide
6948-01-2, 19145-06-3, 31502-34-8, 42412-77-1

(R)-(+)-α-methylbenzyl formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 8h; Reflux;100%
With amberlyst 15 In tetrahydrofuran for 21h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;99%
With Novozyme 435 CALB In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Green chemistry; Enzymatic reaction;92%
4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

sodium salt of (Z)-3-(hydroxymethylene)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone
51270-64-5, 54211-97-1, 93698-26-1

sodium salt of (Z)-3-(hydroxymethylene)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride100%
With sodium In diethyl ether at -20 - -15℃; for 5h;
4-butanolide
96-48-0

4-butanolide

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

sodium salt of (E)-3-(hydroxymethylene)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone
54211-97-1

sodium salt of (E)-3-(hydroxymethylene)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride100%
With ethanol; sodium hydride In 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 40℃; for 22h; cross-Claisen acylation;97%
With sodium methylate In diethyl ether for 12h;69%
With sodium hydroxide In 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 60℃; for 16h;66%
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one
542-28-9

3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Sodium; [2-oxo-dihydro-pyran-(3Z)-ylidene]-methanolate

Sodium; [2-oxo-dihydro-pyran-(3Z)-ylidene]-methanolate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride100%
(2-aminomethylpyridine)
3731-51-9

(2-aminomethylpyridine)

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)formamide
56625-03-7

N-((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 1.5h; Reflux;100%
at 25℃; for 8h;
cyclohexanone
108-94-1

cyclohexanone

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

2-(hydroxymethylene)cyclohexanone
823-45-0

2-(hydroxymethylene)cyclohexanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran; paraffin oil at 10 - 20℃;100%
With sodium methylate In toluene for 24h;94%
With ethanol; sodium hydride In diethyl ether; mineral oil at 20℃;92%
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine
120-20-7

2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]formamide
14301-36-1

N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 70℃; for 20h;100%
at 70℃;100%
Reflux;99%
Cyclopentamine
1003-03-8

Cyclopentamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-cyclopentylcarboxamide
41215-40-1

N-cyclopentylcarboxamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 4h; Heating;100%
for 3h; Heating;97%
Heating;
Reflux;
In ethanol at 90℃; for 9h;
Cyclopropylamine
765-30-0

Cyclopropylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-cyclopropylformamide
58644-54-5

N-cyclopropylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 4h; Heating;100%
at 50℃; for 5h;84%
With sodium carbonate In ethanol for 20h; Ambient temperature;59%
2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine
2039-67-0

2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-[2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-formamide
110339-54-3

N-[2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene for 6h; Heating;100%
(S)-1-Pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol
23356-96-9

(S)-1-Pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(S)-(-)-1-Formyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine
55456-46-7

(S)-(-)-1-Formyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 50℃;100%
5-methyl-2-hydroxyacetophenone
1450-72-2

5-methyl-2-hydroxyacetophenone

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one
90617-36-0

2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 0.5h;100%
With sodium In diethyl ether Heating;74%
2-[4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]ethylamine
22231-61-4

2-[4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]ethylamine

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

N-formyl-2-[3-methoxy-4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]ethylamine
55803-41-3

N-formyl-2-[3-methoxy-4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]ethylamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In tetrahydrofuran for 12h; Reflux;100%
for 12h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;95%
for 1h; Heating;78%
at 70 - 80℃; for 8h;50.72%
(S)-valinol
2026-48-4

(S)-valinol

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(S)-N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl]formamide
89876-66-4

(S)-N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl]formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 4h; Heating;100%
Reflux;99%
for 2h; Heating;95%
1-dodecyl alcohol
112-53-8

1-dodecyl alcohol

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

1-dodecanyl formate
28303-42-6

1-dodecanyl formate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
cerium (IV) sulfate; silica gel for 1h; Heating;100%
1-dimethylamino-butan-2-one
114049-99-9

1-dimethylamino-butan-2-one

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

Sodium; (Z)-4-dimethylamino-2-methyl-3-oxo-but-1-en-1-olate

Sodium; (Z)-4-dimethylamino-2-methyl-3-oxo-but-1-en-1-olate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In toluene100%
ethyl 2-fluoroacetate
459-72-3

ethyl 2-fluoroacetate

formic acid ethyl ester
109-94-4

formic acid ethyl ester

(1-ethoxy-2-fluoro-1,3-dioxopropan-2-yl) sodium
1652-39-7

(1-ethoxy-2-fluoro-1,3-dioxopropan-2-yl) sodium

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In diethyl ether; ethanol; mineral oil at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;100%
With sodium ethanolate In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃;94.7%
With sodium hydride In diethyl ether for 2h; Ambient temperature;
With ethanol; sodium hydride In diethyl ether; mineral oil at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;

109-94-4Relevant articles and documents

Meakins,Morris

, p. 394 (1967)

Merger of Johnson-Claisen rearrangement and alkoxycarbonylation for atom efficient diester synthesis

Seidensticker, Thomas,M?ller, David,Vorholt, Andreas J.

, p. 371 - 374 (2016)

The orthoester Johnson-Claisen rearrangement of allyl alcohol with triethyl orthoacetate for the synthesis of ethyl 4-pentenoate has been optimized, in order to allow for a selective and efficient subsequent alkoxycarbonylation using formates in an atom efficient manner. Diethyl adipate was successfully yielded in up to 89% applying very low orthoester excess, formic acid and mild reaction conditions in an innovative, one-pot procedure.

Formic acid directly assisted solid-state synthesis of metallic catalysts without further reduction: As-prepared Cu/ZnO catalysts for low-temperature methanol synthesis

Shi, Lei,Shen, Wenzhong,Yang, Guohui,Fan, Xiaojing,Jin, Yuzhou,Zeng, Chunyang,Matsuda, Kenji,Tsubaki, Noritatsu

, p. 83 - 90 (2013)

Metallic catalysts (Cu/ZnO) and pure metals (Co, Ni, and Ag) without any impurities are directly prepared by a novel formic acid-assisted solid-state method without further reduction. During the decomposition of metal-formic acid precursors at 523 K under argon, H2 and CO are liberated and act in situ as reducing agents to obtain pure metals and metallic catalysts (C argon). X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction analysis reveal that the as-prepared catalyst Cargon without further reduction is converted into metallic Cu0 and ZnO species. TPR analysis results, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and the thermal decomposition behavior in air illustrate that no amorphous carbon or carbonic residues are left in Cargon when formic acid is used as the chelating agent and reductant, because formic acid is the simplest organic acid. The as-prepared Cu/ZnO catalyst is tested for low-temperature methanol synthesis at 443 K from syngas containing CO2 and using ethanol as a solvent and catalyst; it exhibits much higher activity and methanol selectivity than catalysts prepared by conventional solid-state methods.

The products of the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with 2-ethoxyethyl acetate

Wells,Wiseman, Floyd L.,Williams, Dale C.,Baxley, J. Steven,Smith

, p. 475 - 480 (1996)

The gas-phase reaction products of the OH radical with 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (EEA, CH3C(O)OCH2CH2OCH2CH3) have been investigated. 1,2-Ethanediol acetate formate (EAF, CH3C(O)OCH2CH2OC(O)H)and ethyl formate (EF, HC(O)OCH2CH3) were identified as the two main products. A third product, ethylene glycol diacetate (EGD, CH3C(O)OCH2CH2OC(O)CH3), was also observed. EAF, EF, and EGD formation yields were determined to be 0.37 ±0.03 and 0.328 ± 0.018 and 0.040 ± 0.005. respectively. Proposed reaction mechanisms are discussed and compared with these data. 1996 John Wiley & Sons, inc.

The hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant and products of ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate

Steven Baxley,Henley, Michael V.,Wells

, p. 637 - 644 (1997)

The relative rate technique has been used to measure the hydroxyl radical (OH) reaction rate constant of ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate (EEP, CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2C(O)O-CH 2CH3). EEP reacts with OH with a bimolecular rate constant of (22.9 ± 7.4) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 297 ± 3 K and l atmosphere total pressure. In order to more clearly define EEP's atmospheric reaction mechanism, an investigation into the OH + EEP reaction products was also conducted. The OH + EEP reaction products and yields observed were: ethyl glyoxate (EG, 25 ± 1% HC(=O)C(=O)-O-CH2CH3), ethyl (2-formyl) acetate (EFA, 4.8 ± 0.2%, HC(=O)-CH2-C(=O)-O-CH2CH3), ethyl (3-formyloxy) propionate (EFP, 30 ± 1%, HC(=O)-O-CH2CH2-C(=O)-O-CH2CH3), ethyl formate (EF, 37 ± 1%, HC(=O)O-CH2CH3), and acetaldehyde (4.9 ± 0.2%, HC(=O)CH3). Neither the EEP's OH rate constant nor the OH/EEP reaction products have been previously reported. The products' formation pathways are discussed in light of current understanding of oxygenated hydrocarbon atmospheric chemistry.

The Reaction of Alkoxides with Dicobalt Octacarbonyl: Trapping of the Co(I) Intermediate in the Disproportionation ( Base Reaction ) with a Hard Lewis Base

Tasi, Miklos,Sisak, Attila,Ungvary, Ferenc,Palyi, Gyula

, p. 1103 - 1106 (1985)

Dicobalt octacarbonyl reacts with alcoholates (RO(-)) yielding alkoxycarbonylcobalt tetracarbonyls, ROC(O)Co(CO)4. - (Keywords: Alkoxides, reaction with dicobalt octacarbonyl; Alkoxycarbonylcobalt tetracarbonyls; Hydrocarbalkoxylation intermediates)

Hydrolysis of Imidazole-Containing Amide Acetals

Brown, R. S.,Ulan, J. G.

, p. 2382 - 2388 (1983)

N-(Dialkoxymethyl)imidazoles (amide acetals 1a-c) are shown to hydrolyze by a common mechanism between pH 1 and pH 11 that involves preequilibrium protonation of the imidazole distal N, followed by rate-llimiting C - N cleavage.The Broensted plot of the log C - N cleavage rate vs. pKa of the parent imidazole has a slope of -1.0 and suggest a transition sate in which (+) is nearly completely transferred to the departing dialkoxymethyl group.Throughout the pH range studied, C - N cleavage is the dominant process.The bicyclic amide acetal 2 formed from 4(5)-(hydroxyethyl)imidazole and triethyl orthoformate behaves similarly to the acyclic cases at pHs > 5 except that the observed rate of C - N cleavage for the former is depressed by (1 - 2) x 102-fold.This apparent reduction of C - N cleavage rate is analyzed in terms of reversibility of the ring opening.Such reversal is demonstrated by the ability of good nucleophiles such as N3- or H2NOH to trap the open ion, preventing reversal and hence increasing the apparent rate of loss of 2.From pH 0 to pH 5, an additional sigmoidal event in the pH/log kobsd profile for 2 is observed, which is analyzed as a protonation of the imidazole of the open ion.Such a protonation prevents the reversible reclosure and concomitantly increases the kobsd.Bicyclic 2 can be taken as a model for the tetrahedral intermediate formed during intramolecular alcoholysis of an N-acylimidazole or intramolecular attack of an imidazole on an ester.

Photocatalitic Decomposition of 2-Ethoxyethanol on Titanium Dioxide

Yamagata, Sadamu,Baba, Ryo,Fujishima, Akira

, p. 1004 - 1010 (1989)

The reaction mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation of 2-etoxyethanol (Ethyl Cellosolve, EtOCH2CH2OH) on TiO2 powder was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-Ms) infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR) with spin trapping technique.Irradiation of TiO2 powder with UV light in the presence of EtOCH2CH2OH under air led to the formation of ethyl formate, ethanol, acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide.The main product, ethyl formate was different from the product trough the reaction pathway proposed before for primary alcohols.It was also different from the product of electrolysis on Pt.Reaction mechanism is proposed based on Ir and ESR studies.

Kinetics of the Three Components Condensation of Triethoxymethane, Aniline and CH2-Acidic Compounds Forming Arylaminomethylene Compounds

Uray, Georg,Wolfbeis, Otto S.

, p. 627 - 642 (1981)

Condensation of triethoxymethane and aniline with dimedone gives 2-anilinomethylene dimedone as the main product.An 1H-NMR-spectroscopic investigation of the kinetics in chloroform-d1 and methanol-d4 shows different rate determining steps in these solvents.There are two predominant rate determining steps in a complicated multistep reaction sequence.The initial one involves condensation of aniline with triethoxymethane to form diphenyl formamidine via ethyl phenyl formimidate.The second step involves reaction of the intermediate diphenyl formamidine with dimedone.The rates are strongly dependent upon the nature of the solvent and the concentration of catalytic acid.In methanol the reaction of dimedone with the intermediate diphenyl formamidine is rate determining.For preparative purposes the isolation of the intermediate diphenyl formamidine and the subsequent use of less polar solvents offer an advantage, because the second step is found to be accelerated. - Keywords: Enaminones; Formimidate; Formamidine

The effect of oxygen pressure on the tropospheric oxidation of diethyl ether, H-atom elimination from the 1-ethoxyethoxy radical

Cheema,Holbrook,Oldershaw,Starkey,Walker

, p. 3243 - 3245 (1999)

The simulated tropospheric oxidation of diethyl ether gave yields of the products ethyl formate, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate in broad agreement with previous studies. However the effect of variation of oxygen pressure on the relative yields of ethyl acetate and ethyl formate disagrees with the prediction of the mechanism previously proposed. It is suggested that ethyl acetate is produced by the reaction C2H5OCH(O)CH3 → CH3COOC2H5 + H as well as by the reaction of the 1-ethoxyethoxy radical with oxygen.

The atmospheric oxidation of diethyl ether: Chemistry of the C 2H5-O-CH(O?)CH3 radical between 218 and 335 K

Orlando, John J.

, p. 4189 - 4199 (2007)

The products of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of diethyl ether (DEE) were investigated at atmospheric pressure over a range of temperatures (218-335 K) and O2 partial pressures (50-700 Torr), both in the presence and absence of NOx. The major products observed at 298 K and below were ethyl formate and ethyl acetate, which accounted for ≈60-80% of the reacted diethyl ether. In general, the yield of ethyl formate increased with increasing temperature, with decreasing O2 partial pressure, and upon addition of NO to the reaction mixtures. The product yield data show that thermal decomposition reaction (3), CH3CH2-O-CH(O ?)CH3 → CH3CH2-O-CH=O + CH3, and reaction (6) with O2, CH3CH 2-O-CH(O?)CH3 + O2 → CH3CH2-O-C(=O)CH3 + HO2 are competing fates of the CH3CH2-O-CH(O?) CH3 radical, with a best estimate of k3/k6 ≈ 6.9 × 1024 exp(-3130/T). Thermal decomposition via C-H or C-O bond cleavage are at most minor contributors to the CH3CH 2-O-CH(O?)CH3 chemistry. The data also show that the CH3CH2-O-CH(O?)CH 3 radical is subject to a chemical activation effect. When produced from the exothermic reaction of the CH3CH2-O-CH(OO ?)CH3 radical with NO, prompt decomposition via both CH3- and probably H-elimination occur, with yields of about 40% and ≤15%, respectively. Finally, at temperatures slightly above ambient, evidence for a change in mechanism in the absence of NOx, possibly due to chemistry involving the peroxy radical CH3CH2-O-CH(OO ?)CH3, is presented. the Owner Societies.

Lisnyanskii et al.

, (1969)

Experimental Data on Chemical Equilibrium in the System with Ethyl Formate Synthesis Reaction at 298.15 K

Samarov, Artemiy,Trofimova, Maya,Toikka, Maria,Toikka, Alexander

, p. 2578 - 2582 (2020)

Chemical equilibrium (CE) in the quaternary reacting system formic acid-ethanol-ethyl formate-water was experimentally studied at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The CE compositions were determined by gas chromatography analysis. The obtained data gave an opportunity to present the disposition of the surface of CE in a composition tetrahedron. The constants of CE ("concentration" and thermodynamic) were determined on the base of experimental data and UNIFAC model.

Introduction of a carboxyl group through an acetal as a new route to carboxylic acid derivatives of sugars

Carbonnel, Sylvie,Fayet, Catherine,Gelas, Jacques

, p. 63 - 73 (1999)

A new class of carboxylic acid derivatives of sugars is described. Acetalation of mono- and disaccharides with a functionalized vinylic ether or a diethoxybutanoate afforded mono- and diacetals bearing an ester group. Their saponification led to the corresponding carboxylic acid acetals in which the length of the acetal side chain can be modulated. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Photooxidation Reactions of Ethyl 2-Methylpropionate (E2MP) and Ethyl 2,2-Dimethylpropionate (E22DMP) Initiated by OH Radicals: An Experimental and Computational Study

Kaipara, Revathy,Rajakumar, B.

, p. 2768 - 2784 (2020)

The relative rate (RR) technique was used for the measurement of OH-initiated photooxidation reactions of ethyl 2-methylpropionate (E2MP) and ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate (E22DMP) in the temperature range of 268-363 K at 760 Torr. In addition to this, the

Kinetics and mechanisms for the reactions of ozone with unsaturated oxygenated compounds

Al Mulla, Ismael,Viera, Lisa,Morris, Rebecca,Sidebottom, Howard,Treacy, Jack,Mellouki, Abdelwahid

, p. 4069 - 4078 (2010)

Rate coefficients for the reaction of ozone with a series of unsaturated oxygenated compounds are determined in air at atmospheric pressure and (298±3) K. Rate data are obtained using both relative and absolute rate techniques, and the measured rate coefficients are found to be in good agreement. The results show that the reactivity of the compounds with respect to addition of ozone to the double bond is a function of the nature of the oxygenated substituent. Product distribution studies on the reactions provide information on the decomposition pathways for the primary ozonides, and on the effect of the oxygenated group on the relative importance of the degradation pathways. The results are discussed in terms of their importance in the atmospheric oxidation of unsaturated oxygenated compounds.

Pleuromutilin derivative with 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole side chain and preparation and application thereof

-

Paragraph 0055-0056; 0070; 0090; 0092, (2021/07/24)

The invention belongs to the field of medicinal chemistry, and particularly relates to a pleuromutilin derivative with a 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole side chain and preparation and application thereof The pleuromutilin derivative with the 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole side chain is a compound shown in a formula 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a solvent compound, an enantiomer, a diastereoisomer and a tautomer of the compound shown in the formula 2 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a mixture of the solvent compound, the enantiomer, the diastereoisomer and the tautomer in any proportion, including a racemic mixture. The pleuromutilin derivative has good antibacterial activity, is especially suitable for being used as a novel antibacterial agent for systemic system infection of animals or human beings, and has good water solubility.

Operando systems chemistry reaction catalysis (OSCR-Cat) for visible light driven CO2conversion

Das, Kousik,De, Ratnadip,Roy, Soumyajit,Verpoort, Francis

, p. 13355 - 13365 (2021/06/16)

A systems chemistry approach is taken for compartmentalization of a continuous reaction medium (water and CO2) with induced creation of micro-heterogeneity in the medium by using a SOM (soft-oxometalate) catalyst. The first step involves compartmentalization of an assembled catalyst-photosensitizer duo catalysing the reduction of CO2into formic acid in two reaction spaces: the interior of the compartment and the exterior of the compartment. The exterior compartment obeys typical surface activity driven nanocatalysis principles where the perturbation of the catalyst surface area inversely varies with product yield. The second step of disassembly to disrupt the SOM-catalyst, induced by addition of a base, releases the interior reaction product with total disappearance of the catalyst system. The assembly-disassembly cascade demonstrates the application of systems chemistry principles in perturbation, compartmentalization, catalysis and release of products with well-defined externally controlled stimuli such as concentration, light, and pH. The OSCR-catalyst reported here is an attempt to emulate Golgi bodies in the context of cellular chemistry on a functional level.

Alcohol-Activated Vanadium-Containing Polyoxometalate Complexes in Homogeneous Glucose Oxidation Identified with 51V-NMR and EPR Spectroscopy

Wesinger, Stefanie,Mendt, Matthias,Albert, Jakob

, p. 3662 - 3670 (2021/06/18)

Alcoholic solvents, especially methanol, show an activating affect for heteropolyacids in homogenously catalysed glucose transformation reactions. In detail, they manipulate the polyoxometalate-based catalyst in a way that thermodynamically favoured total oxidation to CO2 can be completely supressed. This allows a nearly 100 % carbon efficiency in the transformation reaction of glucose to methyl formate in methanolic solution at mild reaction conditions of 90 °C and 20 bar oxygen pressure. By using powerful spectroscopic tools like 51V-NMR and continuous wave EPR we could unambiguously prove that the vanadate-methanol-complex[VO(OMe)3]n is responsible for the selectivity shift in methanolic solution compared to the aqueous reference system.

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